@article{6004,

title = {La détection des IgM anti-PGL1 pour le sérodiagnostic des malades hanséniens et la surveillance des sujets contacts en Polynésie. Bilan sur 5 ans.},

author = {S Chanteau and J L Cartel and A Spiegel and R Plichart and J Roux},

year  = {1990},

date = {1990-01-01},

journal = {Bull Soc Pathol Exot},

volume = {83},

pages = {649-57},

abstract = {Cette étude a pour but de déterminer la valeur du test de détection des IgM anti-PGLI pour le diagnostic de la maladie et pour celui de l'infection subclinique. Bien que la sensibilité (98% pour les multibacillaires mais 36% pour les paucibacillaires), la spécificité (97,7%) et la valeur globale du test (97,7%) pour le diagnostic des malades soient très bonnes, sa valeur prédictive positive qui est la proportion de vrais malades parmi les séropositifs dans la population reste très faible (1,17% pour la Polynésie) en raison de la faible prévalence de la lèpre. Quant au diagnostic infraclinique de la lèpre, étudié chez 1123 sujets contacts, notre expérience montre que leur surveillance pendant une longue période était difficilement réalisable et peu rentable. Après 5 ans de suivi, la proportion de sujets développant la maladie n'était pas différente entre les sujets séropositifs et les sujets séronégatifs. Enfin, seulement 17,5% des nouveaux cas diagnostiqués proviennent de sujets contacts suivis. En conclusion et en pratique, bien que ce test puisse constituer un apport au diagnostic, il ne doit être considéré ni comme un test de diagnostic ni comme un test pronostique de la lèpre dans une collectivité.This study was conducted to assess the usefulness of the IgM anti-PGLI antibody test, for the diagnosis of leprosy and of the subclinical infection among contact population. Even if the specificity (97,7%), sensitivity (98% for the multibacillary, but 36% for the paucibacillary) and efficiency (97,7%) of the test for the diagnosis of patients are good, its positive predictive value which is the proportion of true patients among the seropositive subjects detected in the population was very low (1,17% in Polynesia), because of very low prevalence of leprosy. For the diagnosis of the subclinical infection, our experience based on the follow up of a population of 1123 contacts, showed that such a control program would have low feasibility and low cost-effectiveness. After 5 years, the proportion of individuals developing the disease was not different among the seropositive than among the seronegative subjects. Finally, only 17,5% of the new cases of leprosy detected, were issued from the contact population followed. In conclusion and in a practical point of view, although this test may contribute to the diagnosis of patients, it is not likely useful neither for the diagnosis nor for the prognosis of leprosy in a population.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{6398,

title = {Preparation of a low-alcohol extract of Rosmarinus officinalis using a reverse osmosis membrane.},

author = {V Bassani and J Casadebaig and M Jacob and C Menut and I Vahirua-Lechat and G Lamaty},

year  = {1990},

date = {1990-01-01},

journal = {Int J Pharm},

volume = {63},

pages = {57-63},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{6077,

title = {Proposition de protocole de test insecticide vis-à-vis du crustacé copépode Mesocyclops aspericornis Daday 1906.},

author = {S Loncke and A B Failloux and Y Séchan},

year  = {1990},

date = {1990-01-01},

journal = {Bull Soc Pathol Exot},

volume = {83},

pages = {406-7},

abstract = {Mesocyclops aspericornis est l'objet de la mise au point d'un protocole de test insecticide en vue de traitements ponctuels dans les conditions variées de terrain. Les femelles adultes récoltées sont mises en contact avec une solution insecticide (100 ml) à 3 températures (20°C, 25°C et 30°C). On procède au dénombrement des individus morts, 24 h après traitement. Une faible variabilité de l'efficacité des insecticides est observée aux températures testées.A method to determine the susceptibility of Mesocyclops aspericornis to insecticides is proposed. Tests were carried out by placing adults females in 100 ml of insecticide solution at 3 temperatures (20°C, 25°C, 30°C). Mortability was scored 24 h after treatment. The results show a low variability of the insecticide effectiveness at these temperatures.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{6069,

title = {Prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection in the Austral archipelago, French Polynesia : identification of transmission patterns for the formulation of immunization strategies.},

author = {J P Boutin and F Flye Sainte Marie and J L Cartel and R Cardines and M Girard and J Roux},

year  = {1990},

date = {1990-01-01},

journal = {Trans Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg},

volume = {84},

pages = {283-7},

abstract = {A sero-epidemiological survey of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in a randomly selected sample of 957 persons from the population of the Austral Island group in French Polynesia was conducted as a first step before developing an immunization programme strategy. Prevalence rates of HBsAg ranged from 3.09% to 27% in the different islands of the group with a weighted mean of 10.48%, while the prevalence rate for at least one marker ranged from 46.91% to 81.03% with a weighted mean of 64.12%. In the 0-11 months and 1-4 years age groups, 2.08% and 10.57%, respectively, of the children were HBsAg carriers. These findings, when compared to the mean population carrier rate of 10.48%, suggest that HBV transmission occurred mostly after the first year of life. The highest prevalence rate for HBeAg positivity was in the 5-19 years age group (more than 40% of the HBsAg carriers were HBeAg positive), suggesting that contagiousness was greatest in childhood and adolescence. HBsAg was found in 11.45% of women of child-bearing age and HBeAg in 19.09% of women positive for HBsAg. It is concluded that immunization of newborns and infants, using vaccine alone, should be the most effective strategy for reducing HBV infection in the Austral Islands archipelago.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{6066,

title = {Relationships between PGL-1 antigen in serum, tissue and viability of Mycobacterium leprae as determined by mouse footpad assay in multibacillary patients during short-term clinical trial.},

author = {S Chanteau and J L Cartel and E Perani and L N'Deli and J Roux and J H Grosset},

year  = {1990},

date = {1990-01-01},

journal = {Lepr Rev},

volume = {61},

pages = {330-40},

abstract = {In connection with a 56-day controlled clinical trial for comparing the therapeutic effects between pefloxacin and ofloxacin in 21 lepromatous patients, we have studied the relationships between PGL-I antigen level in serum and in skin and serum PGL-I antibody titre on the one hand, and the viability of Mycobacterium leprae, as measured by serial mouse footpad inoculations, and other bactericidal parameters on the other. Before and during treatment, significant correlation was found between serum PGL-I level and the morphological index (MI), and with the number of viable organisms per mg skin tissue. However, neither serum PGL-I antibody titre nor skin PGL-I antigen level showed significant change during the 56-day trial. Because the reduction of serum PGL-I level was well correlated but less pronounced as compared with the evolution of viable organisms during treatment, the serum PGL-I antigen assay may be useful as an early indicator of response to chemotherapy in short-term clinical trial, but it is unlikely to replace mouse footpad inoculation for the evaluation of viability of M. leprae.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{6075,

title = {Structures and configurations of ciguatoxine from the moray eel Gymnothorax javanicus and its likely precursor from the dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus toxicus.},

author = {M Murata and A M Legrand and Y Ishibashi and M Fukui and T Yasumoto},

year  = {1990},

date = {1990-01-01},

journal = {J Am Chem Soc},

volume = {112},

pages = {4380-6},

abstract = {Ciguatoxin (CTX) is the toxic principle of ciguatera, which is responsible for the most widespread food poisoning of nonbacterial origin. The toxin, isolated from the moray eel Gymnothorax javanicus, and its congener, from the causative dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus toxicus, were used for the study. The structure elucidation was carried out by combined use of 1H NMR 2D correlation and NOE experiments done with no more than 0.35 mg of CTX and 0.74 mg of the congener. Broadening of 1H NMR signals due to a slow conformational change around a nine-membered ring was sharpened by measurements at -20°C, in which all 3J proton connectivities and NOE's around angular protons were clearly indicated. The structure of CTX, which had a molecular formula of C60H86O19, was disclosed to be a brevetoxin-type polyether comprising 13 continuous ether rings (7/6/6/7/7/9/7/6/8/6/7/6-spiro-5). The congener was shown to be a less oxygenated analogue of CTX. Their relative stereochemistries, exept for C2 of CTX, were clarified by detailed analyses of 1H NMR NOE experiments, MM2 energy calculations and spectral simulations},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{6102,

title = {A probable partial structure of ciguatoxin isolated from the moray eel Gymnothorax javanicus.},

author = {M Murata and A M Legrand and T Yasumoto},

year  = {1989},

date = {1989-01-01},

journal = {Tetrahedon Lett},

volume = {30},

pages = {3793-6},

abstract = {A probable partial structure of ciguatoxin obtained from the moray eel Gymnothorax javanicus was deduced to be 1 on the basis of MS and NMR spectra. The proposed structure involves 22 carbons, accounting for 37% of the total carbons of the toxin.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{6094,

title = {Comparison of IgG-enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (IgG-ELISA) and haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test for the detection of dengue antibodies. Prevalence of dengue IgG-ELISA antibodies in Tahiti.},

author = {E Chungue and G Marché and R Plichart and J P Boutin and J Roux},

year  = {1989},

date = {1989-01-01},

journal = {Trans Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg},

volume = {83},

pages = {708-11},

abstract = {An immunoglobulin G enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (IgG-ELISA) for the detection of dengue antibodies is described and compared to the haemagglutination inhibition test (HI). The sensitivity, specificity and agreement rate between the 2 techniques were good. The coefficients of correlation between IgG-ELISA and HI results, using dengue 1-4 antigens, were highly significant (P less than 0.001 for either antigen). IgG-ELISA was rapid, and easy to perform and suitable for large-scale studies. Between April and June 1987, a baseline serosurvey of the prevalence of dengue antibodies in age-stratified samples of children was carried out in Tahiti using IgG-ELISA. 327 children were tested against each dengue serotype. There was no significant difference between sex. Overall rates ranged from 7.4% in children under 5 years to 83.1% in those aged 15-19 years. Dengue 4 being the only serotype involved since 1979, specific responses to dengue 4 were found in higher proportion among children under 8 years old, while the IgG-ELISA responses were more widely reactive among children aged above 8 years (P less than 0.001). The acquisition rate of dengue 4 antibodies was 2.95% on average per year in children under 8 years of age.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{6096,

title = {Dengue 1 epidemic in French Polynesia. Virus Information Exchange.},

author = {E Chungue},

year  = {1989},

date = {1989-01-01},

journal = {Newsletter for South East Asia and the Western Pacific},

volume = {6},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{6104,

title = {Etude de l'ivermectine pour le traitement de la filariose lymphatique due à Wuchereria bancrofti var. pacifica en Polynésie française.},

author = {J Roux and P Pérolat and J L Cartel and J P Boutin and Y Séchan and M Larivière and M A Aziz},

year  = {1989},

date = {1989-01-01},

journal = {Bull Soc Pathol Exot},

volume = {82},

pages = {72-81},

abstract = {Quarante sujets porteurs d'au moins 20 microfilaires de W. bancrofti var. pacifica par millilitre de sang ont été traités en aveugle par 50, 100, 150 ou 200 mcg/kg d'ivermectine. Le taux de traitements efficaces a été de 100% quelle que soit la dose reçue. Le taux de porteurs négativés et le pourcentage de réduction de la microfilarémie ont été significativement plus élevé chez les porteurs traités par 100, 150 ou 200 mcg/kg que chez ceux traités par 50 mcg/kg. La fréquence et l'intensité des réactions adverses ont été du même ordre que celles observées lors de traitements par la DEC et n'ont pas varié en fonction de la dose reçue mais plutôt en fonction de la microfilarémie initiale. L'ivermectine administrée en dose unique annuelle de 100 mcg/kg, semble actuellement le meilleur candidat pour remplacer la DEC dans les traitements de masse.Forty carriers of 20 or more W. bancrofti var. pacifica per ml were blind administered ivermectin at 50, 100, 150 or 200 mcg/kg doses. The rate of successful treatment was 100% with the 4 dosages. The percentage cure rate and the decrease percentage in the microfilarial count were significantly higher in persons treated with 100, 150 and 200 mcg/kg than in persons treated with 50 mcg/kg. Frequency and intensity of side-reactions were similar to those observed during treatment with DEC; they were more frequent and severe in persons with greatest microfilaremia but did not depend on the dosage. Ivermectin in 100 mcg/kg single-dose, administered once a year, is the best candidate to replace DEC in mass treatments.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{6098,

title = {Facteurs de risque ciguatérique aux Antilles dans la région de Saint-Barthélémy, Saint-Martin et Anguilla.},

author = {P Bourdeau and R Bagnis},

year  = {1989},

date = {1989-01-01},

journal = {Rev Elev Med Vet Pays Trop},

volume = {42},

pages = {393-410},

abstract = {Une étude sur la ciguatéra a été menée aux Antilles autour de Saint-Barthélémy, Saint-Martin et Anguilla en 1985 et 1986. Une enquête épidémiologique a montré l'incidence importante, non saisonnière, des intoxications humaines. Malgré la difficulté à répertorier les cas, le taux de morbidité peut être estimé selon les années de 7 à 30 pour mille habitants. La toxicité de 46 espèces de poissons testés individuellement (176) ou par lots (17) a été évaluée par test-moustique. Les résultats, associés à une enquête sur les intoxications, permettent le regroupement suivant :- Espèces à risque important : Caranx bartholomaci, C. lugubris, Seriola dumerili, Lutjanus apodus, L. jocu, Pristipomoides macrophtalmus, Gymnothorax funebris, G. moringa, Scomberomorus cavalla, S. regalis, Mycteroperca venenosa, M. tigris, Epinephelus morio, Shyraena barracuda.

- Espèces à rique moyen : Caranx latus, C. ruber, Lachnolaimus maximus, Lutjanus analis, L. buccanella, L. griseus, Malacanthus plumieri, Scomberomorus maculatus.

- Espèces à risque faible : Balistes vetula, Alectis ciliaris, Haemulon album, Bodianus rufus, Halichoeres radiatus, Priacanthus arenatus, Alphestes afer. Les résultats montrent le grand nombre d'espèces impliquées, la toxicité de nouvelles espèces et la difficulté de préciser une taille de seuil toxique. Une cartographie des zones les plus dangereuses a été établie mais aucun lieu du plateau où se trouvent les 3 îles ne paraît exempt de ciguatéra. Une recherche de Gambierdiscus toxicus, agent étiologique, (898 lectures) sur recouvrements coralliens (236 échantillons) a été mise en oeuvre autour de Saint-Barthélémy et Saint-Martin (41 stations). G. toxicus est retrouvé dans la plupart des stations en populations faibles à moyennes. Il n'y a pas de distinction nette entre le Nord et le Sud des îles mais il existe une variation saisonnière avec une population d'algues maximale au printemps. Ces éléments permettent de proposer un modèle épidémiologique sur la zone d'étude.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{6088,

title = {Finger-prick blood collection and computer-assisted enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for large-scale serological studies on leprosy.},

author = {S Chanteau and R Plichart and J P Boutin and J Roux and J L Cartel},

year  = {1989},

date = {1989-01-01},

journal = {Trans Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg},

volume = {83},

pages = {414-6},

abstract = {An immunoglobulin M anti-phenolic glycolipid 1 assay was standardized and optimized using specimens of dried blood collected on commercial precut filter paper discs, followed by a computer-assisted enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The correlation between venepuncture and finger-prick methods, the calibration of the quantity of absorbed blood, and the reproducibility of theELISA test were excellent. A slight decline of activity was observed when the samples were stored for 3 months at +4 degrees C. Skimmed milk can be used as diluent instead of bovine serum albumin, contributing to lessening the cost of the test. Using the method described, as many as 300 samples can be collected in the field and 480 ELISAs per day can be run in the central laboratory by one trained person.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{6100,

title = {Isolation and some properties of ciguatoxin.},

author = {A M Legrand and M Litaudon and J N Genthon and R Bagnis and T Yasumoto},

year  = {1989},

date = {1989-01-01},

journal = {J Appl Phycol},

volume = {1},

pages = {183-8},

abstract = {Ciguatoxin, the principal toxin of ciguatera produced by a toxic dinoflagellate and accumulated through the food chain in the viscera of moray eels, was purified. The probable molecular formula C60H86O19 was obtained for the first time by high resolution mass spectrometry. 1H NMR spectra suggested the presence of a primary hydroxyl group suitable for preparing an antigen necessary to develop an enzyme immunoassay.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{6093,

title = {Intérêt du titrage des IgM par technique immunoenzymatique pour le sérodiagnostic et la surveillance épidémiologique de la dengue en Polynésie française.},

author = {E Chungue and J P Boutin and J Roux},

year  = {1989},

date = {1989-01-01},

journal = {Res Virol},

volume = {140},

pages = {229-40},

abstract = {The usefulness of IgM antibody capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA-IgM) for the diagnosis of dengue was studied using several groups of sera. An attempt was made to detect IgM against each dengue serotype. Of 76 paired sera from patients with dengue type 4 infection, the diagnosis was confirmed by ELISA-IgM in 74: in 47 out of 49 primary dengue infections and in all 27 secondary dengue infections. It was possible to detect IgM in 15 of the acute sera of primary infections and in 16 of the acute sera of secondary infections. In 20 patients from whom only single serum with high haemagglutination-inhibition titre (greater than or equal to 640) was available, 18 were found positive for dengue IgM. Dengue infection was also confirmed in 10 patients with dengue type 1 and in 10 patients with dengue type 2. IgM was detected in 1 of the acute sera of patients with either dengue type 1 or dengue type 2 infection. In all cases in which IgM was detected, a positive response was obtained for the homologous antigen. ELISA-IgM on sequential serum samples from 7 proven cases of dengue type 4 revealed that antibody titres greater than or equal to 400 are reached early in the second week of the illness and persist for 60 days or more at a low level (titre less than 400). An attempt was made to obtain a type-specific presumptive diagnosis by analysing the relative titre against each of the 4 antigens. It was possible to make a diagnosis of dengue type 4 in 85% and 52% of IgM-positive responses in primary and secondary infections (p less than 0.01), respectively, using paired sera from patients with known dengue type 4 infection. ELISA-IgM was shown to be of interest in the diagnosis and surveillance of dengue in French Polynesia where dengue viruses are, presently, the only known flavivirus.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{6091,

title = {Implementation of chemoprophylaxis of leprosy in the Southern Marquesas with a single dose of 25 mg per kg Rifampin.},

author = {J L Cartel and S Chanteau and J P Boutin and R Taylor and R Plichart and J Roux and P Celerier and J H Grosset},

year  = {1989},

date = {1989-01-01},

journal = {Int J Lepr Mycobact Dis},

volume = {57},

pages = {810-6},

abstract = {Between 1967 and 1987 in the Southern Marquesas, a remote archipelago in French Polynesia, the detection rate of leprosy was 48.9 per 100,000 when it was 8.6 per 100,000 for French Polynesia as a whole. In 1988, a program of chemoprophylaxis of leprosy with a single dose of 25 mg/kg rifampin was implemented, and 2751 persons (98.7% of the population) were treated in the Southern Marquesas. In addition, 678 South Marquesans and 2466 members of their families, living in the Northern Marquesas and in the Society Archipelago, received the same chemoprophylaxis. Among 2676 persons studied in the Southern Marquesas (97.4%) of the treated population), 130 had elevated IgM anti-phenolic glycolipid-I antibodies by ELISA without any evidence of leprosy. The onset of a skin lesion of borderline leprosy in a boy 3 months after chemopromhylaxis raises the question of the nature of such a skin lesion and, indirectly, of the effectiveness of the chemoprophylaxis.Dans les Marquises du Sud, un archipel éloigné en Polynésie française, le taux de détection de la lèpre de 1967 à 1987 s'est élevé à 48,9 pour 100.000, alors qu'il était de 8,6 pour 100.000 dans l'ensemble de la Polynésie. En 1988, un programme de chimioprophylaxie de la lèpre a été entrepris, comprenant l'administration d'une dose unique de 25 mg/kg de rifampicine. Aux Marquises du Sud, 2751 personnes (98,7% de la population) ont été traitées de cette manière. En outre, 678 habitants des îles Marquises du Sud et 2466 membres de leur famille vivant dans les Marquises du Nord et dans l'archipel de la Société, ont reçu la même chimioprophylaxie. Parmi les 2676 personnes étudiées dans les îles Marquises du Sud (97,4% de la population traitée), 130 présentaient des taux élevés d'anticorps IgM anti-phéno-glycolipidique-I, révélés par une méthode ELISA, alors qu'ils ne présentaient aucun signe clinique de la lèpre. Par ailleurs, l'apparition d'une lésion cutanée de lèpre dimorphe chez un garçon de trois mois soulève la question de la nature d'une lésion cutanée de ce type et met en cause de manière indirecte l'efficacité de cette chimioprophylaxie.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{6086,

title = {Infection par le virus de l'immunodéficience humaine (VIH) en Polynésie française.},

author = {G Alandry and A Leguellec and F Flye Sainte Marie},

year  = {1989},

date = {1989-01-01},

journal = {Med Trop},

volume = {49},

pages = {71-2},

abstract = {HIV case finding tests are performed since three years in French Polynesia. Ratio of seropositivity is 2.4/10.000 inhabitants. the 45 seropositive patients found in three years belong to group at risk (homosexual males ; polytransfusion ; addicts). As far as blood donnors are concerned, no seropositivity was actually observed through the 16.881 tests carried out in 30 months. Outbreak of HIV seems to be recent in Tahiti.L'épidémie du syndrome d'immunodépression acquise (SIDA) constitue un problème de santé mondial. En Polynésie française, les tests de dépistage de l'infection par le virus de l'immunodéficience humaine (VIH) sont effectués depuis août 1985. Le dépistage est obligatoire chez tous les donneurs de sang depuis décembre 1985. Cette mise au point concerne une période d'observation de trois ans.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{6083,

title = {Intérêt des sondages d'opinion pour évaluer l'acceptabilité en zone urbaine des enquêtes épidémiologiques.},

author = {J P Boutin and D Lahanier and J Roux},

year  = {1989},

date = {1989-01-01},

journal = {Rev Epidemiol Sante Publ},

volume = {37},

pages = {167-71},

abstract = {Un projet d'évaluation de la prévalence des maladies non transmissibles liées à la nutrition et aux habitudes toxiques est en cours d'élaboration en Polynésie française. La méthodologie utilisée, bien que très lourde, a déjà été mise en oeuvre avec succès dans les Etats insulaires du pacifique Sud, ayant un mode de vie traditionnel ou transitionnel. Les auteurs ont voulu évaluer, par un sondage d'opinion utilisant la méthode des quotas, le niveau d'acceptabilité de l'enquête projetée dans la population très urbanisée et occidentalisée du 'grand Papeete' afin d'obtenir des informations essentielles quant à la faisabilité du projet. Les résultats favorables (75% des sujets sondés participeraient, 19,5% refuseraient, 5,5% hésiteraient) doivent être interprétés en fonction du caractère multiethnique de la Polynésie française, et des limites de la méthode de sondage employée.A prevalence study on non communicable diseases related to nutrition, alcoholism and tabagism is planned in French Polynesia. The methodology used, although complicated, has been successful in insular states of the South Pacific with either traditional or transitional ways of life. Acceptability level of the study in the urban area of Papeete (Tahiti) has been tested by a public opinion poll using the quota method in order to obtain valuable information on feasibility of the project. The public opinion poll showed that 75% of people would participate, 19.5% would be reluctant and 5.5% would hesitate. The good results must be carefully interpreted with regards to the multi-ethnic structure of French Polynesian population, and to the limits of the quota method.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{6089,

title = {PGL-1 antigen and antibody detection in the control of leprosy in French Polynesia.},

author = {S Chanteau and J L Cartel and R Plichart and J Roux and M A Bach},

year  = {1989},

date = {1989-01-01},

journal = {Acta Leprologica},

volume = {7},

pages = {128-9},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{6090,

title = {PGL-1 antigen and antibody detection in leprosy patients : evolution under chemotherapy.},

author = {S Chanteau and J L Cartel and P Celerier and R Plichart and S Desforges and J Roux},

year  = {1989},

date = {1989-01-01},

journal = {Int J Lepr Mycobact Dis},

volume = {57},

pages = {735-43},

abstract = {Multibacillary (MB) and paucibacillary (PB) leprosy patients were tested for circulating phenolic glycolipid-I (PGL-I) antigen and antibodies before treatment. In the 27 MB patients tested, 27 (100%) were antigen positive with levels ranging from 50 to 5000 ng/ml, and 26 (96%) were antibody positive with titers ranging from 1000 to 64,000. Although the antigen and antibody levels were much higher in MB than in PB patients, we could not demonstrate a correlation between the number of acid-fast bacilli/mg of skin biopsy and these two parameters in 14 MB patients. After starting daily multidrug therapy, 10 MB patients were monitored monthly. As much as 88.75% ± 10.8% of the PGL-I antigen was cleared from the bloodstream after 1 month while the anti-PGL-I antibody remained stable. This rapid decrease in the PGL-I antigen level strongly suggsets the usefulness of this test for monitoring MB patients under chemotherapy.Chez les malades atteints de lèpre multibacillaire (MB) et paucibacillaire (PB), on a mesuré, avant traitement, les taux de l'antigène circulant phéno-glyco-lipidique-I (PGL-I), et les taux d'anticorps. Chez les 27 sujets multibacillaires qui ont été étudiés, tous étaient positifs pour l'antigène, avec des taux variant de 50 à 5000 ng/ml , et 26 d'entre eux (soit 96%), avaient des anticorps dont les titres s'étalaient entre 1000 et 64.000. Quoique les taux de l'antigène et les taux d'anticorps atteignaient des valeurs beaucoup plus élevées chez les multibacillaires que chez les paucibacillaires, il n'a pas été possible chez 14 malades multibacillaires de mettre en évidence une corrélation entre le nombre de bacilles acido-résistants par mg de biopsie cutanée et ces deux paramètres. Dix patients multibacillaires ont été suivis mensuellement à partir du moment où ils ont été placés sous chimiothérapie quotidienne. Après 1 mois 88,75% ± 10% de l'antigène PGL-I avait disparu de la circulation, alors que le taux de l'anticorps anti-PGL-I restait stable. Cette diminution rapide du taux d'antigène PGL-I suggère fortement que cette épreuve pourrait être très utile pour suivre les malades multibacillaires sous chimiothérapie.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{6092,

title = {Results after 8 years of a daily multidrug therapy for leprosy patients in French Polynesia, Guadeloupe and New Caledonia.},

author = {J L Cartel},

year  = {1989},

date = {1989-01-01},

journal = {Int J Lepr Mycobact Dis},

volume = {57},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{6101,

title = {Structures of ciguatoxin and its congener},

author = {M Murata and A M Legrand and Y Ishibashi and T Yasumoto},

year  = {1989},

date = {1989-01-01},

journal = {J Am Chem Soc},

volume = {111},

pages = {8929-31},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{6087,

title = {Study of 39 documented relapses of multibacillary leprosy after treatment with Rifampin.},

author = {J H Grosset and C C Guelpa-Lauras and J L Cartel and P Bobin and M Frederic and M Constant-Desportes and J Millan},

year  = {1989},

date = {1989-01-01},

journal = {Int J Lepr Mycobact Dis},

volume = {57},

pages = {607-14},

abstract = {Parmi 39 souches de Mycobacterium leprae isolées chez des malades atteints de lèpre multibacillaire, ayant récidivé après un traitement par la rifampine (RMP), 22 souches étaient résistantes à cet antibiotique et 17 étaient encore susceptibles. Toutes les souches encore résistantes à la rifampine ont été obtenues chez des malades qui avaient été traités par plus de 50 doses du produit, généralement administré en monothérapie. Des souches susceptibles à la rifampine n'ont été recueillies que chez 6 malades qui avaient reçu plus de 50 doses du produit, et chez 11 malades qui n'avaient reçu que 7 doses. La médiane de la durée entre le début de la thérapie par la rifampine et la résistance était de 9 ans (s'étendant de 1 à 12 ans) parmi les malades porteurs de souches de M. leprae résistantes à la RMP ; la médiane de la durée s'étendant entre la cessation du traitement par la rifampine et la récidive était de 7 ans (de 1 à 11 ans) parmi les malades porteurs de souches susceptibles à ce produit. Ces données suggèrent que la monothérapie, lorsqu'elle dépasse quelques doses de rifampine, pourrait être responsable de l'apparition de souches de M. leprae résistantes au médicament. Ceci souligne la nécessité, en chimiothérapie de la lèpre multibacillaire d'employer la rifampine uniquement en combinaison avec d'autres médicaments efficaces.Among 39 strains of Mycobacterium leprae isolated from patients with multibacillary leprosy who relapsed after treatment with rifampin (RMP), 22 strains were resistant to RMP and 17 were susceptible. All of the RMP-resistant strains were recovered from patients who had been treated with more than 50 doses of RMP, usually given as monotherapy. RMP-susceptible strains were recovered from only six patients who had received more than 50 doses of RMP, and from 11 patients who had received no more than seven doses. The median time to relapse after the beginning of RMP therapy was 9 years (range 1-12 years) among the patients harboring RMP-resistant strains of M. leprae, and the median time to relapse after discontinuation of RMP treatment was 7 years (range 1-11 years) among the patients harboring RMP-susceptible strains. These data suggest that monotherapy with more than a few doses of RMP can be responsible for the emergence of RMP-resistant strains of M. leprae, thus emphasizing the need to employ RMP only in combination with other effective drugs in the chemotherapy of multibacillary leprosy.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{6085,

title = {Serological survey of human T-cell leukaemia virus type I in homosexual men in Tahiti.},

author = {E Chungue and C Burucoa and J L Cartel and J Roux and C Gras},

year  = {1989},

date = {1989-01-01},

journal = {Med J Australia},

volume = {150},

pages = {349},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{6084,

title = {Serological survey of Hantavirus infection in French Polynesia.},

author = {E Chungue and P E Rollin and J F Saluzzo and B Gentile and J Roux and P Sureau},

year  = {1989},

date = {1989-01-01},

journal = {Trans Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg},

volume = {83},

pages = {258},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{6108,

title = {Comparison of synthetic antigens for detecting antibodies to Phenolic Glycolipid I in patients with leprosy and their household contacts.},

author = {S Chanteau and J L Cartel and J Roux and R Plichart and M A Bach},

year  = {1988},

date = {1988-01-01},

journal = {J Infect Dis},

volume = {157},

pages = {770-6},

abstract = {Three synthetic antigens related to the natural antigen phenolic glycolipid (PGL-I) were compared for their efficacy in detecting leprosy when used as antigens in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for IgM antibody to PGL-I. Absorbance values for ELISAs using the three antigens correlated well (.7999,9%) because of the low prevalence of leprosy in French Polynesia (1,78 per 1000). The high sensitivity, specificity, and efficiency of the tests using the three antigens confirmed their great value for serodiagnosis of leprosy, especially the multibacillary form ; the ELISA using NTP seems to be more specific and sensitive for detecting the paucibacillary form.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{6105,

title = {Chlamydia trachomatis genital infections in Tahiti.},

author = {E Chungue and J L Cartel and M Tourneux and A Mahé and P Pérolat and F Flye Sainte Marie and J Roux},

year  = {1988},

date = {1988-01-01},

journal = {Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis},

volume = {7},

pages = {635-8},

abstract = {The rate of Chlamydia trachomatis infection was determined in three populations in Tahiti by means of a direct immunofluorescence test performed in specimens, tissue culture and detection of chlamydial antibody in serum specimes using a single-serotype indirect immunofluorescence test. Chlamydia trachomatis was recovered in 53% of 53 bar girls, 24% of 75 women attending a public maternity clinic for routine care, and 37% of 71 men attending a sexually transmitted disease clinic with acute or subacute urethristis. The presence of chlamydial antibody in a high proportion of the groups studied confirmed the high frequency of chlamydial infections (62.3%, 66.6% and 83.1% respectively). Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection was often associated with chlamydial infection in both bar girls and men with urethritis (11.4% and 18.3% respectively). With regard to clinical manifestations, 58.3% (7/12) of bar girls and 23.2% (10/43) women at the maternity clinic without clinical complaints were found to be chlamydia trachomatis-positive. The presence of Chlamydia trachomatis in these asymptomatic persons highlights their important role in spread of this organism in Tahiti. The findings indicate that routine testing for Chlamydia trachomatis is warranted in patients attending the sexually transmitted disease and public maternity clinics in Tahiti.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{6111,

title = {Le risque ciguatérique dans l'Ile de Mayotte (Archipel des Comores).},

author = {R Bagnis and J Julvez and A Allaoui and B Dubray and H Conan and M A Ali Halidi and L Mieli and J Galtier},

year  = {1988},

date = {1988-01-01},

journal = {Rev Int Oceanog Med},

volume = {91-92},

pages = {43-54},

abstract = {Un programme de surveillance épidémiologique de la ciguatéra par le contrôle régulier des facteurs bioécologiques de risque a été mis en place à Mayotte en 1984. Les données recueilies montrent que malgré l'existence d'une population endémique de dinoflagellés toxicogènes Gambierdiscus toxicus, des dégradations massives de l'écosystème récifolagunaire mahorais à la fois d'origine humaine et naturelle, la ciguatéra continue à ne pas se manifester cliniquement. Comparant leurs résultats à ceux obtenus dans diverses autres régions tropicales exposées, les auteurs évoquent pour expliquer ce particularisme, soit l'absence dans le milieu marin d'un médiateur chimique indispensable à la fabrication de ciguatoxine par G. toxicus, soit l'éventualité de souches algales non toxico-productrices. Ils insistent néanmoins sur l'importance d'un suivi épidémiologique au long cours à titre préventif.A program of epidemiological control of ciguatera by the regular monitoring of bioecological risk factors is carried on in Mayotte Island since 1984. The available data show that, despite an endemic population of the toxic dinoflagellates Gambierdiscus toxicus, massive manmade and natural disturbances of the local reefecosystem, ciguatera fish poisoning does not occur, from man memory, in Comores archipelago. Comparing their results to those obtained in various other exposed tropical areas, the authors suggest for explaining this feature, either the absence of an environmental factor necessary to ciguatoxin production by G. toxicus, or the existence of non toxic strains of G. toxicus. They nevertheless emphasize the importance of a long term epidemiological follow-up, as a matter of prevention.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{6109,

title = {La lèpre dans les archipels de Polynésie française de 1967 à 1987.},

author = {J L Cartel and J P Boutin and R Plichart and J Roux and J H Grosset},

year  = {1988},

date = {1988-01-01},

journal = {Bull Soc Pathol Exot},

volume = {81},

pages = {819-26},

abstract = {De 1967 à 1987, 255 nouveaux cas de lèpre ont été détectés en Polynésie française (PF) ce qui signifie un taux de détection annuel moyen de 8,6 pour 100.000. Le taux de détection moyen établi sur 7 triennats n'a pas significativement varié au cours des 21 dernières années. Deux archipels de PF se distinguent par un taux de détection de la lèpre particulièremet élevé : l'archipel des Gambier et le sous-archipel des Marquises-Sud avec respectivement 54,7 et 48,9 pour 100.000. Pour améliorer cette situation il est nécessaire de renforcer le réseau de prise en charge thérapeutique des malades diagnostiqués, le dépistage actif dans les archipels éloignés et d'envisager des actions ponctuelles sur les foyers les plus actifs (chimioprophylaxie).Between 1967 and 1987, 255 new cases of leprosy were detected in French Polynesia (FP) that means on average a 8.6 per 100,000 detection rate. Average detection rate calculated in 7 three-years periods did not vary significantly during the 21 years studied period of time. In two remote archipelagos of FP average detection rate of leprosy is specially high : Gambier archipelago and Southern Marquesas archipelago with respectively a 54.7 and 48.9 per 100,000 detection rate. To control leprosy, the network of treatment and active case-finding should be strenghtened in archipelagos and chemoprophylaxis programmes could be planned in places where the problem is specially important.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{6107,

title = {Prevalence of asthma among teenagers attending school in Tahiti.},

author = {R Liard and R Chansin and F Neukirch and M Levallois and P Leproux},

year  = {1988},

date = {1988-01-01},

journal = {J Epidemiol Community Health},

volume = {42},

pages = {149-51},

abstract = {The prevalence of asthma was studied in 6731 adolescents (average age 13.5 years, 48.6% boys) attending school in three towns of the isle of Tahiti, according to the ethnic origin of both parents. The pupils completed a self-administered questionnaire in class ; 14.3% gave an affirmative answer to the question "Have you ever had attacks of asthma ?" (cumulative prevalence). That prevalence was 11.4% in the Europeans, 13.7% in the Chinese, 13.8% in the Polynesians, 15.3% in those whose parents were "halves" (half-bred from Polynesians and Europeans), and 16.0% in the miscellaneous group (= other origins) (P<0.02). Asthma was significantly more frequent in boys only among the Europeans and those with one European parent. The result of this study confirm the high prevalence of asthma in French Polynesia found in a previous study. They give no evidence of a racial difference in prevalence but suggest an influence of environment.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{6106,

title = {Spirometry and maximal expiratory flow-volume curve reference standards for polynesian, european, and chinese teenagers.},

author = {F Neukirch and R Chansin and R Liard and M Levallois and P Leproux},

year  = {1988},

date = {1988-01-01},

journal = {Chest},

volume = {94},

pages = {792-8},

abstract = {Lung function was compared and reference standards were determined in 1,007 Polynesian, European and Chinese teenagers attending school in Tahiti (517 boys, 490 girls ; mean age, 14.4 years). Spirometric study results and maximal expiratory flow-volume curves were measured using techniques recommanded by the American Thoracic Society. Age, standing height, and weight were chosen as the independant variables for males, and age and standing height for females. Regression equations constructed with logarithmically transformed dependant variables provided accurate predictions. We observed significant racial differences : in the Europeans, forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV) were higher than the mean values predicted for the whole study populations, while forced expiratory flow during the middle half of the FVC (FEF25-75%) and maximal expiratory flows after 25, 50 and 75 percent of FVC had been exhaled (Vmax 25, 50 and 75, respectively) were about equal to the mean values ; in the Polynesians, volumes and flows were mostly lower than the mean ; in the Chinese, FVC in boys and girls, and FEV, in girls only, were lower, while the other flows were higher. The FEV/FVC, FEF25-75%FVC, Vmax25/FVC, Vmax50FVC, and Vmax75/FVC were significantly higher than the mean in the Chinese boys and girls and often lower in the European.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{6113,

title = {HLA and non-HLA phenotyping and genotyping in Austral and Gambier polynesian archipelagos.},

author = {C Dehay and B Gentile and M Jeannet and E Thorsby and A Marcelli-Barge and J Dausset},

year  = {1987},

date = {1987-01-01},

journal = {Tissue Antigen},

volume = {30},

pages = {49-62},

abstract = {Forty-one individuals from Rurutu Island (Austral Archipelagos) and 41 individuals from the Gambier Archipelagos have been typed for HLA ; for blood groups ABO, Rh, MNSs, P, Kell, Kp, Lewis, Lutheran, Kidd ; for the electrophoretic systems G6PD, 6-PGD, PGM1, PGM2, AcP, ADA, GPT, Est-D, GLO I, and for the immunoglobin allotypes Gm and Km. There is a high degree of homogeneity among these Polynesian populations and among other Polynesian populations previously typed. However, small differences exist between the populations of the two archipelagos, possibly due to endogamy or to the smallness of the samples studied. A variant of HLA-Bw22 (called Bw22x) is described.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{6118,

title = {Mesocyclops aspericornis (Copepoda) and Bacillus thuringiensis var. Israelensis for the biological control of Aedes and Culex vectors (Diptera : Culicidae) breeding in crab holes, tree holes, and artificial containers.},

author = {F Rivière and B H Kay and J M Klein and Y Séchan},

year  = {1987},

date = {1987-01-01},

journal = {J Med Entomol},

volume = {24},

pages = {425-30},

abstract = {In French Polynesia, the cyclopoid copepod Mesocyclops aspericornis was inoculated into burrows of the land crab Cardisoma carnifex and into tree holes, drums, wells, and tires. It successfully reduced larval populations of Aedes polynesiensis and/or Aedes aegypti by 91-99%. Mesocyclops aspericornis has persisted to date for 29 mo in crab holes and for 60 mo in some wells, tires, and tree holes. As M. aspericornis does not effectively reduce Culex populations, copepod suspensions can be mixed with Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis, without detriment to the copepod, to effectively kill larvae of both genera. Its oliphagic feeding pattern, ease of mass production or collection, and high fecundity within probable temperature and salinity ranges of 23-30°C and 0-4‰ make M. aspericornis a good candidate as a biological control agent.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{6115,

title = {Primary and secondary dapsone resistance of M. leprae in Martinique, Guadeloupe, New Caledonia, Tahiti, Senegal and Paris between 1980 and 1985.},

author = {C C Guelpa-Lauras and J L Cartel and M Constant-Desportes and J Millan and P Bobin and C Guidi and G Brucker and B Flageul and J C Guillaume and C Pichet and J C Remy and J H Grosset},

year  = {1987},

date = {1987-01-01},

journal = {Int J Lepr Mycobact Dis},

volume = {55},

pages = {672-9},

abstract = {Primary and secondary dapsone resistance were studied among lepromatous patients living in Martinique, Guadeloupe, New Caledonia, Tahiti, Senegal, and Paris. Four hundred fifteen biopsies were taken from clinically active and bacteriologically positive (bacterial index > 2) patients in the 6-year period of 1980-1985. Among these, 280 biopsies that contained 5 x 104 acid fast bacilli per ml with a morphological index of at least 0.10 were inoculated into the mouse foot pad, and 229 harbored infective Mycobacterium leprae. Among the 129 infective M. leprae isolated from new cases, 54% had some degree of dapsone resistance, a low degree being prominent in all cases. Among the 100 infective M. leprae isolated from relapsed cases, 79% had a high or an intermediate degree of dapsone resistance. The annual incidence of secondary dapsone resistance was estimated to be about 0.55% in Guadeloupe.On a étudié la résistance primaire et la résistance secondaire à la dapsone chez des malades lépromateux vivant en Martinique, à la Guadeloupe, en Nouvelle-Calédonie, à Tahiti et à Paris. On a prélevé 415 biopsies chez des malades cliniquement actifs et bactériologiquement positifs (index bactérien > 2) pendant une période de 6 ans s'étendant de 1980 à 1985. Parmi ces biopsies, on en a choisi 280 qui contenaient 5 x 104 bacilles acido-résistants par ml, avec un index morphologique d'au moins 0,10. Ces biopsies ont été alors inoculées dans le coussinet plantaire de la souris. On a constaté que 229 de ces biopsies contenaient des Mycobacterium leprae infectifs. Parmi les 129 souches de M. leprae isolées à partir de nouveaux cas, 54% présentaient un certain degré de résistance faible à la dapsone. Parmi 100 souches infectieuses de M. leprae, isolées de récidives, 79% présentaient un degré élevé ou intermédiaire de résistance à la dapsone. L'incidence annuelle de résistance secondaire à la dapsone a été estimée à 0,55% en Guadeloupe.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{6116,

title = {Seroepidemiological study on 724 household contacts of leprosy patients in French Polynesia using Disaccharide-Octyl-BSA as antigen.},

author = {S Chanteau and J L Cartel and C Guidi and R Plichart and M A Bach},

year  = {1987},

date = {1987-01-01},

journal = {Int J Lepr Mycobact Dis},

volume = {55},

pages = {626-32},

abstract = {A seroepidemiological surveillance of a contact population was started in 1984 in French Polynesia. The ELISA test was used to measure IgM anti-ND-O-BSA in the sera. Specific antibody levels were higher in healthy Polynesians than in normal individuals living in a nonendemic country. The positive threshold of the reaction was fixed according to this background activity in healthy Polynesians. Under these conditions, 100% of the multibacillary patients were detected as seropositive as compared to 5% of the paucibacillary group.In the population of 724 household contacts tested and observed for 2 years : 93 (12,8%) were seropositive, with 8 (1,1%) showing activity equivalent to multibacillary patients (1 of these 8 individuals developed a lepromatous form of leprosy) ; 631 (87%) were seronegative and 3 developed a paucibacillary form of the disease (2 BT, 1 I) without any antibody increase. Among those contacts who developed leprosy, three were related to a multibacillary index case.

These data suggest that this test may be useful for the prediction of multibacillary leprosy. A long-term surveillance of this high-risk population will be able to evaluate the diagnostic and prognostic value of the serological assay.

En 1984, on a entrepris la surveillance séroépidémiologique d'une population contact en Polynésie française. L'épreuve ELISA a été utilisée pour mesurer les taux IgM anti-ND-O-BSA dans le sérum. Les taux d'anticorps spécifiques étaient plus élevés chez des Polynésiens en bonne santé que dans des individus normaux vivant dans un pays non-endémique. Le seuil fixé pour qu'une réaction soit considérée comme positive a été déterminé en se basant sur les résultats observés chez les Polynésiens en bonne santé. Dans ces conditions, on a constaté que 100% des malades multibacillaires étaient séropositifs, alors que 5% des malades paucibacillaires livraient des valeurs positives.

Dans une population de 724 domiciliaires étudiés et observés pendant 2 ans, on a relevé des résultats séropositifs chez 93 d'entre eux (12,8%), dont 8 (1,1%) présentaient une activité équivalente à celle des malades multibacillaires (1 de ces 8 sujets a développé une maladie du type lépromateux) ; 631 de ces sujets étaient séronégatifs (87%) et 3 ont développé une maladie du type paucibacillaire (2 Bt, 1 I) sans aucune élévation des titres d'anticorps. Parmi les 4 contacts qui ont développé la lèpre, 3 étaient en relation avec un cas index multibacillaires.

Ces données suggèrent que cette épreuve peut être utile pour prédire la lèpre multibacillaire. Une surveillance prolongée des populations à haut risque pourrait permettre d'évaluer la valeur diagnostique et pronostique de cette épreuve sérologique.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{6121,

title = {The use of mosquito bioassay for determining the toxicity to man of ciguateric fish.},

author = {R Bagnis and M Barsinas and C Prieur and A Pompon and E Chungue and A M Legrand},

year  = {1987},

date = {1987-01-01},

journal = {Biol Bull},

volume = {172},

pages = {137-43},

abstract = {Moderately well-correlated with the mouse bioassay, requiring a much smaller amount of raw fish flesh, and employing a faster chemical extraction procedure, the mosquito bioassay represents significant progress in detecting ciguatoxin in fish muscle. We use the mosquito bioassay to evaluate the approximate amount of ciguatoxin present in the remains of 25 fish of 17 different species involved in 99 documented cases of ciguatera poisoning. From the data provided by mosquito bioassay and human symptomatology, we detrmine a dose-effect relationship for ciguatoxin (CTX) to man. Three average pathogenic doses (PD) are established. The minimum PD is estimated to be 0.6 ng CTX/kg, the PD50 to be 2 ng CTX/kg, and the PD100 to be 8 ng CTX/kg. These data suggest a MLD (minimal lethal dose) value of 20 ng CTX/kg.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{6120,

title = {Teneur en 90Sr de dents humaines collectées en Polynésie française.},

author = {C Badie and C Arnould and J Sarbach and M Arnaud and R Lemercier and C Bernard and P Howell and T Texier},

year  = {1987},

date = {1987-01-01},

journal = {Radioprotection},

volume = {22},

pages = {325-32},

abstract = {Afin de mesurer la teneur en 90Sr des dents des Polynésiens, des prélèvements ont été effectués sur des individus d'origine géographique et d'âge différents. Les résultats de ces analyses montrent essentiellement que l'activité en 90Sr se corrèle avec le taux des retombées des essais nucléaires mondiaux réalisés principalement entre 1952 et 1963, quelle que soit l'origine géographique des populations. Les deux groupes d'âge montrant les plus faibles activités sont bien le groupe des personnes nées avant 1945 (avanbt les retombées) et le groupe des enfants nés entre 1976 et 1986 (après les retombées les plus fortes). Quant à la teneur moyenne la plus élevée : 30 mbq/g Ca - qui correspond aux individus nés entre 1956 et 1965 - elle est de l'ordre de la moitié de ce que l'on détecte en Europe pour les groupes d'âge correspondants.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{6114,

title = {Une importante endémie marquisienne : l'angiostrongylose nerveuse.},

author = {J Roux and J L Auberget and J Prieur and P Gassiot},

year  = {1987},

date = {1987-01-01},

journal = {Med Trop},

volume = {47},

pages = {141-4},

abstract = {Les auteurs rapportent 37 nouveaux cas de méningite à éosinophiles recensés en deux ans sur une île de 1.800 habitants. Après un rappel épidémiologique de l'affection, ils décrivent les signes cliniques les plus fréquemment rencontrés et les résulatst de la ponction lombaire qui permet d'affirmer le diagnostic. Il semble que cette maladie qui touche plus de 1% de la population ne soit pas près de disparaître puisque la seule prophylaxie efficace consisterait à priver d'un plat traditionnel une population très attachée à ses coutumes.The authors report on 37 new cases of eosinophilic meningitis collected in two years in an island with a population of 1.800. Recalling first epidemiology of the disease, they describe the most frequent clinical signs met and the results of rachiocentesis which confirm the diagnosis. The disease strikes more than 1% of the population. It might not rapidly disappear as the only efficient prophylaxis would be to deprive the population, very attached to its traditions, of one traditional dish.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{6125,

title = {A serological survey for AIDS in a high-risk population in French Polynesia.},

author = {S Chanteau and F Flye Sainte Marie and E Chungue and J Roux and J M Bonnardot},

year  = {1986},

date = {1986-01-01},

journal = {Med J Australia},

volume = {145},

pages = {113},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{6127,

title = {Ciguatéra, santé et développement en Polynésie française.},

author = {R Bagnis},

year  = {1986},

date = {1986-01-01},

journal = {Union médicale du Canada},

volume = {115},

pages = {502-6},

abstract = {Les personnes consommant du poisson frais habituellement comestible, peuvent présenter, par absorption de toxines qui ont proliféré dans les algues et les coraux morts, pour être ensuite absorbées par différents types de poissons, des symptômes cliniques allant des vomissements et de la diarrhée, aux tremblements, à la fatigabilité marquée et à la sensibilité au froid. Cette affection, quoique bénigne, limite beaucoup les exportations et les capacités des habitants à se nourrir sur place avec un régime alimentaire assez diversifié. Des recherches pour déterminer les poissons porteurs par détection à l'aide d'insectes s'annoncent des plus prometteurs.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{6132,

title = {Efficiency papain-treated microfilariae of Wuchereria bancrofti (var. pacifica) as antigen for serodiagnosis of bancroftian filariasis in French Polynesia.},

author = {S Chanteau and C Guidi and J L Durosoir},

year  = {1986},

date = {1986-01-01},

journal = {Trans Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg},

volume = {80},

pages = {795-9},

abstract = {Papain-treated microfilariae of Wuchereria bancrofti have been used as antigen for indirect fluorescent assay : 0% of non-endemic sera, 8% of healthy exposed Polynesians, 48% of clinical patients and 96% of microfilaraemic subjects were positive by this test. The geometric mean titres were 22, 41, 147 and 605 respectively. Untreated microfilariae were unsuitable for diagnostic pruposes. Dirofilaria immitis adult sections showed low reactivity, giving poor discrimination between non-endemic and microfilaraemic sera. The geometric mean titres were 6 and 61 rescpectively.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{6128,

title = {Effects of ciguatoxin on current and voltage clamped frog myelinated nerve fibre.},

author = {E Benoit and A M Legrand and J M Dubois},

year  = {1986},

date = {1986-01-01},

journal = {Toxicon},

volume = {24},

pages = {357-64},

abstract = {The effects of 0.25 X 10(-9) and 1.25 X 10(-9) g/ml of purified ciguatoxin (CgTX) upon the node of Ranvier of frog isolated nerve fibres were investigated under current and voltage clamp conditions. When added to the external solution, CgTX induced spontaneous action potentials at a frequency of about 100 Hz, which were reversible upon removal of the toxin. Under voltage clamp conditions, CgTX modified neither linear leakage and capacity currents nor K current, but reversibly induced a maintained (late) inward current (IL) during long lasting depolarizations. IL, as well as the peak Na current, was suppressed by tetrodotoxin (300 nM). The steady-state inactivation curve of the Na current showed that a fraction of the current (corresponding to IL) did not inactivate. IL activated and reversed at voltages about 30 mV more negative than the peak Na current (recorded under control conditions or in the presence of CgTX). During a given depolarizing pulse, the amplitude of IL depended on the holding potential. IL was about three times greater when the holding potential was -70 mV rather than -120 mV. We conclude that CgTX specifically interacts with and modifies Na channels. We also conclude that the effects of CgTX depend on membrane potential.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{6130,

title = {Filariose de Bancroft en Polynésie française. Situation épidémiologique et perspectives après 35 ans de lutte.},

author = {P Pérolat and C Guidi and F Rivière and J Roux},

year  = {1986},

date = {1986-01-01},

journal = {Bull Soc Pathol Exot},

volume = {79},

pages = {78-88},

abstract = {Les auteurs font le bilan de trois décennies de lutte contre la filariose de Bancroft en Polynésie française. Wuchereria bancrofti var. pacifica, filaire apériodique, et Aedes polynesiensis, vecteur à haut rendement parasitaire, constituent un cycle très adapté à l'environnement polynésien ; après de nombreux essais, la chimioprophylaxie par la diéthylcarbamazine (3 mg/kg/semestre) de l'ensemble de la population exposée a été retenue, en association avec des mesures anti-vectorielles (utilisation de prédateurs).Cependant, la réalisation de cette stratégie est compromise pour des raisons économiques, d'où une réactivation de l'endémie y compris dans des zones proches de l'éradication. Les indices entomologiques témoignent d'une retransmission élevée sur l'essentiel du territoire. Lutte anti-vectorielle intégrée et chimioprophylaxie de masse doivent bénéficier de moyens accrus pour ramener la transmission à un niveau minimum.

The authors assess of three decades of struggle against Bancroftian filariasis in French Polynesia. Wuchereria bancrofti var. pacifica, aperiodic filaria, and Aedes polynesiensis, mosquito with high parasitologic output, set up a cycle very well adapted to the Polynesian environment; after numerous tests, the chemoprophylaxis with diethylcarbamazine (3 mg/kg/half-year) of all the exposed population has been decided, in association with methods of vector-control (use of predatory crustaceans). However, the achievement of this strategy is impeded by economical contingencies and the endemic comes up again particularly in areas close to eradication. Entomological clues show a high transmission over the greater part of French Polynesia.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{6131,

title = {Intérêt de l'antigène microfilarien homologue traité à la papaine pour le diagnostic de la filariose à Wuchereria bancrofti var. pacifica : analyse de 237 cas.},

author = {P Pérolat and S Chanteau and J Roux},

year  = {1986},

date = {1986-01-01},

journal = {Med Trop},

volume = {46},

pages = {169-72},

abstract = {Une technique d'immunofluorescence indirecte utilisant des microfilaires traitées à la papaïne (IFI-WBp) a été mise au point afin d'améliorer le diagnostic de la filariose de Bancroft. Les auteurs ont analysé 237 dossiers de malades consultant pour des lymphangites bactériennes ou filariennes, chyluries, éléphantiasis, hydrocèles, hyperéosinophilies asymptomatiques. Considérant les aspects cliniques, les résultats parasitologiques et sérologiques, ils montrent l'efficacité de l'IFI-WBp (titre > 80) pour le diagnostic de la filariose en Polynésie française où une seule espèce de filaire (Wuchereria bancrofti var. pacifica) est présente.An indirect immunofluorescence assay using papain treated microfilariae (IFI-WBp) has been performed to attempt diagnosis of bancroftian filariasis. The authors have analysed 237 bed-rests of patients consulting for specific and non specific lymphangitis, chyluria, elephantiasis, hydrocele or just asymptomatic hypereosinophilia. Taking into account the clinical aspects, the parasitological and the serological results, they have shown the efficiency of IFI-WBp (titre greater than 80) to diagnose filariasis in French Polynesia where only one species of filaria is present (Wuchereria bancrofti var. pacifica.).},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{6126,

title = {Pneumologie du praticien. Pouvons-nous mieux guérir nos asthmatiques ?},

author = {R Chansin},

year  = {1986},

date = {1986-01-01},

journal = {Med Ocean},

volume = {28},

pages = {11-2},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{6129,

title = {Pseudonuclear vesicles in the toxic dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus toxicus.},

author = {M Durand and A Squiban and J Ribier and R Bagnis and S Puiseux-Dao},

year  = {1986},

date = {1986-01-01},

journal = {Biological Cellular},

volume = {56},

pages = {171-80},

abstract = {From nuclear staining and electron microscopic investigations it has been found that Gambierdiscus toxicus, a benthic dinoflagellate involved in ciguatera disease, presents peculiar structural characteristics. It possesses numerous structures showing nuclear features, which we term pseudonuclear vesicles.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{6124,

title = {Sida : situation à Tahiti en septembre 1985. Une enquête sur la population à risque.},

author = {S Chanteau and J Roux and C Guidi and P Pérolat},

year  = {1986},

date = {1986-01-01},

journal = {Med Ocean},

volume = {27},

pages = {10-3},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{6137,

title = {Essais cliniques de la bétaméthasone en milieu non hospitalier sur l'ichtyosarcotoxisme de type ciguatéra.},

author = {R Bagnis and M Merlin and H Kaeuffer},

year  = {1985},

date = {1985-01-01},

journal = {Revue internationale des services de santé des armées de terre, de mer et de l’air},

volume = {58},

pages = {529-32},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{6144,

title = {Filariose lymphatique en Polynésie française, vers un problème de santé publique ?},

author = {P Pérolat and F Rivière and J Roux},

year  = {1985},

date = {1985-01-01},

journal = {Med Ocean},

volume = {26},

pages = {36-43},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{6133,

title = {Hepatotoxicity of the daily combination 5 mg/kg Prothionamide + 10 mg/kg rifampin.},

author = {J L Cartel and Y Naudillon and J C Artus and J H Grosset},

year  = {1985},

date = {1985-01-01},

journal = {Int J Lepr Mycobact Dis},

volume = {53},

pages = {15-8},

abstract = {Lors d'une étude antérieure, on a observé une incidence de 13% de manifestation toxique au niveau du foie chez des malades atteints de lèpre multibacillaire traités quotidiennement par la dapsone, la rifampine, et 10 mg/kg de thioamide. Ces malades ont été traités, dans une seconde étude, avec 5 mg/kg de thioamide, en combinaison journalière avec de la dapsone et de la rifampine. Dans cette étude, on a procédé à des évaluations mensuelles de la fonction hépatique, en vue de déceler des lésions hépatiques précoces. Malgré la dose réduite de thioamide, on a observé une incidence de 16,5% de toxicité hépatique chez les 110 malades multibacillaires. Toutefois, une jaunisse n'a été relevée que chez 2 des 18 cas présentant des manifestations d'hépatotoxicité (11%). Par contre, de telles manifestations de jaunisse ont été observées chez 5 des 7 cas avec manifestations toxiques au niveau du foie (71%), qui ont été étudiées au cours de la première étude (p < 0,05).Une diminution des doses de thioamide, de même que les évaluations mensuelles de la fonction hépatique, n'ont pas permis de diminuer l'incidence de manifestations toxiques au niveau du foie ; elles en ont cependant diminué la gravité. On en conclut que la thioamide ne devrait pas être utilisée en combinaison quotidienne avec la rifampycine, à moins que la dose ne dépasse pas 5 mg/kg et par jour, et que des évaluations apériodiques de la fonction hépatique soient régulièrement pratiquées.

Because a 13% incidence of hepatotoxicity was observed in a first study of multibacillary leprosy patients treated daily with dapsone, rifampin, and 10 mg/kg thioamide, the patients were treated in a second study with 5 mg/kg thioamide in daily combination with dapsone and rifampin. In this study, monthly assessments of liver function were performed in order to detect early hepatic disturbances. Despite the reduced dosage of thioamide, a 16.5% incidence of hepatotoxicity was observed among 110 multibacillary patients. However, jaundice was observed in only 2 out of 18 cases of hepatotoxicity (11%) ; whereas it was observed in 5 out of the 7 cases of hepatotoxicity (71%) in the first study (p < 0.05). The decrease in the thioamide dosage and the performance of monthly assessments of liver function did not decrease the incidence of hepatotoxicity but did decrease its severity. It is concluded that thioamide should not be used in daily combination with rifampin unless the daily dose is 5 mg/kg and monthly assessments of liver function are routinely performed.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{6138,

title = {Intérêt de l'emploi du maléate de dexchlorphéniramine dans le traitement ambulatoire des intoxications par poissons vénéneux ciguatérigènes.},

author = {R Bagnis and M Merlin and H Kaeuffer},

year  = {1985},

date = {1985-01-01},

journal = {Revue internationale des services de santé des armées de terre, de mer et de l’air},

volume = {58},

pages = {567-9},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{6145,

title = {Utilisation de microfilaires traitées à la papaine pour le sérodiagnostic de la filariose lymphatique à Wuchereria bancrofti (var. pacifica).},

author = {S Chanteau and J L Durosoir},

year  = {1985},

date = {1985-01-01},

journal = {Med Trop},

volume = {45},

pages = {271-6},

abstract = {Une méthode de sérodiagnostic de la filariose lymphatique à W. bancrofti a été développée et standardisée en vue de son utilisation en laboratoire de routine. Il s'agit d'une technique d'immunofluorescence indirecte utilisant comme support antigénique, des microfilaires traitées à la papaïne. Elle a permis de détecter des taux d'anticorps très élevés chez 96% des filariens microfilarémiques. Les titres moyens géométriques observés sont de 22,7 pour les sujets sains et 605,5 pour les filariens. La spécificité vis-à-vis de deux filarioses sous-cutanées et d'une filariose lymphatique est étudiée. Les titres moyens géométriques sont de 211,1 pour O. volvulus, 105,6 pour Loa-loa et 254 pour B. malayi. Les réactions croisées avec d'autres parasites sont négligeables.A standardised method for serodiagnosis of lymphatic filariasis W. bancrofti (var. pacifica) was performed. The authors used indirect fluorescent assay with papain treated microfilariae as source of antigen. Very high levels of antibodies were obtained in 96% microfilaremic patients. The geometric mean titers were 22.7 for healthy subjects and 605.5 for the filariasis patients. Cross reactivity was studied with two subcutaneous and one lymphatic filariasis. The geometric mean titers were 211.1 for Onchocerca volvulus, 105.6 for Loa-loa and 254 for Brugia malayi patients. No significant reactivity was observed with some other parasites.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{6153,

title = {Ciguatéra: un procédé rapide d'extraction de la ciguatoxine.},

author = {A Pompon and R Bagnis},

year  = {1984},

date = {1984-01-01},

journal = {Toxicon},

volume = {22},

pages = {479-82},

abstract = {A rapid procedure for extraction and partial purification of ciguatoxin has been achieved and compared to one of the routine methods. Fish from two species which provided extracts of differing purity by the routine method were used. From 8 g of raw flesh, 1.0 +/- 0.2 mg of a semi-purified extract of ciguatoxin of homogeneous quality was obtained within 1 hr, whatever the species or toxicity of the fish. The results were reproducible, making the procedure very promising.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{6154,

title = {Ciguatéra: une méthode rapide, simple et fiable de détection de la ciguatoxine.},

author = {A Pompon and E Chungue and I Chazelet and R Bagnis},

year  = {1984},

date = {1984-01-01},

journal = {Bull Wld Hlth Org},

volume = {62},

pages = {639-45},

abstract = {La ciguatéra, forme d'intoxication alimentaire consécutive à l'ingestion de poisson de récif frais, a une incidence sanitaire et économique importante dans les régions insulaires où elle sévit. Or, il n'existe à ce jour aucune méthode de détection de la ciguatoxicité répondant aux critères de simplicité, rapidité et fiabilité préconisés par les experts de l'Organisation mondiale de la Santé et la Commission du Pacifique sud (Suva, Fidji, 1981). Les techniques biologiques, pharmacologiques, radio-immunologiques et immuno-enzymatiques développées jusqu'ici sont soit surtout des instruments de laboratoire, soit des outils encore limités dans leur utilisation commerciale par l'absence d'antisérum commercialisé. La méthode mise au point dans les laboratoires de l'Institut de Recherches médicales 'Louis Malardé', à Papeete (Tahiti), vise notamment à réduire le temps d'extraction de la ciguatoxine, à diminuer le poids de chair de poisson à traiter, et à tirer parti d'un animal sensible de petite taille, commun dans les îles et d'un élevage facile. Indépendamment de son intérêt au laboratoire, cette méthode a une importante portée pratique. En effet, le 'test-moustique', basé sur une détermination de la dose létale moyenne (DL50) et non plus sur une dose létale minimale comme pour le 'test-souris', permet, en choisissant quelques specimens d'un lot déterminé de poissons d'espèce et de provenance déterminées, de fournir rapidement des indications sur leur comestibilité en vue de leur commercialisation. Le test, dans ses deux phases d'extraction chimique et d'expérimentation animale, est entièrement réalisé à l'Institut de Recherches médicales 'Louis Malardé', par un aide-laborantin formé à cet effet.A rapid biological method of determining ciguatoxicity (by a mosquito test) is described. An 8 g sample of raw fish is group up and homogenized in acetone. After centrifugation, the supernatant is concentrated, allowed to percolate through a filter cartridge containing infusorial earth and rapidly chromatographed on silica. The amount of liposoluble residue obtained is 1.0 ± 0.2 mg, irrespective of the fish species and toxicity. The toxicity of the extracts is measured by means of a technique based on the sensitivity of Aedes aegypti mosquitos to ciguatoxin, in which nine batches of ten mosquitos are injected intrathoracically with these extracts at different dilutions. The LD50 for mosquitos can then be determined, i.e., the weight of fish (in mg) in the extract which kills half a given mosquito population (mg/mosquito). Comparison of the LD50s for mosquitos and for mice of extracts from eight fish belonging to four species showed a close correlation between them (n = 40 ; r = 0.89 ; P < 0.01). In addition, for a particular fish, the LD50 for mosquitos obtained by a rapid method was correlated with that obtained by the routine procedure used in the Louis Malardé Institute of Medical Research, Papeete, Tahiti (8 fish, 40 measurements). This showed that the extraction procedure was at least as quantitative and reliable as the reference procedure. It is also much simple and quicker to carry out. An extract ready for injection into mosquitos can be obtained in one hour ; another hour is required for injecting 90 mosquitos, and the LD50 can be determined one hour later. The accuracy of this new rapid method of determining ciguatoxicity can be checked by measuring the LD50 for mosquitos of extracts derived from mixtures of varying proportions of two fish of the same species, one highly toxic and the other non-toxic when tested on cats. The correlation between the toxicity of such mixtures - expressed as the reciprocal of the LD50 - and the percentage of highly toxic fish indicates the limits of the mosquito test. On the basis of the empirical correlation between the results of tests on mice and cats with the effects in man, it is suggested that the results of the mosquito test should be interpreted as follows :

LD50 of < 7 mg/mosquito = poisonous fish ;

LD50 of 7-10 mg/mosquito = fish of doubtful toxicity ;

LD50 of > 10 mg/mosquito = non poisonous fish.

These limits were checked by testing four batches of 10 fish of unknown toxicity, using cats and mice. A total of 12 cats were fed on fish whose toxicity had been determined by the mosquito test, and signs of ciguatera were shown only by those that had consumed mixtures considered to be toxic (LD50 for mosquitos < 7 mg/mosquito). The proposed mosquito test has many advantages as compared with the usual biological test : it is more economical in time, manpower and equipment, and is now being used routinely at the Louis Malardé Institute of Medical Research. A trained laboratory worker can test 25-30 fish per week, and the results are available within three hours at the most. Tests on cats and mice will, in future, be used only for fish of doubtful toxicity.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{6147,

title = {Ciguatoxin is a novel type of Na+ channel toxin.},

author = {J N Bidard and H P M Vijverberg and C Frelin and E Chungue and A M Legrand and R Bagnis and M Lazdunski},

year  = {1984},

date = {1984-01-01},

journal = {J Biol Chem},

volume = {259},

pages = {8353-7},

abstract = {Purified ciguatoxin at 0.1 to 10 ng/ml inhibits the net accumulation of neurotransmitters (gamma-aminobutyric acid and dopamine) by brain synaptosomes. This action is due to a stimulation of neurotransmitter release. The half-maximum effect of the toxin is observed at 0.62 ng/ml. The effect of ciguatoxin is completely inhibited by tetrodotoxin (K0.5 = 4 nM). Electrophysiological studies on neuroblastoma cells indicate that ciguatoxin induces a membrane depolarization which is prevented by tetrodotoxin and which is due to an action that increases Na+ permeability. Under appropriate conditions ciguatoxin creates spontaneous oscillations in the membrane polarization level and repeated action potentials. Ciguatoxin stimulates 22Na+ entry through the voltage-dependent Na+ channels of neuroblastoma cells and rat skeletal myoblasts when it is used in synergy with veratridine, batrachotoxin, pyrethroids, sea anemone, or scorpion toxins. The half-maximum effect of ciguatoxin on 22Na+ flux in the presence of veratridine occurs at aconcentration of 0.5 ng/ml. Stimulation of 22Na+ flux by ciguatoxin is abolished by tetrodotoxin. These results taken together indicate that ciguatoxin belongs to a new class of toxins acting on Na+ channels.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{6150,

title = {Effects of highly purified maitotoxin extracted from dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus toxicus on action potential of isolated rat heart.},

author = {A M Legrand and R Bagnis},

year  = {1984},

date = {1984-01-01},

journal = {J Mol Cell Cardiol},

volume = {16},

pages = {663-6},

abstract = {Maitotoxin is a substance extracted from a dinoflagellate and certain tropical poisonous fish. It is considered as the most potent marine toxin (50 times more potent than tetrodotoxin). In isolated mammalian atria, maitotoxin produces at low doses a positive inotropic effect not modified by reserpine pretreatment and suppressed by Mn2+ ions. In the anaesthetized cat, it induces cardiac arrhythmias and tachycardia leading to cardiac failure. On the other hand, maitotoxin strongly inhibits Na+-K+ ATP-ase from microsomes of cat and human kidneys. In a rat pheochromocytoma cell line, it has been shown to promote a norepinephrine release and an increase in Ca2+ influx. The purpose of this work is to study the effect of maitotoxin on action potential of isolated perfusedrat heart to check the existence of a direct effect on the myocardium.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{6149,

title = {Effects of ciguatoxin and maitotoxin on isolated rat atria and rabbit duodenum.},

author = {A M Legrand and R Bagnis},

year  = {1984},

date = {1984-01-01},

journal = {Toxicon},

volume = {22},

pages = {471-5},

abstract = {Ciguatoxin and maitotoxin, extracted from a species of moray-eel, Gymnothorax javanicus, and from a wild dinoflagellate, Gambierdiscus toxicus, were tested on rat atria and rabbit duodenum. Biphasic inotropic and chronotropic responses with excitatory and inhibitory components were observed. The effects of agents such as reserpine, propranolol, phentolamine, atropine and manganese ions were investigated. We conclude that, at the dosage levels used, ciguatoxin acts mainly at the nerve endings, while maitotoxin exerts prominent toxic effects on muscles.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{6146,

title = {HLA in two islands of French Polynesia.},

author = {D Kostyu and D Dawson and E Ciftan and A Stewart and D Lewis and F Parc and J Laigret and R McCollum and B Amos},

year  = {1984},

date = {1984-01-01},

journal = {Tissue Antigen},

volume = {23},

pages = {217-28},

abstract = {The HLA-A, B and C antigens of 243 individuals from two polynesian islands, Maiao and Hiva Oa, have been characterized. 328 haplotypes were defined by family analysis. Most frequent antigens were A2, A11, Aw24, A26, Aw34 ; Bw38, Bw39, Bw48, Bw55, Bw60 ; Cw1, Cw3, and Cw4. Several other antigens were present at low frequency or were present on only one island. New variants of Bw22 and B40 were found. despite an overall similarity in antigens of the two islands, the combination of HLA-A, B and C antigens on the haplotype were distinctive. Of 328 total haplotypes identified, 65 were unique. Thirteen of these (20%) were present on both islands. Twenty-eight (43%) were unique to Hiva Oa and 24 (37%) were unique to Maiao. Significant, positive linkage disequilibrium values (D) for HLA-A, B and HLA-B, C antigens were also diffrent for the two populations.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{6148,

title = {The use of mosquitoes Aedes aegypti to detect ciguatoxin in surgeonfishes Ctenochaetus striatus.},

author = {E Chungue and R Bagnis and F Parc},

year  = {1984},

date = {1984-01-01},

journal = {Toxicon},

volume = {22},

pages = {161-4},

abstract = {A new animal assay to detect ciguatoxin in fishes was developed. Mosquitoes were subjected to intrathoracic injection of serial dilutions of ciguatoxin crude extracts. Toxicity of the fishes was expressed as the mosquito LD50 (g of flesh per mosquito). A significant correlation between the mosquito bioassay and the mouse bioassay performed on the same extracts was shown (r = 0.72},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{6156,

title = {Mise en évidence de l'autogénèse chez Aedes (Stegomyia) polynesiensis Marks, 1951, en Polynésie française.},

author = {F Rivière},

year  = {1983},

date = {1983-01-01},

journal = {Cah ORSTOM, Ser Ent Med Parasitol},

volume = {XXI},

pages = {77-81},

abstract = {L'autogénèse chez différentes souches d'Aedes polynesiensis est démontrée en Polynésie française. Le pourcentage de femelles autogènes s'est montré très variable au laboratoire. Les femelles des souches autogènes ont produit un nombre très réduit d'oeufs (0 à 8,3 oeufs par femelle) en particulier par comparaison aux pontes produites par des femelles témoins gorgées de sang humain (73,4 oeufs par femelle). Les oeufs des femelles autogènes possèdent un taux d'éclosion plus faible que les oeufs des femelles non autogènes (51,1% contre 65,9%). Il n'a pas été possible de maintenir au laboratoire une souche autogène car le nombre d'oeufs était très réduit et les femelles parentes étaient en petit nombre.Le meilleur taux d'autogénèse a été trouvé chez une souche d'Ae. polynesiensis récoltée sur un îlot inhabité d'un atoll éloigné de Tahiti : Scilly. Seuls certains des adultes issus de larves qui ont reçu une nourriture particulièrement riche et bien équilibrée (poudre de foie de veau + levure de boulanger) se sont montrés capables d'autogénèse. Le régime alimentaire est un facteur important pour induire l'autogénèse chez les femelles d'Ae. polynesiensis.

Autogeny has been found to be present in strains of Aedes (Stegomyia) polynesiensis Marks, 1951, from French Polynesia. A great deal of variations was seen in the number of females which produced eggs autogenously. Females of autogenous strains appeared to produce far less eggs (0 to 8 eggs by female) than females engorged with human blood (73,4 eggs by female). The eggs of autogenous females are believed to have a lower rate of hatching than those of anautogenous ones (51,1% versus 65,9%). Autogenous strains of Ae. polynesiensis have not been established in the laboratory because of the quite low rate of autogeny and the small numbers of females of each strain at the first generation. The best level of autogeny had been found in a wild strain originated from an uninhabited islet of the atoll of Scilly (Society Islands). This islet is located ten miles from the small village where only three inhabitants are living.

Only adults of Ae. polynesiensis which were born from larvae fed on a very good and well equilibrated diet (calf liver powder + yeast), were susceptible of autogeny. The diet of the larvae seemed to be important to induce autogeny in Ae. polynesiensis. The low rate of autogeny of Ae. polynesiensis appeared to be controled by a polygenic system that leads this important biotic character.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{6155,

title = {Une nouvelle espèce de moustique (Diptera : Culicidae) des îles Marquises (Polynésie française) : Culex (Culex) toviiensis n. sp. Description de la larve et de la nymphe.},

author = {J M Klein and F Rivière and Y Séchan},

year  = {1983},

date = {1983-01-01},

journal = {Cah ORSTOM, Ser Ent Med Parasitol},

volume = {XXI},

pages = {71-6},

abstract = {La larve du 4e stade et la nymphe d'une nouvelle espèce de Culex du sous-genre Culex, que les auteurs ont découverte sur le Plateau de Tovii à Nuku Hiva (Iles Marquises), sont décrites sous le nom de Culex (Culex) toviiensis n. sp. L'étude morphologique de ces stades immatures permet de ranger la nouvelle espèce dans le groupe sitiens, près de Cx. annulirostris (Archipels de la Société et des Tuamotu), et de Cx. albinervis (Fidji).Cx. toviiensis n. sp. constitue, comme Cx. marquesensis (groupe atriceps) une espèce endémique relictuelle des Iles Marquises.

The fourth stage larva and the pupa of a new species of Culex, subgenus Culex, which has been discovered by the authors on the Tovii Plateau on Nuku Hiva (Marquesas Islands), are described under the name of Culex (Culex) toviiensis n. sp. The morphology of these immature stages allows to set the new species within the sitiens group, near to Cx. annulirostris (Society and Tuamotu archipelagos) and to Cx. albinervis (Fidji).

Cx. toviiensis n. sp. represents, like Cx. marquesensis (atriceps group) an endemic relict species of the Marquesas Islands.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{6160,

title = {Filariose et préhistoire océanienne.},

author = {G Pichon and F Rivière and J Laigret},

year  = {1982},

date = {1982-01-01},

journal = {Journal de la société des Océanistes},

volume = {38},

pages = {283-97},

abstract = {Deux manifestations de la filariose de Bancroft, l'une macroscopique, l'éléphantiasis, l'autre microscopique, la périodicité des microfilaires, sont susceptibles de contribuer à la connaissance de la préhistoire océanienne.Comme en témoignent les explorateurs et les premiers résidents européens, l'éléphantiasis était largement répandu en Polynésie à l'ère pré-européenne. Cependant, deux archipels de la Polynésie Centrale, les Gambier et les Marquises, qui présentent aujourd'hui une situation hyper-endémique, semblent en avoir été indemnes, probablement parce qu'ils n'hébergeaient pas le vecteur principal, Aedes polynesiensis. Le cas des Marquises est assez compliqué, car on signale quelques cas avant 1850, à un moment où on ne peut suspecter que Culex marquisiensis comme vecteur ; bien qu'Aedes polynesiensis se soit implanté ensuite, l'éléphantiasis a pratiquement disparu pendant la fin du XIXe siècle, sans doute consécutivement au dépeuplement de ces îles. Il n'est réapparu qu'au début de ce siècle, peut-être à la suite de l'introduction de parasites des Iles-sous-le-Vent.

Ceci confirme que les Marquises et les Gambier sont restés relativement isolés par rapport aux autres groupes de Polynésie Centrale, et que les îles de la Société ont probablement reçu des apports de Polynésie Occidentale.

Grâce à l'étude de la périodicité des microfilaires, on peut distinguer trois catégories chronologiques, et essayer de retracer les étapes dans la spécialisation du parasite. Celle-ci semble avoir été causée par l'ethnogénèse des Polynésiens. Les origines du parasite se situeraient en Asie du Sud-Est, comme celles du peuple Lapita. C'est en Polynésie, où la culture polynésienne s'est individualisée, que l'on trouve le type de périodicité le plus ancien, c'est-à-dire le moins différencié. En Mélanésie, les Anophèles nocturnes ont 'filtré' irréversiblement une filaire strictement périodique, que l'on retrouve partout ailleurs. Il existe dans la région khméro-thaïlandaise de petits foyers d'un parasite à la périodicité dégénérée. L'archipel des Nicobar représente un cas passionnant, car on y rencontre une filaire dont la périodicité est indifférenciable de celle de Polynésie, ce qui suggère qu'il y a eu des contacts entre ces deux zones.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{6158,

title = {La ciguatéra dans les atolls des Tuamotu.},

author = {R Bagnis},

year  = {1982},

date = {1982-01-01},

journal = {Med Ocean},

volume = {17},

pages = {1-9},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{6157,

title = {Prévalence et étiologie des symptômes et affections respiratoires chez les adolescents scolarisés de Polynésie française.},

author = {S Perdrizet and O Strauss and P Leproux and R Chansin},

year  = {1982},

date = {1982-01-01},

journal = {Rev Fr Mal Resp},

volume = {10},

pages = {143-9},

abstract = {Tous les élèves scolarisés à Tahiti, de la classe de 3e à la terminale, ont été interrogés par autoquestionnaire en mai 1979. 93% ont répondu aux questions posées (3870). La prévalence des élèves ayant eu des infections des voies aériennes supérieures au cours de l'année écoulée était élevée, ainsi que celle des élèves qui avaient eu des symptômes broncho-pulmonaires (toux ou bronchopathie) au cours de la même année. Cette prévalence augmentait significativement avec la quantité de cigarettes fumées chez les garçons et chez les filles. La fréquence de la toux habituelle ou chronique était plus élevée chez les sujets les plus âgés, internes, qui suivaient un enseignement technique, appartenant à une catégorie socioprofessionnelle peu élevée. L'asthme, très fréquent : 11,5%, n'est lié à aucun de ces facteurs et n'est pas plus élevé chez les garçons que chez les filles - la même enquête a été faite dans le Bas-Rhin 3 ans auparavant ; la prévalence des élèves ayant une pathologie respiratoire est généralement 2 fois plus élevée à Tahiti que dans le Bas-Rhin.All the Tahitian children from 3rd to final grade were questioned by an autoquestionnaire in May 1979. 93% replied to the questions asked (3870). The prevalence of upper respiratory infections was increased as well as broncho-pulmonary symptoms (cough or other lung disease) during the year under when compared to a control group in Metropolitan France. This prevalence was significantly increased both in boys and girls who smoked. The incidence of frequent or chronic cough was most increased in the older pupils, boarders, those following a technical curriculum and belonging to the lower socio-professional categories. Asthma was very frequent at 11.5%, had an equal sex incidence and was not linked to any identifiable factor - the same enquiry was done in the Bas-Rhin department in France 3 years before ; Tahitian school children have double the incidence of respiratory disease that is found in the Bas-Rhin.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{6159,

title = {Studies on the mode of action of ciguateric toxins.},

author = {A M Legrand and M Galonnier and R Bagnis},

year  = {1982},

date = {1982-01-01},

journal = {Toxicon},

volume = {20},

pages = {311-5},

abstract = {The effects of ciguatoxin, scaritoxin and maitotoxin, the main toxins involved in ciguatera fish poisoning, has been studied in pentobarbital anaesthetized cats. Intravenous injections of increasing doses of these toxins (5 to 160 microgram/kg of partially purified samples) evoked respiratory and cardiovascular disturbances: hyperventilation at low doses and respiratory depression leading to respiratory arrest at high doses; bradycardia and troubles of the atrioventricular conduction at low doses, arrhythmias and ventricular tachycardia with transient hypertension at sublethal doses, and falling arterial pressure leading to complete heart failure at high doses. The mode of action of ciguatoxin has been studied by testing the preventive effects of pharmacological compounds such as hexamethonium, atropine, propranolol and phentolamine and by proceeding to bilateral adrenalectomy. The results have indicated both central and peripheral effects. Cholinergic and also alpha-adrenergic actions were pointed out.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{6163,

title = {La dengue due au virus de type 4 en Polynésie française. II.- Observations biologiques liminaires sur quelques points précis d'épidémiologie et de physiopathologie.},

author = {F Parc and C Tetaria and G Pichon},

year  = {1981},

date = {1981-01-01},

journal = {Med Trop},

volume = {41},

pages = {97-102},

abstract = {Les auteurs rapportent quelques observations épidémiologiques et physiopathologiques faites au cours d'une récente épidémie de dengue de type 4 survenue en Polynésie française. Grâce à l'inoculation intrathoracique des produits pathologiques à Toxorhynchites amboinensis, 202 souches virales ont pu être isolées à partir de 633 échantillons de sérums. La détection et le typage des virus à partir des moustiques infectés ont été réalisés par une technique immuno-enzymatique en double sandwich. Les études sérologiques étaient basées sur la réaction d'inhibition de l'hémagglutination des globules rouges de pigeon. L'incidence de la maladie a décru très vite après l'immunisation de toute la population et aboutit à l'éradication du virus de la dengue de type 1 qui était endémique depuis 1976. Dans l'écosystème de la Polynésie française, il semble qu'un seul type de virus de dengue puisse être toléré dans le même temps. Il n'y a pas de protection croisée avec la dengue 1. Les aspects cliniques ont été les mêmes chez les sujets neufs et ceux qui avaient été atteints auparavant par la dengue 1. Chez ces derniers, la durée de la virémie n'a pas été raccourcie. Les anticorps inhibant l'hémagglutination ne protègent pas mais n'aboutissent pas non plus à une pathologie par immuns complexes.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{6162,

title = {La dengue due au virus de type 4 en Polynésie française. I - Epidémiologie générale. Aspects cliniques particuliers.},

author = {F Parc and C Tetaria and J Laigret},

year  = {1981},

date = {1981-01-01},

journal = {Med Trop},

volume = {41},

pages = {93-6},

abstract = {Authors describe an extensive outbreak of dengue 4 virus which is observed for the first time out of its asian original focus. The whole archipelagoes of French Polynesia have been ontaminated in a space of four months. Usual form of the disease is typical with lighness of the symptoms. This outbreak has been implicated in the death of a child by shock ; and two cases of reversible encephalitis have been certainly caused by this virus. The neurotropism is the main characteristic of dengue virus type 4.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{6161,

title = {La prédation du copépode mesocyclops Leuckarti pilosa [crustacea] sur les larves de Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti et de Aedes (St.) polynesiensis [Dip. : Culicidae]. Essais préliminaires d'utilisation comme agent de lutte biologique.},

author = {F Rivière and R Thirel},

year  = {1981},

date = {1981-01-01},

journal = {Entomophaga},

volume = {26},

pages = {427-39},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{6171,

title = {Migrations des microfilaires et des peuples océaniens. Une approche de la spéciation chez les filaires de Bancroft et de Malaisie, par l'étude de la périodicité des microfilaires en fonction de la densité; contribution à la préhistoire du Pacifique.},

author = {G Pichon},

year  = {1981},

date = {1981-01-01},

journal = {Ann Parasitol},

volume = {56},

pages = {107-20},

abstract = {La périodocité des microfilaires est due à leur migration circadienne entre les artérioles pulmonaires et la circulation périphérique, au moment de la journée où elles ont le plus de chances d'être absorbées par leur moustique vecteur, et donc de poursuivre leur cycle biologique. Chez certaines souches, la disparition des microfilaires de la périphérie peut être pratiquement totale à une certaine phase du cycthémère ; chez d'autres, l'amplitude de ce phénomène est peu marquée. Suivant le cas, on parle de forme 'périodique' ou 'subpériodique'. Wuchereria bancrofti est une filaire pantropicale de l'Homme. Presque partout, elle montre une stricte périodicité nocturne. On ne rencontre une filariose subpériodique diurne qu'en Polynésie, à Fidji, en Nouvelle-Calédonie (W. bancrofti var. pacifica) et aux îles Nicobar. Deux foyers limités, au Vietnam et en Thaïlande, présentent une subpériodicité nocturne.Brugia malayi est une anthropozoonose asiatique. La forme subpériodique nocturne n'existe qu'à proximité des forêts marécageuses d'Austronésie. La forme périodique a une répartition plus extensive.

Une périodicité nette résulte du synchronisme des va-et-vient de chaque microfilaire. Par contre, deux possibilités opposées peuvent entraîner une faible périodicité : la superposition d'oscillations marquées, mais désynchronisées, ou l'atténuation de biorythmes homogènes. Suivant que l'on est dans l'un ou l'autre cas, l'amplitude relative devrait diminuer ou rester constante lorsque la densité moyenne des microfilaires est plus élevée.

Ce test est appliqué à huit formes subpériodiques. Pour les deux souches subpériodiques nocturnes de Brugia malayi, pour les quatre souches subpériodiques diurnes de Wuchereria bancrofti var. pacifica et pour la souche subpériodique diurne de W. bancrofti provenant des îles Nicobar, on conclut à une subpériodicité de type composite.Elle est par contre de type homogène pour la souche subpériodique nocturne de W. bancrofti isolée en Thaïlande.

L'évolution la plus probable s'effectue dans le sens subpériodicité composite-périodicité (élimination par le vecteur des biorythmes non synchrones avec son cycle d'agressivité) puis périodicité-subpériodicité homogène (dégénérescence). A partir de cette séquence, on peut chercher à établir un scénario cohérent sur les étapes dans la spéciation de B. malayi et W. bancrofti.

La forme subpériodique de B. malayi limitée à l'Austronésie, est supposée antérieure à la forme périodique, ce qui concorde avec la spécialisation supérieure de la seconde en ce qui concerne les hôtes vertébrés.

Un événement hautement favorable à l'individualisation de l'espèce W. bancrofti, à partir d'une filaire ancestrale austronésienne proche de la forme subpériodique de B. malayi, est la différenciation de l'ethnie polynésienne. Ce phénomène s'est produit à la suite du long isolement, qui commença plus de dix siècles avant J.C., d'éléments provenant d'Austronésie et de Mélanésie, dans la zone Fidji-Tonga-Samoa. La stricte inféodation de W. bancrofti à l'homme s'explique par l'absence de tout autre hôte convenable, ce qui ne serait pas le cas pour les îles Nicobar, où d'autres Mammifères auraient pu permettre la conservation d'une anthropo-zoonose du type B. malayi.

Le comportement du moustique Aedes polynesiensis est favorable au maintien de la subpériodicité. L'efficacité exceptionnelle avec laquelle il transmet W. bancrofti témoigne d'une longue adaptation de ce couple vecteur-parasite.

Grâce à leurs dons de navigateurs, ceux qui étaient devenus des Polynésiens ont pu assurer la large dissémination du nouveau parasite, à l'intérieur comme à l'extérieur du triangle polynésien. En Mélanésie, la filaire rencontra de nouveaux vecteurs, les Anophèles, qui sélectionnèrent une souche périodique nocturne. Celle-ci put s'étendre, de proche en proche, jusqu'en Austronésie et au-delà.

Même dans des zones où la filariose de Bancroft montre une stricte périodicité nocturne, on observe en Austronésie chez quelques individus des filaires à périodicité atténuée. Ces formes atypiques sont peut-être à l'origine des petits foyers subpériodiques rencontrés au Vietnam et en Thaïlande.

La découverte d'une filaire identique à W. bancrofti var. pacifica aux îles Nicobar, petit archipel de l'Océan Indien, représente une magnifique justification du projet de Robinson, qui envisageait de rechercher, dans de petites îles placées aux portes de l'Austronésie, des traces de Polynésiens en quête du Hawaiki de leurs légendes.

The periodicity of microfilariae is caused by their migration between pulmonary arterioles and the peripheral circulation, at a moment when they have a higher likehood of being ingested by their mosquito vector. Among some strains, the microfilarial disappareance from the periphery is almost total during a certain part of the day (periodical strain) whereas among others the amplitude of this biorythm is weak (sub-periodical strain).

Wuchereria bancrofti is a pantropical, filarial parasite of man. Nearly everywhere, it shows a true nocturnal periodicity. There is diurnal sub-periodicity in Polynesia, Fidji and New Caledonia (W. b. var. pacifica) and in the Nicobar islands. Two limited foci, in Vietnam and Thailand, show nocturnal sub-periodicity.

Brugia malayi is an Asiatic anthropo-zoonose. The sub-periodical forms occurs in Austronesia, close to marsh forest. The periodical form has a more extensive distribution.

Strong periodicity results from the synchronism in the biorythm of each microfilaria between the lungs and the peripheral circulation. Two opposite possibilities may produce sub-periodicity : a) the overlapping of true, but non synchronised, oscillations or b) the weakening of homogenous biorythms. In the first case, relative amplitude should decrease when the parasites are more numerous in an individual host, whereas in the second case, it shoul remain constant.

This test is applied to eight sub-periodical forms : for the two nocturnal forms of B. malayi, for the four diurnal W. bancrofti var. pacifica, and for the diurnal W. bancrofti from Nicobar, one finds an overlapping-type periodicity. The only strain showing an homogenous-type periodicity is the nocturnal W. bancrofti from Thailand. The likeliest sequence of events is from heterogenous sub-periodicity to periodicity (through natural selection by the vector of the biorythms which are synchronous with its feeding habits), then from periodicity to homogenous sub-periodicity (through degeneration). One can thus try to imagine a coherent scenario of the B. malayi and W. bancrofti speciation.

The sub-periodical, Austronesia limited, B. malayi is considered as having preceded the periodical form, which is also more specialised in its vertebrate host range.

W. bancrofti is supposed to stem from a sub-periodical, Austronesian filarial parasite of mammals, close to the sub-periodical B. malayi. As highly propitious event to the individualisation of W. bancrofti is the differentiation of the Polynesian ethnic group. This phenomenon was caused by the long isolation for more than ten centuries B.C., of elements coming mainly from Austronesia and Melanesia, in the Fidji-Tonga-Samoa area. In the absence of other suitable vertebrate host (which would not be the case in Nicobar islands, where several mammals could have maintained an anthropo-zoonose) the host-range of this filaria become restricted to man.

The exceptional efficiency of W. bancrofti var. pacifica transmission through the mosquito Aedes polynesiensis is in agreement with a long-lasting association of this host parasite pair.

Thanks to their gifts of navigation, those peoples, who had become Polynesians, could have largely disseminated the new parasite, inside and outside the polynesian triangle. In Melanesia the filaria met new, nocturnal vectors, the Anopheles, which might have selected a nocturnal, periodical strain. It spread towards and beyond Austronesia.

Even in areas where filariasis is truly periodic in Austronesia, one finds some individuals harbouring microfilariae with weak periodicity. These atypical forms could be the origin of the small, homogenous sub-periodic, foci found in Thailand and Vietnam. The discovery of a filaria, identical to W. bancrofti var. pacifica in the Nicobar islands, a small archipelago of the Indian Ocean, represents a magnificent justification for the Robinson expedition, which had hoped to trackdown, in the isles found at the oateways to Austronesia, the traces of the Polynesians, searching for the Hawaiki of their legends.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{6166,

title = {Role of adrenocortical hormones on the ontogenesis of ventricular action potential of rat myocardium.},

author = {A M Legrand and J P Boudot and E Coraboeuf and J Roffi and I Cavero},

year  = {1981},

date = {1981-01-01},

journal = {J Mol Cell Cardiol},

volume = {13},

pages = {833-42},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{6170,

title = {The mechanisms wich affect the periodic cycle of Pacific Wuchereria bancrofti microfilariae.},

author = {F Hawking and J Tinousi and F J Louis and E Tuira},

year  = {1981},

date = {1981-01-01},

journal = {J Helminthol},

volume = {55},

pages = {95-100},

abstract = {1. Investigations were made of the effect of various procedures in raising or lowering the microfilaria count of Pacific type Wuchereria bancrofti in the peripheral blood. 2. Raising the body temperature in the early morning was followed by a moderate fall in the counts. Breathing increased oxygen, or reduced oxygen (hypoxia) or increased carbon dioxide, or the ingestion of sodium bicarbonate produced no consistent and significant change in the count. Ingestion of glucose (in one volunteer) was followed by a small rise in the count. Muscular exercise was followed by a fall in the count, which is interpreted as probably being a response to a lower concentration of oxygen in the venous blood returning to the lung. 3. It has not been possible to identify the physiological components on the circadian rhythm of the human body which entrain the cycle of these microfilariae. Attempts to obtain evidence incriminating the stimuli described above have been unsuccessful.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{6167,

title = {Détection radio-immunologique directe de la ciguatoxine dans les tissus pisciaires : absence actuelle d'immun-sérum spécifique.},

author = {J Laigret and F Parc and S Chanteau and R Ducousso and M Lafon and R Bagnis and I Vahirua-Lechat},

year  = {1981},

date = {1981-01-01},

journal = {Médecine et Armées},

volume = {9},

pages = {337-9},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{6169,

title = {Etude statistique de la variabilité caractérisant les mesures de la microfilarémie capillaire.},

author = {G Pichon and F Rivière and R Thirel and M Chebret and A Tetuanui and A Toudic},

year  = {1981},

date = {1981-01-01},

journal = {Bull Soc Pathol Exot},

volume = {74},

pages = {525-32},

abstract = {Si l'on pratique plusieurs prélèvements de même volume au même moment sur un sujet, le nombre de microfilaires (W. bancrofti) observé dans chacun d'entre eux paraît suivre une loi binomiale négative dont l'exposant est indépendant du nombre moyen de microfilaires. Il en est de même si l'on compare les gouttes successives extraites d'un même point de piqûre. Dans les deux cas, on trouve que l'exposant est du même ordre que le volume de sang considéré, exprimé en millimètres cubes. Les gouttes d'un même prélèvement sont donc équivalentes à des prélèvements différents.A statistical analysis was conducted, in order to compare the variations in values of a) blood samples obtained with several finger-pricks from the same individual in a short period of time, and b) blood samples obtained from the same finger-puncture. No significant difference was observed: both groups seem to follow a negative binomial distribution, the exponent of which is not dependent on the microfilarial count average. This common exponent is roughly equal to the volume of the blood sample, expressed in cmm.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{6168,

title = {Essai de détection de la ciguatoxine par une méthode immunoenzymatique.},

author = {S Chanteau and I Vahirua-Lechat and F Parc and R Bagnis},

year  = {1981},

date = {1981-01-01},

journal = {Bull Soc Pathol Exot},

volume = {74},

pages = {227-32},

abstract = {La méthode ELISA a été utilisée pour la détection d'éventuels anticorps anticiguatoxine dans les tissus de poissons vénéneux. De fines lamelles de muscles de poissons toxiques sont mises au contact d'une part d'anticorps obtenus après immunisation de lapins et souris par un conjugué ciguatoxine sérum albumine humaine, d'autre part avec du sérum humain de convalescent de ciguatera. Ces divers anticorps sont reconnus par des anticorps anti-lapin, -souris et -homme marqués à la peroxydase. Il n'a pas été possible de mettre en évidence d'anticorps spécifiques de la ciguatoxine dans les divers immunsérums testés par cette méthode immunoenzymatique.The ELISA method has been used to detect possible anticiguatoxin antibodies in the tissues of toxic fishes. Thin lamellae of toxic fish muscles have been brought into contact on the one hand with antibodies obtained after immunization of the rabbit and the mouse by a human serumalbumine ciguatoxin conjugate and on the other hand with human sera of ciguatera convalescent. These various antibodies have been recognized by peroxydase labelled anti-rabbit, -mouse and -human antibodies. It has been not possible to show off specific antibodies of the ciguatoxin in the various immune sera tested by this immuno-enzymatic method.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{6165,

title = {L'ichtyosarcotoxisme de type ciguatéra : processus biologiques connus et perspectives au seuil des années 80.},

author = {R Bagnis},

year  = {1981},

date = {1981-01-01},

journal = {Ann Inst Oceanogr Paris},

volume = {57},

pages = {5-24},

abstract = {La ciguatéra est une intoxication alimentaire connue depuis des siècles, consécutive à l'ingestion de poissons de récifs tropicaux, appartenant à des espèces habituellement comestibles, de niveaux trophiques variés, en parfait état de fraîcheur. Le complexe toxinique mis en jeu se compose de trois substances : ciguatoxine (CTX), scaritoxine (STX) et maitotoxine (MTX), dont le pouvoir létal sur la souris est supérieur à celui de la plupart des toxines marines, mais dont la structure chimique n'est pas encore élucidée. CTX, principe pathogène majeur, a une configuration cyclique, et aurait un poids moléculaire de 1112, avec une formule brute C53H77NO24 ; STX se présente comme un métabolite de CTX ; tandis que MTX, de poids moléculaire important, apparaît comme un précurseur potentiel de CTX. Le mode d'action principal de ces toxines est de type cholinergique. La source initiale de production toxinique in situ est un dinoflagellé benthique de la famille des Heteraulacaceae, genre et espèce nouveaux, découvert aux îles Gambier : Gambierdiscus toxicus. Cette algue unicellulaire cosmopolite de faible endémisme en général, se met à proliférer en masse sur les substrats coralliens morts à la suite d'agressions dont sont sporadiquement victimes les écosystèmes récifaux. Le complexe toxinique est introduit dans la chaîne alimentaire pisciaire benthique par les poissons herbivores microphages broutant les algues filamenteuses et calcaires ayant colonisé secondairement ces substrats. Les agressions, naturelles ou humaines,saisonnières ou occasionnelles, localisées ou diffuses, confèrent au phénomène ses modalités évolutives de type endémique ou paroxysmique.Ciguatera is a food poisoning due to ingestion of tropical reef fishes from various trophic levels, in fresh condition, which are normally edible. This disease has been known for centuries, but it is only now beginning to disclose its secrets. The toxinic compound involved consist of three substances : ciguatoxin (CTX), scaritoxin (STX) and maitotoxin (MTX). Its lethal effect on mice is stronger than that of most other natural marine toxins but its chemical structure is not yet clear. CTX, the major pathogenic constituent, has a molecular weight of 1112 and a rough formula, C53 H77 NO24 ; STX has the form of a metabolite of CTX, whereas MTX, with its considerable molecular weight, appears to be a precursor of CTX. The main effect of these three toxins is of a cholinergic type. The primary source of toxinic production in situ is a benthic dinoflagellate named Gambierdiscus toxicus, discovered in the Gambier Islands. It belongs to the Heteraulacaceae family, but is new in genus and species. This unicellular alga is cosmopolitan ; only rarely endemic, it flourishes in masses of dead coral which has been the victim of the usual sporadic attacks on reef ecosystems. The toxins are introduced into the benthic food-web by microphagous herbivorous fishes, grazing or browsing on the filamentous or calcareous algae growing on these sustrates. These attacks, wether natural or human, seasonal or accidental, localised or extensive, give to the phenomenon an evolutive pattern of an endemic or paroxysmal type.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{6164,

title = {L'ichtyosarcotoxisme de type ciguatéra : phénomène complexe de biologie marine et humaine.},

author = {R Bagnis},

year  = {1981},

date = {1981-01-01},

journal = {Oceanol Acta},

volume = {4},

pages = {375-87},

abstract = {La ciguatéra est une intoxication alimentaire connue depuis des siècles, consécutive à l'ingestion de poissons de récifs tropicaux, appartenant à des espèces habituellement comestibles, de niveaux trophiques variés, en parfait état de fraîcheur. Le complexe toxinique mis en jeu se compose de trois substances : ciguatoxine (CTX), scaritoxine (STX) et maitotoxine (MTX), dont le pouvoir létal sur la souris est supérieur à celui de la plupart des toxines marines, mais dont la structure chimique n'est pas encore élucidée. CTX, principe pathogène majeur, a une configuration cyclique, et aurait un poids moléculaire de 1112, avec une formule brute C53H77NO24 ; STX se présente comme un métabolite de CTX ; tandis que MTX, de poids moléculaire important, apparaît comme un précurseur potentiel de CTX. Le mode d'action principal de ces toxines est de type cholinergique. La source initiale de production toxinique in situ est un dinoflagellé benthique de la famille des Heteraulacaceae, genre et espèce nouveaux, découvert aux îles Gambier : Gambierdiscus toxicus. Cette algue unicellulaire cosmopolite de faible endémisme en général, se met à proliférer en masse sur les substrats coralliens morts à la suite d'agressions dont sont sporadiquement victimes les écosystèmes récifaux. Le complexe toxinique est introduit dans la chaîne alimentaire pisciaire benthique par les poissons herbivores microphages broutant les algues filamenteuses et calcaires ayant colonisé secondairement ces substrats. Les agressions, naturelles ou humaines,saisonnières ou occasionnelles, localisées ou diffuses, confèrent au phénomène ses modalités évolutives de type endémique ou paroxysmique.Ciguatera fish poisoning is a disease caused by the consumption of perfectly fresh and normally edible tropical reef fishes belonging to different species and trophic levels.Familiar for century past, this illness is only now beginning to be understood. The toxicagents involved comprise three substances : ciguatoxin (CTX), scaritoxin (STX) and maitotoxin (MTX), whose chemical structure remains unclear, but whose effect, when tested on mice, has been proved to be more lethal than that of most other natural marine toxins. CTX, the major pathogen has a cyclic configuration and might have a molecular weight of 1112 and a raw formula of C53H77NO24 ; STX appears to be a metabolite of CTX ; while MTX, with its large molecular weight, could be a precursor of CTX. All three toxins have primarily cholinergic properties. The initial source of toxinic production in situ is a hitherto unknown benthic dinoflagellate of the Heteraulacaceae family, first discovered in the Gambier Islands, and classified as Gambierdiscus toxicus. This cosmopolitan unicellular alga is weakly endemic most of the time, but proliferates massively on coral beds killed as a result of the disturbances which periodically upset reef ecosystems. The toxins are introduced into the benthic food web by microphagous herbivorous fishes which graze or browse on the filamentous or calcareous algae colonizing these dead bottoms. The endemic or paroxysmic evolutive patterns of this phenomenon depend on the nature of the causal disturbance : of natural or human origin, seasonal or accidental, local or generalized.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{6174,

title = {Agressions naturelles sur les édifices coralliens des Iles Marquises et ciguatera.},

author = {R Bagnis},

year  = {1980},

date = {1980-01-01},

journal = {Med Ocean},

volume = {12},

pages = {42-50},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{6185,

title = {Chimiothérapie de masse par la diéthylcarbamazine en doses espacées : effets obtenus à Tahiti sur la microfilarémie à Wuchereria bancrofti, var. pacifica.},

author = {J Laigret and G Fagneaux and E Tuira},

year  = {1980},

date = {1980-01-01},

journal = {Bull Wld Hlth Org},

volume = {58},

pages = {779-83},

abstract = {Les campagnes de masse entreprises contre la filariose lymphatique au moyen de la diéthylcarbamazine (DEC) sont d'ordinaire limitées dans le temps par la lourdeur et le coût des programmes préconisés.Les auteurs exposent les données qu'a permis de recueillir l'application à une population polynésienne de 50.000 habitants, pendant quatre ans, d'un programme de chimiothérapie par la diéthylcarbamazine administrée selon la 'méthode des doses espacées' (soit à raison d'une dose de DEC par an), qui permet le maintien prolongé d'une pression continue sur la population de microfilaires. On a enregistré grâce à ce programme une chute de 57% du pourcentage des porteurs, de 45% de la microfilarémie moyenne par 20 mm3 de sang chez ceux-ci et de 78% de la microfilarémie moyenne des sujets examinés. Du fait des difficultés pratiques d'application, la population n'a reçu en moyenne que 2,76 doses de DEC par personne, réparties sur quatre années. Ces résultats montrent que la méthode expérimentée est applicable et efficace sur le terrain. Elle a pour principaux avantages sa simplicité et son faible coût, qui permettent son utilisation au long cours par les services de santé de base. Les effets constatés permettent d'espérer une évolution progressive vers l'éradication.

Mass campaigns against lymphatic filariasis employing diethylcarbamazine (DEC) are usually limited in time by the magnitude and cost of the programmes advocated.

The authors discuss the results given by a chemotherapy programme using diethylcarbamazine administered by the space-dose method (one dose of DEC per year). This programme, which applied for four years to a polynesian population numbering 50.000, made it possible to maintain prolonged and continuous pressure on the microfilarial population. The programme resulted in reductions in the proportion of carriers from 4.4% to 1.9% and in the average level of microfilaraemia in carriers from 21.2 to 11.7 mf/20 mm3 of blood and in the total population studied from 0.9 to 0.2 mf/20 mm3. Because of practical difficulties in application the population received, on the average, only 2.76 doses of DEC per person, spread over four years. These results show, however, that the method tried out is applicable and effective in the field. Its main advantages are simplicity and low cost, making it suitable for long-term use by basic health services. The effects observed give the hope of a gradual advance towards eradication.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{6186,

title = {Elephantiasis filariens (Wuchereria bancrofti var. pacifica) et microfilarémie.},

author = {B Carme and J Laigret and M Gentilini},

year  = {1980},

date = {1980-01-01},

journal = {Ann Soc Belge Med Trop},

volume = {60},

pages = {33-45},

abstract = {En 1975-1976, une enquête portant sur environ 40% de la population de la Polynésie française, où la seule filariose implantée est due à Wuchereria bancrofti var. pacifica, permet de dépister 274 sujets atteints d'éléphantiasis pour lesquels aucune autre étiologie n'est évoquée. L'étude parasitologique, réalisée par l'examen de 40 mm3 de sang capillaire, révèle que ces filariens sont rarement porteurs de microfilaires : la prévalence, les densités microfilariennes moyenne et médiane (20 mm3) sont respectivement de 4,01, 14,9 et 4,5. Ces chiffres sont très voisins de ceux observés dans la population générale (22.938 examens) : 3,62, 15,5 et 5,5. L'utilisation d'une technique d'enrichissement chez 35 patients ne dépiste qu'un seul positif supplémentaire.Les données recueillies depuis 1949 montrent que quelles que soient les îles et les années considérées, les taux respectifs de microfilaires restent très proches chez les éléphantiasiques et dans l'ensemble de la population : élevés avant le début de la lutte antifilarienne, ils décroient par la suite, plus ou moins rapidement selon l'intensité et l'acuité des mesures entreprises. Des antécédents parasitologiques ne sont retrouvés que dans 15,9% des cas pour les 170 éléphantiasiques chez qui la parasitémie a pu être suivie de 1960 à 1976. L'apparition de l'éléphantiasis ne semble pas s'accompagner d'une disparition de la microfilarémie, ce phénomène doit être antérieur.

During a survey in 1975-1976 including 40% of the population of French Polynesia, 274 cases of elephantiasis were detected. Endemic filariasis in French Polynesia is exclusively caused by Wuchereria bancrofti var. pacifica. Microfilaria were rarely found in the blood of these filariasis cases. The prevalence (percent), mean and median microfilarial densities (in 20 mm3 capillary blood) were 4.01, 14.9 and 4.5 respectively. These data are very similar to those observed in the general population : 3.62, 15.5 and 5.5 (on 22.938 individuals tested). An enrichment technique detected only one additional case in 35 patients. Data gathered since 1949 show that the rates of microfilaria carriers have always been very similar among elephantiasis cases and the general population on all islands. These rates were high before the onset of an antifilarial control program, and subsequently decreased according to the intensity of control measures. Among 170 elephantiasis cases followed between 1960 and 1976, only 15.9% had a parasitemia during this period. The microfilaraemia seemed to disappear before the onset of elephantiasis.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{6184,

title = {Etude quantitative de la réduction parasitaire stomacale chez les vecteurs de filarioses.},

author = {J Prod'hon and G Pichon and F Rivière},

year  = {1980},

date = {1980-01-01},

journal = {Cah ORSTOM Ser Ent Med Parasitol},

volume = {XVIII},

pages = {13-25},

abstract = {Les auteurs étudient quantitativement la traversée de l'estomac du vecteur par les microfilaires en fonction du nombre de parasites ingérés, en utilisant la filaire Wuchereria bancrofti var. pacifica chez deux espèces de moustiques dont la capacité vectrice diffère considérablement à Tahiti, Aedes polynesiensis et Culex pipiens fatigans. En coordonnées logarithmiques, la régression linéaire du nombre moyen y de microfilaires passées au nombre x de microfilaires ingérées permet de conclure qu'il y a, dans les deux cas, sous-proportionnalité (limitation).D'autre part, la variance des nombres de microfilaires passées peut être décrite par une fonction axb (b > 1) du nombre de microfilaires ingérées.

Si on suppose que la probabilité de réussite de chaque microfilaire ingérée supplémentaire est affectée d'une manière constante, il en résultera entre y et x une régression exponentielle asymptotique : y = H (1 - rx) où H est le nombre moyen maximal de larves passées et r est un coefficient constant inférieur à 1, qui modifie les probabilités de réussite consécutives. L'ajustement par la méthode des moindres carrés avec pondération par la variance des y indique un ajustement satisfaisant des données observées à ce modèle. La fiabilité de ce modèle paraît renforcée par le fait que sa combinaison avec la loi géométrique de répartition des microfilaires ingérées par les vecteurs (Pichon, Prod'hon et Rivière, 1975 b), permet de retrouver la relation homographique qui avait été proposée empiriquement par Pichon (1974 a, b).

Using the filaria Wucherera bancrofti var. pacifica through two Tahitian strains of mosquitos, namely Aedes polynesiensis and Culex pipiens fatigans, a quantitative study is made on the permeability of the vectorial gut for different numbers of ingested microfilariae.

In logarithmic coordinates, the linear regression of the mean number y of passed microfilariae, on the number x of ingested microfilariae enables to conclude that there is, in both cases, under-proportionnality ('limitation'). If the success likelihood of each consecutive microfilaria is supposed to be affected by a constant factor r (< 1), y will follow an asymptotic exponential regression : y = H (1 - rx) where H is the maximal mean number of passed larvae. Least squares method of adjustment, with ponderation by the variance of y, shows a good fit to the proposed model. Combined with the Geometric Law followed by the vectors ingesting different numbers of microfilariae on the same host (Pichon, Prod'hon, Rivière, 1975 b) this theoretic model allows to obtain the homographic formula which had been independently proposed in 1974 by Pichon, on a purely empirical ground.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{6183,

title = {Etude de la distribution des numérations microfilariennes dans les foyers de filariose lymphatique.},

author = {G Pichon and M Merlin and G Fagneaux and F Rivière and J Laigret},

year  = {1980},

date = {1980-01-01},

journal = {Trop Med Parasitol},

volume = {31},

pages = {165-80},

abstract = {La distribution de fréquence des numérations microfilariennes dans le sang capillaire au niveau d'un village est significativement différente d'une loi log-normale. Par contre, l'ajustement à une loi binomiale négative tronquée, d'exposant k = 0,3, est satisfaisant. La valeur de ce paramètre ne paraît affectée ni par le niveau de l'endémie filarienne, ni par un traitement microfilaricide de masse, ni par le volume du prélèvement sanguin. Une abaque met en évidence l'intérêt d'un tel modèle : la Dmf. 50 étant connue, il est possible d'estimer le taux de détection d'une enquête et de déterminer une valeur optimale de prélèvement sanguin. Ces résultats prometteurs, probablement applicables à d'autres parasitoses prioritaires en santé publique, soulignent l'importance qu'il y aurait à développer des recherches statistiques dans cette direction.The frequency distribution of Wuchereria bancrofti microfilariae counts in capillary blood, at a community level, is shown to differ significantly from the log-normal distribution, commonly used (and recommended by WHO). A much better fit is obtained with a truncated negative-binomial distribution, the k exponent of which is estimated to 0.3. This value does not seem to be affected by the endemic level, by microfilaricide mass-treatments or by the blood sample volume. This result has immediate practical interests: 1) it facilitates a posteriori comparisons between surveys in which different volumes of blood were examined;

2) at a given density it allows calculation the change in sensitivity (detection rate) as a function of a change in the volume of blood examined, thus allowing better a priori planning of surveys. The paper provides the formulae required to calculate k, or, given k, to calculate the expected numbers in the various density classes. It also provides nomograms (fig. 4a & b) giving estimates of the true mean M and of the detection rate TD, given any one of the three following observations, made on observed positives: the median Dmf. 50, the mean m, or the percentage Pl having only 1 mf. The effect of changing the volume of blood on the rate of detection can then be read easily from the nomogram. These results, likely to apply to other important parasitic diseases, should instigate more elaborated statistical research in this direction.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}