@article{5774,

title = {Épidémiologie de la dengue et stratégies de lutte en Polynésie francaise, 2006-2008.},

author = {E Daudens and S Lastere and C Hirschauer and Cao-Lormeau V.M. and R Louette and Roche C. and A Chee-Ayee and N Goffard and E Vrousos and A Wiegandt and H P Mallet},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {BEH},

volume = {48-49-50},

pages = {499-503},

abstract = {IntroductionCet article présente un bilan épidémiologique de la dengue en Polynésie française entre 2006 et 2008.

Méthode

L’article s’appuie sur les données du système de surveillance de la dengue fournies par les laboratoires, le réseau sentinelle, les passages aux urgences du Centre hospitalier de Polynésie française (passages aux urgences et hospitalisations déclarées pour dengue). Les stratégies de lutte utilisées sont également exposées.

Résultats

Une épidémie de dengue de sérotype 1 a débuté en août 2006 pour s’achever en novembre 2007. L’épidémie a été d’intensité modérée et sans sévérité particulière par rapport à celle de 2001.

Conclusion

Le système de surveillance de la dengue doit être renforcé, en particulier le réseau sentinelle, en impliquant davantage les médecins participants. Les communes ainsi que leurs populations devront s’engager dans la durée dans toutes les actions de destruction des gîtes larvaires dans le but d’obtenir des densités de moustiques les plus faibles possibles en permanence.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5771,

title = {Fasting insulin levels higher among adolescents than adults: an erosion of public health.},

author = {M L Chateau-Degat and E Counil and A Ferland and E Suhas and R Teyssou and E Dewailly},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Canadian J Diabetes},

volume = {33},

pages = {279},

abstract = {Populations in dietary transition are characterized by a gradual abandonment of traditional-local foods towards an increased consumption of imported store-bought foods. They show, most of the time, an increased prevalence of Type 2 diabetes and obesity. As a result, many Pacific islanders are already suffering the consequences of their dietary transition, particularly obesity.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5782,

title = {Influenza A (H1N1) pdm in French Polynesia - Assessment of epidemiological situation as at 21 October 2009.},

author = {H P Mallet and E Daudens and A Chee-Ayee and H Vergeaud and E Frogier and J P Pescheux and B Le and S Lastere},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Inform'Action},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5777,

title = {La grippe A(H1N1)2009 dans les territoires français du Pacifique : bilan de la vague épidémique pendant l’hiver austral.},

author = {Groupe épidémiologie de travail en dans les territoires francais ultramarins du Pacifique},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {BEHweb},

volume = {3},

pages = {1-6},

abstract = {Les trois territoires français du Pacifique (Nouvelle-Calédonie [NC], Polynésie française [Pf] et Wallis et Futuna [WF]) ont été touchés par une vague épidémique de grippe A(H1N1)2009 pendant l’hiver austral. Cette vague de syndromes grippaux se caractérise par une courte durée (environ 8 semaines) et des taux d’attaque élevés : 16 à 18% en NC et en Pf, 28% à Wallis et 38% à Futuna. Le nombre de patients infectés ayant nécessité une hospitalisation en soins intensifs et le nombre de décès ont été respectivement de 21 et 10 en NC et 13 et 7 en Pf (aucun à WF). Les facteurs de risque de formes graves ou de décès rapportés ont déjà été évoqués, notamment le diabète, les pathologies pulmonaires et cardiaques, l’obésité chez l’adulte, les pathologies neuromusculaires chez l’enfant et l’origine océanienne. Une proportion importante de la population reste susceptible au virus et rend possible une deuxième vague qu’il convient d’anticiper par des mesures préventives (vaccination), de surveillance clinique et virologique et d’organisation sanitaire.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5776,

title = {PathExpress update: the enzyme neighbourhood method of associating gene-expression data with metabolic pathways.},

author = {N Goffard and G Weiller},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Nucleic Acids Research},

volume = {Web server},

abstract = {The post-genomic era presents us with the challenge of linking the vast amount of raw data obtained with transcriptomic and proteomic techniques to relevant biological pathways. We present an update of PathExpress, a web-based tool to interpret gene-expression data and explore the metabolic network without being restricted to predefined pathways. We define the Enzyme Neighbourhood (EN) as a sub-network of linked enzymes with a limited path length to identify the most relevant sub-networks affected in gene-expression experiments.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5772,

title = {Populations in transition: how to measure the dietary component ?},

author = {E Counil and M L Chateau-Degat and A Ferland and E Suhas and R Teyssou and E Dewailly},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Canadian J Diabetes},

volume = {33},

pages = {229},

abstract = {The dietary transition that accompanies rapid social change has been related to increased prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes worldwide, and in particular among aboriginal populations. Instead of using individual food/nutrient consumptions or complex dietary patterns as a measure of dietary changes over time, age and space, we propose a simple score developed in the framework of the Dietary and Health Transition in French Polynesia study.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5786,

title = {Sex separation strategies: past experience and new approaches.},

author = {P A Papathanos and H C Bossin and M Q Benedict and F Catteruccia and C A Malcolm and L Alphey and A Crisanti},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Malaria J},

volume = {8},

pages = {S5},

abstract = {The success of the sterile insect technique (SIT) and other genetic strategies designed to eliminate large populations of insects relies on the efficient inundative releases of competitive, sterile males into the natural habitat of the target species. As released sterile females do not contribute to the sterility in the field population, systems for the efficient mass production and separation of males from females are needed. For vector species like mosquitoes, in which only females bite and transmit diseases, the thorough removal of females before release while leaving males competent to mate is a stringent prerequisite. Biological, genetic and transgenic approaches have been developed that permit efficient male-female separation for some species considered for SIT. However, most sex separation methods have drawbacks and many of these methods are not directly transferable to mosquitoes. Unlike genetic and transgenic systems, biological methods that rely on sexually dimorphic characters, such as size or development rate, are subject to natural variation, requiring regular adjustment and re-calibration of the sorting systems used. The yield can be improved with the optimization of rearing, but the scale of mass production places practical limits on what is achievable, resulting in a poor rearing to output ratio. High throughput separation is best achieved with scalable genetic or transgenic approaches.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5770,

title = {Surveillance épidémiologique de la ciguatéra en Polynésie francaise.},

author = {M L Chateau-Degat and M Chinain and H T Darius and E Dewailly and H P Mallet},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {BEH},

pages = {522-5},

abstract = {Alors que la ciguatéra est peu connue sous les latitudes nord, cette intoxication d’origine alimentaire constitue un problème de santé publique persistant aux conséquences économiques réelles pour plusieurs pays tropicaux. Les objectifs de la présente étude étaient de dresser un portrait de l’évolution de cet ichtyosarcotoxisme depuis l’année 2002 en Polynésie française (Pf) et également de clarifier le lien entre la sévérité de la maladie et certains facteurs étiologiques environnementaux, comme le régime alimentaire du poisson consommé. Pour ce faire, les données du programme de surveillance de la Direction de la santé et de l’Institut Louis Malardé ont été utilisées. Les principaux résultats de cette étude montrent une tendance globale à la diminution des cas de ciguatéra en Pf, avec une incidence plus marquée dans les archipels des Tuamotu et Gambier. Le tableau clinique observé reste classique, mais les symptômes cardiaques sont plus atypiques, avec une fréquence importante de l’hypertension. Aucun lien entre la sévérité de la maladie et les facteurs environnementaux n’a été observé. Bien qu’un déclin du poids de cette intoxication semble réel, il est important de maintenir une surveillance ad hoc de la ciguatéra et de ses effets sur la santé en Pf.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5781,

title = {Taxonomy of Gambierdiscus including four new species, Gambierdiscus caribaeus, Gambierdiscus carolinianus, Gambierdiscus carpenteri and Gambierdiscus ruetzleri (Gonyaulacales, Dinophyceae).},

author = {R W Litaker and M W Vandersea and M A Faust and S R Kibler and M Chinain and W C Holland and P A Tester},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Phycologia},

volume = {48},

pages = {344-90},

abstract = {Gambierdiscus species produce toxins that cause ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP), the most common nonbacterial illness associated with fish consumption worldwide. Understanding the role that individual Gambierdiscus species play in causing CFP is hampered because the morphologically similar species in the genus are difficult to distinguish. Ambiguities in the description of the type species Gambierdiscus toxicus also exist. This paper presents detailed line drawings along with additional scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and light micrographs to more fully characterize the six known Gambierdiscus species in addition to describing four new species, Gambierdiscus caribaeus sp. nov., Gambierdiscus carolinianus sp. nov., Gambierdiscus carpenteri sp. nov., and Gambierdiscus ruetzleri sp. nov. All four of the new species are photosynthetic and epibenthic and have a Kofoidian plate formula of Po, 3', 7'', 6C, 6 or 7S, 5'''', 1p, and 2''''. Establishment of these species is supported by both morphological differences and three independent phylogenetic analyses utilizing small-subunit, as well as D1–D3 and D8–D10 large-subunit rDNA gene sequences. During the course of this study it became apparent that the description of the type species, G. toxicus, included more than one species. Since no type material exists we propose that Fig. 1 in Adachi and Fukuyo (1979) Adachi R. & Fukuyo Y. 1979. The thecal structure of a marine toxic dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus toxicus new-genus new-species collected in a ciguatera endemic area. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 45: 67–72.[Crossref], , [Google Scholar] be designated as the lectotype for this species and that the epithecal view of isolate GTT-91 shown in Fig. 1 from Chinain et al. (1999) Chinain M., Faust M.A. & Pauillac S. 1999. Morphology and molecular analyses of three species of Gambierdiscus (Dinophyceae): G. pacificus, sp. nov., G. australes, sp. nov., and G. polynesiensis, sp. nov. Journal of Phycology 35: 1282–1296.[Crossref], [Web of Science ®], , [Google Scholar] be designated as the epitype. The GTT-91 isolate has been well characterized genetically and the original SEM stub of this isolate archived at the Smithsonian Institution has been re-examined to provide a more detailed morphological analysis of the epitype.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5773,

title = {The proteome of seed development in the model legume Lotus japonicus.},

author = {S Dam and B S Laursen and J H Ornfelt and B Jochimsen and H H Staerfeldt and C Friis and K Nielsen and N Goffard and S Besenbacher and L Krusell and S Sato and S Tabata and I B Thogersen and J J Enghild and J Stougaard},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Plant Physiology Preview},

volume = {10.1104.10},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5793,

title = {Are cyanobacteria involved in Ciguatera Fish Poisoning-like outbreaks in New Caledonia ?},

author = {D Laurent and A S Kerbrat and H T Darius and E Girard and S Golubic and E Benoit and M P Sauviat and M Chinain and J Molgo and S Pauillac},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-01-01},

journal = {Harmful Algae},

volume = {7},

pages = {827-38},

abstract = {From 2001 to 2005, numerous cases of seafood poisonings were reported in a tribe from Lifou (Loyalty Islands Province, New Caledonia) of which 35 were thoroughly examined. Observations outlined by the epidemiological and clinical data (including severity and rapid onset of certain symptoms following consumption of either giant clams (Tridacna spp.) or grazing and molluscivorous fish together with the apparent inefficacy of traditional remedies, were not in favour of a classical Ciguatera Fish Poisoning (CFP) outbreak. From 2005 onwards, an environmental offshore survey of the affected area was conducted. Screening of the damaged coral area revealed the presence of large populations of cyanobacteria identified as Hydrocoleum Kützing, but the absence of Gambierdiscus spp., the well-known dinoflagellate causative agent of CFP. In vivo and in vitro toxicological studies of extracts obtained from cyanobacteria and giant clams, strongly suggested the co-occurrence of ciguatoxin-like, anatoxin-like and paralytic shellfish toxins in these samples.These new findings shed new light on the complexity of the CFP symptomatology and treatment and also on the diversity and origin of the CFP toxins. Furthermore they provide new evidence of the overall variability of seafood poisonings following the ingestion of different sea products living in a marine environment where significant harmful populations of microalgae and cyanobacteria coexist.

This is the first report on the involvement of cyanobacteria in CFP-like outbreaks following the consumption of giant clams or fish specimens. Consequently, it is recommended that CFP risk assessment programs now include monitoring of cyanobacteria besides the obvious screening of CFP-promoting dinoflagellates.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5794,

title = {Changes in fatty acid and sterol composition during oogenesis in the pearl oyster Pinctada margaritifera.},

author = {I Vahirua-Lechat and F Laure and J R LeCoz and J P Bianchini and M Bellais and G Le Moullac},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-01-01},

journal = {Aquaculture Res},

volume = {39},

pages = {1739-46},

abstract = {The fatty acid and sterol composition of the oyster Pinctada margaritifera during oogenesis and in eggs was analysed. No major differences were observed during oogenesis, but the egg composition was significantly different from that of gonads. The amount of saturated fatty acids was the highest in eggs and the C16:0 predominant (P<5%); by contrast, the amount of 22:6(n-3) was significantly lower (P<5%) than in gonads. No major differences were observed for the polar lipid (PL) composition during oogenesis. The main free sterols in gonads and eggs were cholesterol and brassicasterol. Among free sterols, the proportion of cholesterol diminished continuously from the beginning to the end of gonad maturation, and this decrease persisted in eggs after spawning. Cholesterol represented 40% to 55% of the sterol ester encountered in gonad and eggs. This study allowed us to investigate the fatty acid and sterol composition during oogenesis of the pearl oyster P. margaritifera, leading to a clearer understanding of the nutritional requirements of pearl oyster during the reproduction process.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5787,

title = {Fish consumption and health in French Polynesia.},

author = {E Dewailly and M L Chateau-Degat and E Suhas},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-01-01},

journal = {Asia Pac J Clin Nutr},

volume = {17},

pages = {86-93},

abstract = {French Polynesians, like other remote maritime populations are intimately connected to the ocean which nourishes their daily life and culture. Their reliance on fish raises the issue of potential exposure to harmful natural and anthropogenic contaminants as well as providing essential nutrients. The purpose of this study was to assess the risks and benefits of fish consumption in French Polynesia. This cross-sectional study included 195 adults aged 18 years old and over from the Tahiti and Moorea islands. Fatty acids, selenium (Se) and mercury (Hg) blood concentrations were measured in participants and were all very high. Blood concentrations indicate that Hg, Se and omega-3 fatty acids have a common origin, i.e. fish consumption. In comparing the Polynesian group with northern populations, we found that the Polynesian group had levels of Hg similar to those observed in Inuit populations (geometric mean (range): 90.3 (15-420) nmol/L vs. Inuit: m(r): 79.6 (4-560) nmol/L). Similar results were observed with Se blood concentrations. The fatty acid concentration was also similar to that of the Inuit population even though the specific profile of fatty acids differed. For the first time, we report very high blood concentrations of mercury, selenium and omega-3 fatty acids in a fishing population from the South Pacific, comparable to those reported among fishing populations from the Northern hemisphere. Further work is ongoing to better substantiate public health nutritional policies.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5791,

title = {Genome-wide transcriptional analysis of super-embryogenic Medicago truncatula explant cultures.},

author = {N Imin and N Goffard and M Nizamidin and B Rolfe},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-01-01},

journal = {BMC Plant Biology},

volume = {8},

pages = {110},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5788,

title = {High fish consumption in French Polynesia and prenatal exposure to metals and nutrients.},

author = {E Dewailly and E Suhas and Y Mou and M L Chateau-Degat and R Chansin},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-01-01},

journal = {Asia Pac J Clin Nutr},

volume = {17},

pages = {461-70},

abstract = {French Polynesians consume high quantities of fish and are therefore exposed to seafood-related contaminants such as mercury (Hg) or lead (Pb) and nutrients such as iodine, selenium and long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs). As the developing foetus is sensitive to contaminants and nutrients, a cross-sectional study was conducted in French Polynesia in 2005-2006 to assess prenatal exposure to contaminants and nutrients through fish consumption. Two hundred and forty one (241) delivering women originating from all islands of French Polynesia were recruited and agreed to answer questions on fish consumption and gave permission to collect umbilical cord blood for metals and nutrients analyses. All parameters were found in high concentrations in cord blood samples except for lead. Mercury concentrations averaged 64.6 nmol/L (or 13 µg/L) with values ranging from 0.25 to 240 nmol/L. Of the sample, 82.5% had Hg concentrations above the US-EPA blood guide-line of 5.8 µg/L. Tuna was the fish species which contributed the most to Hg exposure. High selenium and LC-PUFAs may counterbalance the potential risk of prenatal exposure to Hg in French Polynesia. Due to the high fish consumption of mothers, Polynesian newborns are prenatally exposed to high doses of mercury. Although selenium and omega-3 fatty acids may counteract mercury toxicity, informing pregnant women on both the mercury and nutrient content of local fish species is important.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5792,

title = {Modulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase gene expression in RAW 264.7 murine macrophages by Pacific ciguatoxin.},

author = {S Kumar-Roine and M Matsui and M Chinain and D Laurent and S Pauillac},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-01-01},

journal = {Nitric Oxide},

volume = {19},

abstract = {To investigate the possible involvement of the nitric oxide radical (NO) in ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP), the in vitro effects of the main Pacific ciguatoxin (P-CTX-1B) and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were comparatively studied on neuroblastoma Neuro-2a and on macrophage RAW 264.7 cell lines. NO accumulation was quantified by measuring nitrite levels in cellular supernatant using Griess reagent while the up-regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) at the mRNA level was quantified via Real-Time Reverse-Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). P-CTX-1B caused a concentration- and time-dependent induction of iNOS in RAW 264.7 cells but not in Neuro-2a cells. NO production was evidenced by increased nitrite levels in the 10muM range after 48h of RAW 264.7 cells exposure to LPS and P-CTX-1B (0.05mug/ml and 6nM, respectively). The expression of iNOS mRNA peaked at 8h for LPS then gradually decreased to low level at 48h. In contrast, a sustained level was recorded with P-CTX-1B in the 8-48h time interval. The addition of N(omega)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME), a stereoselective NOS inhibitor, strongly diminished NO formation but had no effect on iNOS mRNA synthesis. The implication of NO in CFP paves the way for new therapies for both western and traditional medicines.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5789,

title = {Severe seafood poisoning in French Polynesia : A retrospective analysis of 129 medical files.},

author = {C M Gatti and E Oehler and A M Legrand},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-01-01},

journal = {Toxicon},

volume = {51},

pages = {746-53},

abstract = {We present a retrospective study of 129 medical files concerning seafood poisonings (SFPs) registered at the central hospital of Tahiti (French Polynesia) between 1999 and 2005. Even if during that period most of the described cases (96%) concerned the ichtyosarcotoxism ciguatera, it is interesting to note that we also registered three other SFPs: tetrodotoxism, carchatoxism and lyngbyatoxism due to the consumption of tetraodon/diodon species, sharks or sea turtles, respectively. In ciguatera, cardiovascular symptoms were the primary criteria of severity with bradycardia and hypotension observed at 75% and 43%, respectively. Neurological manifestations (such as cerebellar syndrome, language troubles, diplopia or polyradiculoneuritis), trouble and/or loss of consciousness and dyspnoea were secondary criteria of severity. Body temperature was reported under 36.5 degrees C in 48 of 80 documented files. This observation, which has not previously been described in humans, may be related to possible central effects of the ingested toxin. The last remark concerns two extremely severe cases of ciguatera fish poisoning in which physicians had suspected an inflammatory neuropathy called the Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). Even if it is premature to conclude any correlation between the intoxication and the appearance of GBS, it is interesting to note that in both pathologies, morphological disturbances of nerve fibres have been reported.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5790,

title = {Transcriptional profiling of Medicago truncatula meristematic root cells.},

author = {P Holmes and N Goffard and G Weiller and B Rolfe and N Imin},

year  = {2008},

date = {2008-01-01},

journal = {BMC Plant Biology},

volume = {8},

pages = {21},

abstract = {BackgroundThe root apical meristem of crop and model legume Medicago truncatula is a significantly different stem cell system to that of the widely studied model plant species Arabidopsis thaliana. In this study we used the Affymetrix Medicago GeneChip® to compare the transcriptomes of meristem and non-meristematic root to identify root meristem specific candidate genes.

Results

Using mRNA from root meristem and non-meristem we were able to identify 324 and 363 transcripts differentially expressed from the two regions. With bioinformatics tools developed to functionally annotate the Medicago genome array we could identify significant changes in metabolism, signalling and the differentially expression of 55 transcription factors in meristematic and non-meristematic roots.

Conclusion

This is the first comprehensive analysis of M. truncatula root meristem cells using this genome array. This data will facilitate the mapping of regulatory and metabolic networks involved in the open root meristem of M. truncatula and provides candidates for functional analysis.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5800,

title = {Ciguatera risk assessment in two toxic sites of French Polynesia using the receptor-binding assay.},

author = {H T Darius and D Ponton and T Revel and P Cruchet and A Ung and M Tchou Fouc and M Chinain},

year  = {2007},

date = {2007-01-01},

journal = {Toxicon},

volume = {50},

pages = {612-26},

abstract = {Ciguatera Fish Poisoning (CFP) is a tropical syndrome well known in remote archipelagos where the population is still dependent on fish resources. In order to assess the ciguatera risk in two islands of French Polynesia, Tubuai (Australes) and Nuku Hiva (Marquesas), a study was carried out on both Gambierdiscus populations as well as on various fish species using the receptor-binding assay (RBA) to detect and quantify ciguatoxins. Relationship between RBA data and size or weight of fish was evaluated, and when only few individuals for a particular species were available the trophic level was used to help comparisons between studied areas. According to epidemiological data, toxic versus safe areas were explored and compared in both islands. In Tubuai Island, Gambierdiscus cells were surprisingly absent in the north area, considered as a toxic area, but almost 94% of fishes were classified as RBA(+). In contrast, the south area, supposed to be safe, was evolving to be a risky area because of the presence of Gambierdiscus cells and 74% of fishes being RBA(+). In Nuku Hiva Island, Gambierdiscus cells were present in the toxic areas, Anaho, Taiohae and Taipivei, with two toxic blooms in Anaho Bay, but none in Terre Déserte, the fishing area of this island. With RBA data, fishes were analyzed to be RBA(+) at a high percentage in Anaho and Taiohae, higher than in Taipivei and Terre Déserte areas. In general, our findings were congruent with epidemiological data and the knowledge of local people only for risky fish species.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5802,

title = {Dengue-3 virus genomic differences that correlate with in vitro phenotype on a human cell line but not with disease severity.},

author = {C Roche and O Cassar and Laille M. and B Murgue},

year  = {2007},

date = {2007-01-01},

journal = {Microbes and Infection},

volume = {9},

pages = {63-9},

abstract = {We compared the full genome sequence of nine clinical isolates of dengue virus obtained during an epidemic of dengue-3 in French Polynesia in 1989, from patients with various presentations of disease. The isolates, all belonging to Genotype I, had 25 amino acid substitutions. There was no association with disease severity. When cultured in the K562 human erythroleukemia cell line, the isolates induced a range of cell growth inhibitions that was not associated with the degree of disease severity. By contrast, some substitutions - charge changes in NS1 ans NS5, side-chain differences in NS1, loss of the E-153 potential glycosylation site, and 11 nucleotide insertions in the 3'UTR - that have been suggested to result in an increase or attenuation of dengue infection, appeared to be associated with the level of inhibition. These data represent the first documented study of an association between differences in the full dengue-3 genome of clinical isolates and the in vitro phenotype of these isolates on a human cell line.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{6406,

title = {Ecdysteroids from the medicinal fern Microsorum scolopendria (Burm.f.).},

author = {E Snogan and I Vahirua-Lechat and R Ho and G Bertho and J P Girault and S Ortiga and A Maria and R Lafont},

year  = {2007},

date = {2007-01-01},

journal = {Phytochem Analysis},

volume = {18},

pages = {441-50},

abstract = {Fronds of the fern Microsorum scolopendria are widely used in traditional medicine in the Society Islands. They were investigated for the presence of ecdysteroids, which might be responsible for at least some of their medicinal properties. M. scolopendria represents an excellent source of ecdysone (0.16% of dry weight) and 20-hydroxyexdysone (0.20%), and also contains significant amount (0.01-0.02%) of makisterones A and C, inokosterone and amarasterone A, together with lower amounts of poststerone and of a compound tentatively identified as 24,28-diepi-cyasterone. During this study, three new minor phytoecdysteroids, namely 20-deoxymakisterone A, a 25(?)-epimer of amarasterone A and 25-deoxyecdysone 22-glucoside were also isolated by a combination of normal- and reversed-phase HPLC and subsequently identified by NMR.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5799,

title = {La leptospirose humaine en Polynésie française : aspects épidémiologiques, cliniques et bactériologiques (Human leptospirosis in French Polynesia. Epidemiological, clinical and bacteriological features).},

author = {C Coudert and F Beau and A Berlioz-Arthaud and G Melix and F Devaud and E Boyeau and C Jaomeau and P Lablée and P Jarno},

year  = {2007},

date = {2007-01-01},

journal = {Med Trop},

volume = {67},

pages = {137-44},

abstract = {De pronostic sévère, la leptospirose est une maladie réellement préoccupante pour la santé des populations insulaires de Polynésie. Les difficultés diagnostiques liées au polymorphisme clinique et aux risques de confusion avec la dengue, maladie virale endémique, rendent les examens biologiques incontournables pour confirmer une leptospirose. Une étude prospective conduite à l'initiative du Réseau Océanien de Surveillance de la Santé Publique, a été menée sur les populations de Raiatea, aux Iles-sous-le-Vent, et des îles Marquises, avec pour objectif de préciser les caractéristiques épidémiologiques de la maladie et de mieux définir les mesures prophylactiques à mettre en oeuvre. Au total, 113 patients ont été inclus dans l'étude entre mars 2004 et mars 2005. 33 cas ont été confirmés par une présence d'ADN sérique ou une séro-conversion, soit une incidence annuelle de 1,7 pour 1000 habitants. Ces cas concernent en général des hommes (pour 3 cas sur 4), d'âge jeune (30,5 and de moyenne) et se répartissent sur l'année avec une prédominance pendant la saison des pluies. Seule la baignade en eau douce est apparue comme liée significativement (p<0,02) avec le diagnostic positif de leptospirose. Si le sérogroupe Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae est le plus fréquemment isolé (43% des souches), signe de la place prépondérante du rat dans la transmission à l'homme de nombreux autres sérovars ont été retrouvés, confirmant la multiplicité des réservoirs et remettant en question l'efficacité d'une vaccination par un vaccin monovalent. En corollaire, les mesures de prévention et de lutte contre cette zoonose devraient être renforcées.Leptospirosis is a severe zoonotic disease that constitutes a major public health problem for the island population of French Polynesai. Due to protean clinical manifestations and the risk of misdiagnosis with dengue fever, endemic viral disease, laboratory studies are necessary to confirm diagnosis of leptospirosis. At the request of the Pacific Public Health Surveillance Network, a prospective study was conducted in the population of Raiatea in the Windward Islands and the Marquis Islands to determine the epidemiological features of the disease and to define appropriate control measures. A total of 113 patients were enrolled in study between March 2004 and March 2005. Thirty-three cases were confirmed based on demonstration of serum DNA or seroconversion. The estimated annual incidence of leptospirosis was 1.7 per 1000 inhabitants. Cases involved mainly (75%) young men (mean age, 30.5 years) and occured predominantly during the rainy season. Swimming in fresh water was the only factor showing significant correlation (p<0.02) with positive diagnosis of leptospirosis. The most frequently identified serotype was Leptospira icterohemorrahgiae (43% of strains), thus suggesting that the rat was the most common human transmission vector. However other serotypes were found, underlining the presence of diverse reservoirs and casting doublt on the efficacy of immunization using a monovalent vaccine. These findings also indicate that enhancement of prevention and control measures for leptospirosis is needed.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5795,

title = {Multicentre survey of incidence and public health impact of leptospirosis in the Western Pacific.},

author = {A Berlioz-Arthaud and T Kiedrzynski and N Singh and J F Yvon and G Roualen and C Coudert and V Uluiviti},

year  = {2007},

date = {2007-01-01},

journal = {Trans Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg},

volume = {101},

pages = {714-21},

abstract = {The objectives of the study were to describe the mode of circulation (endemic or epidemic) of human leptospirosis in various Pacific island states and territories by identifying predominant Leptospira serogroups and the most probable routes of human exposure, and to recommend a feasible laboratory strategy for leptospirosis in the Pacific. From September 2003 to December 2005, 263 leptospirosis suspect patients were recruited by public practitioners on 11 Pacific islands, using the WHO case definition. Diagnosis was confirmed using a threelevel serology algorithm and a regional laboratory network. Sixty-nine leptospirosis cases were identified from seven islands: Futuna, Raiatea and the Marquesas Islands where outbreaks were apparent, and Vanuatu, Fiji, Palau and Wallis where sporadic cases indicated at least the presence of the disease. Most patients were men aged 1740 years. The infection appeared to occur during the course of normal daily activities more often than following specific professional exposure. The dominant presumptive serogroups were Icterohaemorrhagiae and Australis, highly suggestive of a rodent reservoir. This study confirms the widespread presence of leptospirosis in the Pacific region. It should help in the implementation of local leptospirosis control plans and highlights the role of on-site laboratory confirmation.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5798,

title = {Prevalence of chronic symptoms of ciguatera disease in French Polynesian adults.},

author = {M L Chateau-Degat and M O Huin-Blondey and M Chinain and H T Darius and A M Legrand and N L Nguyen and F Laudon and R Chansin and E Dewailly},

year  = {2007},

date = {2007-01-01},

journal = {Am J Trop Med Hyg},

volume = {77},

pages = {842-6},

abstract = {Ciguatera is a tropical disease caused by seafood poisoning, for which the duration of symptoms remains to be determined. The objectives of this prospective study were to determine the prevalence of symptoms at different time points and to identify factors associated with chronic symptoms observed in adults suffering from this disease. At the time of onset, we observed a dose-response relationship including a strong association between the delay of appearance of symptoms and a severity index (P <0.001). Our results confirmed the key role of fish organs in the risk of contracting a more severe form of ciguatera. In the chronic stage, only the severity score based on information recorded in the acute phase is related to the persistence of symptoms (P < 0.001). Our findings suggest that several symptoms observed in the acute phase of the disease are still experienced 15 days after onset. This supports previous observations based on isolated case reports.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5797,

title = {Temporal trends and epidemiological aspects of ciguatera in French Polynesia: a 10-year analysis.},

author = {M L Chateau-Degat and E Dewailly and N Cerf and N L Nguyen and M O Huin-Blondey and B Hubert and F Laudon and R Chansin},

year  = {2007},

date = {2007-01-01},

journal = {Trop Med Int Health},

volume = {12},

pages = {485-92},

abstract = {The purpose of this study was to report the temporal trends of the incidence of ciguatera poisoning from 1992 to 2001 in French Polynesia. METHODS: This retrospective study analysed 7842 cases of ciguatera disease recorded over a period of 10 years. RESULTS: The annual incidence varied from 26.3 to 41.9 per 10,000 person-years. An analysis of cases grouped by archipelago revealed differences in incidences (P < 0.0001) with the most remote archipelagos having the highest incidences. A detailed analysis on a sub-sample of recorded cases for which clinical information was available (n = 1824) confirmed the neurological and gastrointestinal nature of this seafood poisoning. CONCLUSION: The incidence of ciguatera poisoning appeared relatively stable during the 10 years of the study period. However, the gradient of remoteness observed suggests an adaptation of management of ciguatera disease to each archipelago.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5803,

title = {Circulating fibrosis markers, eosinophil cationic protein and eosinophil protein X in patients with Wuchereria bancrofti infection : association with clinical status.},

author = {P Esterre and C Plichart and M O Huin-Blondey and N L Nguyen and D Hartman and S Guerret and C M Reimert and S Ricard-Blum},

year  = {2006},

date = {2006-01-01},

journal = {Parasite},

volume = {13},

abstract = {We measured the concentrations of several circulating fibrosis markers (type I collagen I, type III procollagen, hyaluronan) and eosinophil granule proteins (ECP and EPX) in lymphatic filariosis patients to investigate their relationship with clinical, parasitological and immunological data. This study was conducted in Polynesian patients with various stages of the disease (acute lymphangitis, chyluria, hydrocoele, elephantiasis), a closely related microbial lymphangitis and endemic controls. We observed modifications of the different markers in this pathology. Serum type I collagen and PIIINP were decreased. Serum hyaluronan, linked to perilymphatic granulomatous inflammation, was significantly increased in acute lymphangitis and elephantiasis patients. Serum ECP was also increased, at the limit of significance in our sample, in elephantiasis patients. These two last markers, already validated in another helminth disease, schistosomiasis, have potential interest in terms of follow-up of morbidity in these parasitic diseases.Les dosages d'un certain nombre de marqueurs circulants de fibrose (collagène I, procollagène III, hyaluronane), déjà validés sur plusieurs fibroses d'origine parasitaire, et de protéines des granules de l'éosinophile (protéines ECP et EPX), impliquées dans l'immunité anti-larves, ont été réalisés chez des patients polynésiens présentant différents stades de filariose lymphatique (adénolymphangite aigue, chylurie, hydrocèle, éléphantiasis). Ces résultats ont été comparés avec ceux observés dans une lymphangite microbienne cliniquement très proche (érysipèle) et des contrôles endémiques. Deux marqueurs potentiels de morbidité, déjà validés en matière de bilharziose, ont été identifiés : le hyaluronane sérique et la protéine ECP ; le premier de manière significative aussi bien dans les lymphangites aiguës que dans les éléphantiasis chroniques.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5811,

title = {PCR and dissection as tools to monitor filarial infection of Aedes polynesiensis mosquitoes in French Polynesia.},

author = {C Plichart and S J Laney and Y Séchan and N Davies and A M Legrand},

year  = {2006},

date = {2006-01-01},

journal = {Filaria J},

volume = {5},

pages = {2},

abstract = {BackgroundEntomological methods may provide important tools for monitoring the transmission of filariasis in French Polynesia. In order to standardize our PCR method and refine our protocol to assess filarial infection levels in mosquitoes, we compared dissection of the vector, Aedes polynesiensis, with the poolscreening polymerase chain reaction (PS-PCR) assay. Methods

(1) Mosquitoes were collected in human landing catches in five areas in Moorea island, French Polynesia. (2) A fraction of the captured mosquitoes was dissected for Wuchereria bancrofti larvae. (3) Laboratory-reared mosquitoes (uninfected as well as experimentally infected ones) were repeatedly tested to optimize a PS-PCR protocol (DNA extracts from 1-50 pooled mosquitoes were tested with an internal standardized system and primers specific for the Ssp1 repeat sequence. PCR products were analysed by gel electrophoresis). (4) Another fraction of the captured mosquitoes was assayed by PS-PCR according the optimized protocol. Results

The prevalence of field-mosquito infection with W. bancrofti ranged from 1 to 8 % by dissection (L1-L3) and point estimates of infection prevalence, as assayed by PS-PCR, ranged from 0.4 to 3.7 %. There was a moderately strong correlation between larval infection rates as determined by dissection and PCR.

Discussion

Our results suggest that the PS-PCR assay is specific and highly sensitive for detecting parasite DNA. We obtained similar although not identical results with dissections of mosquitoes. PS-PCR appears to be adequate for testing large numbers of mosquitoes in the context of filariasis elimination programs. The role and advantages of using entomologic methods to monitor filariasis programs are discussed.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5810,

title = {Prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Lato and Anaplasmataceae members in Ixodes ricinus ticks in Alsace, a focus of Lyme Borreliosis endemicity in France.},

author = {E Ferquel and M Garnier and J Marie and C Bernède-Bauduin and G Baranton and C Pérez-Eid and D Postic},

year  = {2006},

date = {2006-01-01},

journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol},

volume = {72},

pages = {3074-3078},

abstract = {Due to the high Lyme borreliosis incidence in Alsace, in northeastern France, we investigated in 2003-2004 three cantons in this region in order to determine the density of Ixodes ricinus ticks infected by Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and Anaplasmataceae. The peak density of nymphs infected by B. burgdorferi sensu lato at Munster and Guebwiller, where the disease incidence was high, was among the highest reported in Europe (105 and 114 per 100 m(2), respectively). In contrast, the peak density of infected nymphs was low in the canton of Dannemarie (5/100 m(2)), where the disease incidence was low. The two main species detected in ticks were Borrelia afzelii, more frequent in nymphs, and Borrelia garinii, more frequent in adult ticks. The rates of tick infection by Anaplasma phagocytophilum were 0.4% and 1.2% in nymphs and adults, respectively.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5812,

title = {Biomonitoring of ciguatoxin exposure in mice using blood collection cards.},

author = {M Y Dechraoui Bottein and Z Wang and J Turquet and M Chinain and H T Darius and P Cruchet and F F Radwan and R W Dickey and J S Ramsdell},

year  = {2005},

date = {2005-01-01},

journal = {Toxicon},

volume = {46},

pages = {243-51},

abstract = {Ciguatera is a human food poisoning caused by consumption of tropical and subtropical fish that have, through their diet, accumulated ciguatoxins in their tissues. This study used laboratory mice to investigate the potential to apply blood collection cards to biomonitor ciguatoxin exposure. Quantitation by the neuroblastoma cytotoxicity assay of Caribbean ciguatoxin (C-CTX-1) spiked into mice blood was made with good precision and recovery. The blood collected from mice exposed to a sublethal dose of Caribbean ciguatoxic extract (0.59 ng/g C-CTX-1 equivalents) was analyzed and found to contain detectable toxin levels at least 12 h post-exposure. Calculated concentration varied from 0.25 ng/ml at 30 min post-exposure to 0.12 ng/ml at 12 h. A dose response mice exposure revealed a linear dose-dependent increase of ciguatoxin activity in mice blood, with more polar ciguatoxin congeners contributing to 89% of the total toxicity. Finally, the toxin measurement in mice blood exposed to toxic extracts from the Indian Ocean or from the Pacific Ocean showed that the blood collection card method could be extended to each of the three known ciguatoxin families (C-CTX, I-CTX and P-CTX). The low matrix effect of extracted dried-blood samples (used at 1:10 or 1:20 dilution) and the high sensitivity of the neuroblastoma assay (limit of detection 0.006 ng/ml C-CTX-1), determined that the blood collection card method is suitable to monitor ciguatoxin at sublethal doses in mice and opens the potential to be a useful procedure for fish screening, environmental risk assessment or clinical diagnosis of ciguatera fish poisoning in humans or marine mammals.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5816,

title = {Detection and characterization of Wolbachia infections in Wuchereria bancrofti (spirurida: onchocercidae) var. Pacifica and Aedes (stegomyia) polynesiensis (Diptera: culicidae).},

author = {C Plichart and A M Legrand},

year  = {2005},

date = {2005-01-01},

journal = {Am J Trop Med Hyg},

volume = {73},

pages = {354-358},

abstract = {Despite control programs based on mass drug administration (MDA) of microfilaricidal compounds, Bancroftian lymphatic filariasis remains a problem in French Polynesia. For an alternative strategy to MDA, we investigated the potential role of Wolbachia to control filarial transmission. Wolbachia are intracellular alpha-proteobacteria endosymbionts that infect a broad range of insects and nematodes. These bacteria have a suspected role in the pathogenesis of filariasis. They also may be useful in mosquito control through cytoplasmic incompatibility. To detect and characterize these bacteria in the filarial and mosquito-vectors in French Polynesia, a survey was conducted on field-collected mosquitoes and microfilariae from infected people. Samples were analyzed by a polymerase chain reaction and gene sequencing. The results indicate that these bacteria are widespread. Sequence analysis of the wsp and ftsZ genes positioned the Aedes polynesiensis Wolbachia in cluster A and Wuchereria bancrofti var. pacifica Wolbachia in cluster D. The implications for possible improved treatment and vector control are discussed.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5815,

title = {Histoire de la lutte contre la filariose lymphatique en Polynésie française : leçons de 50 années d'efforts.},

author = {P Esterre and E Vigneron and J Roux},

year  = {2005},

date = {2005-01-01},

journal = {Bull Soc Pathol Exot},

volume = {98},

pages = {45-50},

abstract = {Avec une prévalence moyenne de porteurs de microfilaires toujours supérieure à 15% dans les quatre archipels du territoire, la Polynésie française était sévèrement touchée par la filariose due à Wuchereria bancrofti dans les années 50. Soutenue par un dynamique mécenat américain, une vaste campagne de masse anti-filarienne basée sur la chimiothérapie par la diéthylcarbamazine (DEC) fut lancée et permit de démontrer l'intérêt des doses espacées (une dose annuelle de DEC). Progressivement appliqué à l'ensemble de la population polynésienne depuis 1974, ce programme très novateur a engendré l'espoir d'une possible éradication de cette parasitose. Parallèlement, les progrès au laboratoire en immunologie (avec notamment la mise au point de tests rapides de diagnostic par antigènémie), puis en biologie moléculaire (dont la principale application concerne le suivi du taux d'infection des vecteurs Aedes polynesiensis) ont remis en cause ce concept optimiste (cas de l'île de Maupiti, longtemps considérée comme "référence 0%"). Plus récemment, un programme soutenu par l'OMS, dit pacElf, se propose d'éliminer cette maladie entant que problème de santé publique dans la région d'ici l'an 2010, grâce à l'association DEC-albendazole censée cumuler activités micro et macro-filaricide. Ainsi, renaît le rêve d'un Pacifique sans filariose pour la seconde décennie du millénaire.With a mean prevalence of microfilararmia superior to 15% in the four archipelagos of the territory, French Polynesia was confronted with a huge public health problem of Wuchereria bancrofti - associated filarias during the 50s. Supported by a strong US sponsoring, a large scale control campaign based on diethylcarbamazine (DEC) distribution was launched and led to the method of spaced doses (the most useful protocol being one annual DEC dose). Progressively applied to the whole Polynesian population since 1974, this very innovative programme had generated the idae of a possible eradication of the parasitosis. Meanwhile at laboratory level important progress in immunology (mainly the validation of rapid diagnosis tests detecting a specific antigenemia) and later in molecular biology (with the main application being the follow-up of the infection status of the vector Aedes polynesiensis) questioned this optimistic concept (one lesson given by the study of Maupiti island, considered as 0% reference island for a long time). More recently a regional WHO-sponsorized control program, called PacElf, has for main objective the elimination of lymphatic filariasis as a public health problem in the South Pacific region near 2010. This objective argues for using a (DEC and albendazole) drug combination cumulating micro- and macro-filaricid activities. The dream of a lymphatic filariasis free Pacific is coming back again.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5814,

title = {Soluble cellular adhesion molecules, selectins, VEGF and endothelin-1 in patients with Wuchereria bancrofti infection and association with clinical status.},

author = {P Esterre and C Plichart and M O Huin-Blondey and N L Nguyen},

year  = {2005},

date = {2005-01-01},

journal = {Parasite Immunol},

volume = {27},

pages = {9-16},

abstract = {Lymphatic filariasis, a mosquito-transmitted disease commonly known as Bancroftian filariasis, is characterized by debilitating pathology linked to the progression of lymphoedema to a chronic state of elephantiasis. We performed longitudinal measurements of endothelial adhesion and angiogenic molecules in 63 Polynesian patients living in an hyperendemic focus of Wuchereria bancrofti. Decreased serum concentrations of soluble (s-) L selectin (CD62L) were noticed in sera of of patients with chronic conditions (hydrocele and elephantiasis). Chyluria was associated with increased vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels, whereas elephantiasis presented a high endothelin-1 (ET-1) profile. By contrast, increased serum concentrations of soluble intercellular (sICAM-1, CD54), but not of vascular cell (sVCAM-1, CD106), adhesion molecules were observed in sera of patients with bacterial lymphangitis used as controls. These trends are consistent with the increased permeability of vascular structures, a major clinical feature observed in acute lymphatic pathology (of bacterial or filarial origin), and of fundamental differences in the pathogenesis of hydrocele and elephantiasis. Using markers correlated with the clinical status (high ET-1 and VEGF levels for elephantiasis and chyluria, respectively; low CD62L levels for hydrocoele and elephantiasis) it should be possible to monitor disease progression in lymphatic filariasis.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5813,

title = {Seawater temperature,Gambierdiscus spp. variability and incidence of ciguatera poisoning in French Polynesia.},

author = {M L Chateau-Degat and M Chinain and N Cerf and S Gingras and B Hubert and E Dewailly},

year  = {2005},

date = {2005-01-01},

journal = {Harmful Algae},

volume = {4},

pages = {1053-1062},

abstract = {In the context of global warming and climate change, ciguatera disease is put forward as an indicator of environmental disturbance. However, to validate this indicator, some unknown parameters such as the delay between environmental perturbation and outbreaks of ciguatera need to be investigated. The main goal of this study was to investigate the temporal link between the growth of Gambierdiscus spp., and one of its influencing factors and the declared cases of ciguatera disease in humans. Algal cell density and seawater temperature (SWT) were recorded monthly from February 1993 to December 2001 on the Atimaono barrier reef of Tahiti Island. Reports of ciguatera cases were obtained from three community health clinics near the study sites. The autoregressive integrated moving average model (ARIMA) shows : (1) SWT were positively associated with Gambierdiscus spp. growth at a lagtime of 13 and 17 months (p<0.001); (2) Gambierdiscus spp. growth measured at a given time is related to a peak number of cases of ciguatera recorded 3 months after peak densities of this dinoflagellate (p<0.001). These results allow the construction of a predictive model of the temporal link between disease in humans and its etiologic agent : Gambierdiscus spp. This model constructed by using 1993-1999 data, then validated by 2000-2001 data, demonstrates an appreciable ability to predict changes in the incidence of ciguatera disease following algae blooms.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5817,

title = {Comparison of dengue-1 virus envelope glycoprotein gene sequences from French Polynesia.},

author = {Laille M. and C Roche},

year  = {2004},

date = {2004-01-01},

journal = {Am J Trop Med Hyg},

volume = {71},

pages = {478-84},

abstract = {Dengue (DEN) is the leading arboviral infection of humans, with 100 million cases annually in the tropical areas of the world. The recent severe DEN-1 epidemic in French Polynesia in 2001, with an incidence rate of 16% and more than 45% of the cases with dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome among 1,400 hospitalized children and eight fatalities, led us to study this new circulating strain. The entire envelope (E) gene of two French Polynesian DEN-1 virus isolates from the two epidemics of 1988-1989 (FP89) and 2001 (FP01) were sequenced and compared with 29 published DEN-1 virus E gene sequences. Phylogenetic relationships showed that the FP89 strain belonged to genotype V and the FP01 strain to genotype IV based on studies on the same region of DEN-1 virus genome (1,485 nucleotides). The recent dengue epidemic in French Polynesia in 2001 was probably due to the introduction of a new DEN-1 virus from Southeast Asia, since the minimum nucleotide divergence was 3.3% with A88, the Indonesian strain isolated in 1988 in Jakarta.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5818,

title = {Pathogenèse de la dengue : l'empereur est toujours nu !},

author = {B Murgue and O Cassar and C Roche and X Deparis},

year  = {2004},

date = {2004-01-01},

journal = {Médecines et Maladies Infectieuses},

volume = {34},

pages = {31-3},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5823,

title = {Control of the Aedes vectors of the dengue viruses and Wuchereria bancrofti: the French Polynesian experience.},

author = {F Lardeux and F Rivière and Y Séchan and S Loncke},

year  = {2002},

date = {2002-01-01},

journal = {Ann Trop Med Parasitol},

volume = {96},

pages = {S105-S116},

abstract = {In most of the 130 islands of French Polynesia, the stenotopic mosquitoes Aedes aegypti (the main local vector for the viruses causing dengue) and Aedes polynesiensis (the main local vector of Wuchereria bancrofti) share many breeding sites in water containers such as discarded cans, coconut shells, buckets and water-storage pots and drums. In addition to selective application of insecticides, non-polluting methods of controlling these mosquitoes have been evaluated during the last decade in two main ecological situations: (1) villages, where Aedes breeding sites are typically peridomestic; and (2) flooded burrows of land crabs, the major source of Ae. polynesiensis throughout the South Pacific region. Large-scale trials of biological control agents, such as mosquito fish (Gambusia affinis and Poecilia reticulata) and copepods (Mesocyclops aspericornis), and of integrated-control strategies have demonstrated the efficacy of certain techniques and control agents against the target Aedes populations in some village situations. Generally, mechanical methods (the use of layers of polystyrene beads against mosquito larvae and pupae, and screening against adult mosquitoes) were more efficient than use of the biological control agents. By integrating several methods of control, mosquito densities (as measured by human-bait collections and larval surveys) were reduced significantly compared with the results of concurrent sampling from untreated villages, and control remained effective for months after the interventions ceased. In land-crab burrows, the first attempts to control Aedes larvae used bacterial agents (Bacillus thuringiensis) and predatory copepods gave disappointing results. Mesocyclops aspericornis could be an effective control agent if the burrows were constantly flooded, but most burrows dry out and refill periodically, so copepod populations do not survive. As it proved difficult to reach all corners of the long sinuous burrows with any control agent, larvicidal (chlorpyrifos-methyl) baits were developed for foraging crabs to carry into their burrows. This novel technique proved to be effective and could become the method of choice for treating crab burrows. Further research is underway to find the optimum (biological or chemical) larvicidal ingredient for the crab bait. Despite the ecological and logistical challenges of controlling the Aedes vectors of the dengue viruses and W. bancrofti in so many scattered islands, the French Polynesian experience indicates that relatively simple methods can be integrated and applied effectively and economically. Operationally, however, success also depends on a strong political commitment and on at-risk communities that are sufficiently motivated to maintain a good level of Aedes control.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5824,

title = {Development and standardization of a rapid, PCR-based method for the detection of Wuchereria bancrofti in mosquitoes, for xenomonitoring the human prevalence of bancroftian filariasis.},

author = {S A Williams and S Laney and L Bierwert and L J Saunders and D A Boakye and P Fischer and D Goodman and H Helmy and S L Hoti and V Vasuki and P J Lammie and C Plichart and R M Ramzy and E A Ottesen},

year  = {2002},

date = {2002-01-01},

journal = {Ann Trop Med Parasit},

volume = {96},

pages = {241-46},

abstract = {PCR has recently been studied as a promising tool for monitoring the progress of efforts to eliminate lymphatic filariasis. PCR can be used to test concurrently at least 30 pools, with as many as 40 mosquitoes in each pool, for the presence of filarial larvae. The SspI PCR assay for the detection of Wuchereria bancrofti DNA in pools of mosquitoes has been used since 1994 in a variety of laboratories worldwide. During that time, the original assay has been modified in these different laboratories and no standardized assay currently exists. In an effort to standardize and improve the assay, a meeting was held on 15-16 November 2001, at Emory University in Atlanta, with representatives from most of the laboratories currently using the assay. The first round of testing was designed to test the four most promising methods for DNA extraction from pools of mosquitoes. Two of the four methods stood out as clearly the best and these will be now optimised and evaluated in two further rounds of testing.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5820,

title = {Hapten-protein coupling reactions at the nanomolar level by using a reversed micellar medium.},

author = {S Pauillac and M Chinain and J Naar},

year  = {2002},

date = {2002-01-01},

journal = {Recent Res Devel Bioconj Chem},

volume = {1},

pages = {151-72},

abstract = {A rapid, simple and low cost procedure for preparing hapten-protein conjugates at the nanomolar level was developed using 4-acetyl benzoic acid (ABA), a small chromophoric hapten. This coupling procedure performed in a reversed micellar medium was successfully applied to various biologically relevant haptens with carboxyl or hydroxyl groups, these latter undergoing complete succinylation prior to reaction with the proteins. Following rabbit and mouse immunization with the corresponding conjugates, highly hapten-specific polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies were produced, with apparent dissociation constant (KD) values in the range of 10-6-10-9 M.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5822,

title = {Integrated control of peridomestic larval habitats of Aedes and Culex mosquitoes (Diptera : Culicidae) in atoll villages of French Polynesia.},

author = {F Lardeux and Y Séchan and S Loncke and X Deparis and J Cheffort and M Faaruia},

year  = {2002},

date = {2002-01-01},

journal = {J Med Entomol},

volume = {39},

pages = {493-8},

abstract = {An integrated larval mosquito control program was carried out in Tiputa village on Rangiroa atoll of French Polynesia. Mosquito abundance before and after treatment was compared with the abundance in an untreated village. Mosquito larval habitats consisted of large concrete or polyurethane cisterns, wells, and 200-liter drums. Depending on the target species, larval habitat category, its configuration, and purpose (drinking consumption or not), abatement methods consisted of sealing the larval habitats with mosquito gauze, treating them with 1% Temephos, covering the water with a 10-cm thick layer of polystyrene beads or introducing fish (Poecillia reticulata Rosen & Bailey).All premises of the chosen village were treated and a health education program explained basic mosquito ecology and the methods of control. A community health agent was trained to continue the control program at the end of the experiment. Entomological indices from human bait collections and larval surveys indicated that mosquito populations were reduced significantly, compared with concurrent samples from the untreated control village, and that mosquito control remained effective for 6 mo after treatment. Effects of the treatment were noticed by the inhabitants in terms of a reduction in the number of mosquito bites. In the polynesian context, such control programs may succeed in the long-term only if strong political decisions are taken at the village level, if a community member is designated as being responsible for maintaining the program, and if the inhabitants are motivated sufficiently by the mosquito nuisance to intervene.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5819,

title = {Multicenter study of street foods in 13 towns on four continents by the food environmental hygiene study group of the international network of Pasteur and associated institutes.},

author = {B Garin and A Aidara and A Spiegel and P Arrive and A Bastaraud and J L Cartel and R Ben Aissa and P Duval and M Gay and C Gherardi and M Gouali and T G Karou and S L Kruy and J L Soares and F Mouffok and N Ravaonindrina and N Rasolofonirina and M T Pham and M Wouafo},

year  = {2002},

date = {2002-01-01},

journal = {J Food Protect},

volume = {65},

pages = {146-52},

abstract = {An international multicenter study of ready-to-eat foods, sandwiches, and ice creams or sorbets in the streets and their vendors was carried out to assess the microbiological quality of these foods and to identify characteristics of the vendors possibly associated with pathogens. Thirteen towns in Africa, America, Asia and Oceania were involved in the study. A single protocol was used in all 13 centers : representative sampling was by random selection of vendors and a sample of foods bought from each of these vendors at a time and date selected at random. Microbiological analyses were carried out using standardized Association Française de Normalisation methods, and the use of a standardized questionnaire to collect data concerning the characteristics of the vendors. Fifteen surveys were carried out, with 3,003 food samples from 1,268 vendors. The proportion of unsatisfactory food samples was between 12.7 and 82.9% for ice creams and sorbets and between 11.3 and 92% for sandwiches. For ice creams and sorbets, the sale of a large number of units (>80 per day) increased the risk of unsatisfactory food by a factor of 2.8 (95% confidence interval [CI] : 1.5 to 5.1), lack of training in food hygiene by 6.6 (95% CI : 1.1 to 50), and by a factor of 2.8 (95% CI : 1.4 to 5.4) for mobile vendors. These risk factors were not identified for sandwiches, this difference may be due to the presence of a cooking step in their preparation. These results show that the poor microbiological quality of these street foods constitutes a potential hazard to public health, that the extent of this hazard varies between the cities studied, and that vendors' health education in food safety is a crucial factor in the prevention of foodborne infections.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5833,

title = {Aspects du cycle d'agressivité de Simulium buissoni Roubaud, 1906 (Diptera : Simuliidae) à Nuku Hiva, archipel des Marquises (Polynésie française).},

author = {Y Séchan and S Loncke},

year  = {2001},

date = {2001-01-01},

journal = {Parasite},

volume = {8},

pages = {31-8},

abstract = {Sur l'île de Nuku Hiva, dans l'archipel des Marquises en Polynésie française, l'abondance permanente des Simulies hématophages cause un handicap au développement. La présente étude regroupe des observations effectuées dans différentes stations de l'île sur divers aspects du cycle d'agressivité de Simulium buissoni Roubaud, 1906.Les densités de femelles agressives sont très importantes, notamment dans les secteurs de l'île les plus richement irrigués. Les taux de capture varient peu selon les jours, et présentent un rythme diurne, avec un maximum peu marqué en milieu de journée. Les taux de parité varient beaucoup suivant les stations, mais peu au cours de la journée. L'hypothèse de la dispersion plus importante des femelles nullipares permet d'expliquer en partie les variations constatées. Des captures effectuées à l'intérieur et à l'extérieur d'une habitation indiquent une nette exophilie. La proportion de femelles pares est supérieure à l'intérieur de l'habitation. Les données anciennes utilisées montrent des densités de Simulies beaucoup plus élevées par comparaison avec la situation actuelle. Le bouleversement du milieu est probablement la cause de cette diminution.

High density of haematophagous blackflies on Nuku Hiva island (Marquesas archipelago, French Polynesia) is a handicap to its optimal development. The present study contains observations from many sampling sites to examine agressive periods of Simulium buissoni Roubaud, 1906.

Density of agressive females is very high, principally in highly irrigated sites of the island. Biting rates show low variation between days, and a diurnal activity, with a poorly pronounced circum-meridian maximum. Parity rates show great variation between sampling stations, but are lowest during the day. A hypothesis of greater spatial dispersion of nulliparous females allows explanation of much of the observed variation. Sampling in and out of a house shows exophily of blackflies. Proportion of parous females is greater in the house. Data collected over a long period show that earlier densities were greater than recent ones. Perturbation of the environment is probably the basis of this decrease.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5832,

title = {Caractéristiques du développement larvaire de Simulium Buissoni Roubaud, 1906 et de S. Sechani Craig et Fossati, 1995 (Diptera : Simuliidae) dans l'archipel des Marquises (Polynésie française).},

author = {Y Séchan and A Tetuanui},

year  = {2001},

date = {2001-01-01},

journal = {Parasite},

volume = {8},

pages = {21-30},

abstract = {Deux espèces de Simulies anthropophiles sévissent dans l'archipel des Marquises en Polynésie française : Simulium buissoni Roubaud, 1906 et S. sechani Craig & Fossati, 1995. La nécessité de leur contrôle implique une meilleure connaissance de leur développement larvaire, les larves constituent en effet actuellement la seule phase du cycle susceptible d'être détruite. Une étude biométrique réalisée à partir de mesures de capsules céphaliques des larves des deux espèces montre qu'elles présentent toutes deux sept stades de développement. Les variations de taille suivant les espèces et les lieux de récoltes sont examinées, ainsi que les variations suivant le sexe pour les larves les plus âgées. Une expérience de recolonisation après traitement d'une section de rivière permet de déterminer que la durée de développement larvaire de S. buissoni est d'environ 12 jours. Ces données permettent de déterminer la fréquence optimale de traitement.Two anthropophilic species are known from the Marquesas archipelago (French Polynesia) : Simulium buissoni Roubaud, 1906 and S. sechani Craig & Fossati, 1995. The need to control them requires good knowledge about their larval growth, larvae being the only stage actually susceptible to control. A biometric study based on cephalic measures of the two species, shows that they both have seven larval instars. Size variations following species and sampling sites are examined, as are variations of the sex of the two last larval instars. A recolonization experiment, after treatment of a part of a river, allows us to quantify larval growing length of S. buissoni, which is about 12 days. These data allow us to determine the optimal treatment frequency.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5834,

title = {Plasma concentrations of sVCAM-1 and severity of dengue infections.},

author = {B Murgue and O Cassar and X Deparis},

year  = {2001},

date = {2001-01-01},

journal = {J Med Virol},

volume = {65},

pages = {97-104},

abstract = {Adhesion molecules are essential for the immune response. They are involved in the regulation of cell-to-cell contact, thereby enabling leukocytes to communicate. Circulating forms of adhesion molecules are found in the serum of healthy individuals. Raised levels have been associated with disease severity in HCV and other infections and thus appear to be good markers of endothelial damage. The levels of soluble Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 (sVCAM-1) and of sP and sL-selectin in the plasma of children hospitalised for dengue in French Polynesia were monitored. Studies from the 1996/1997 dengue-2 outbreak, showed that levels of sVCAM-1 increase steadily during the febrile period, peak on day 7, and then decline relatively rapidly. Disregarding the time frame within the febrile period, sVCAM-1 levels were always higher compared to controls. There was a significant association between sVCAM-1 levels and dengue haemorrhagic fever, a severe manifestation of dengue virus infection characterised by plasma leakage. No association was apparent between sVCAM-1 levels and primary vs. secondary dengue virus infections. Levels of sP-selectin and sL-selectin were significantly higher in primary compared with secondary infection but were not different in patients presenting with plasma leakage. Lastly, sVCAM-1 levels were significantly higher in an outbreak of severe disease in 1989/1990 (dengue-3) when compared to a non-severe outbreak in 1988/1989 (dengue-1) and a mild outbreak in 1996/1997 (dengue-2). The results suggested that levels of sVCAM-1 production might prove to be a useful marker in the management of severe dengue.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5826,

title = {Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies to PbTx-2-type brevetoxins using minute amount of hapten-protein conjugates obtained in a reversed micellar medium.},

author = {J Naar and P Branaa and M Y Dechraoui Bottein and M Chinain and S Pauillac},

year  = {2001},

date = {2001-01-01},

journal = {Toxicon},

volume = {39},

pages = {869-78},

abstract = {Minute amount of Brevetoxin PbTx-3 (400 microg; 0.446 micromol) was converted into an hemisuccinate derivative (PbTx-3 HS) then covalently linked to bovine serum albumin (BSA) and ovalbumin (OVA) in a reversed micellar medium. According to the efficient cyclic synthetic procedure described, the epitope density of the conjugates was around 10 and 20 for OVA and BSA carriers, respectively. The kinetics of antibody production in sequential sera harvested from a single BALB/c mouse immunised by multiple intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of PbTx-3-BSA conjugate was performed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Two monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against PbTx-3 were selected from fusion of the mouse immune splenocytes with the P3-X63-Ag 8.653 myeloma cells. In competitive inhibition ELISA experiments, both polyclonal antibodies and MAbs exhibited strong cross-reactivity (> or = 100%) to other PbTx-2-type toxins (PbTx-2 and -9) but low or moderate cross-reactivity (6-15%) to a PbTx-1-type toxin (PbTx-1). Moreover, using these two MAbs, a low cross-reactivity with okadaic acid (3%) was noticed but no significant cross-reactivity was observed with two ciguatoxins (CTX-1B and CTX-3C) over the concentration range studied. The apparent dissociation constant (K(D)) for the interaction of these MAbs with free PbTx-2-type toxins was in the 10(-6)-10(-7)M range. The performance of this MAb-based assay (limit of detection approximately 5ng/well; working range=8-150ng/well) coupled with adequate extraction methods would provide an alternative assay to the mouse i.p. bioassay for routine shellfish monitoring. This production and characterisation of MAbs using small amount of polyether toxins in a reversed micellar medium appear most valuable for the development of immunoassays to other highly potent but poorly available marine polyether toxins like ciguatoxins (CTXs).},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5835,

title = {The impact of 34 years of massive DEC chemotherapy on Wuchereria bancrofti infection and transmission : the Maupiti cohort.},

author = {P Esterre and C Plichart and Y Séchan and N L Nguyen},

year  = {2001},

date = {2001-01-01},

journal = {Trop Med Int Health},

volume = {6},

pages = {190-5},

abstract = {Semi-annual mass DEC chemotherapy combined with vector control at the beginning of the programme, has been administered on the remote island of Maupiti (French Polynesia) since 1955 (except two periods in 1960-67 and 1970-74). The result of two surveys in 1985 and 1989, reporting 0% microfilaraemia, led to the hope that the eradication of lymphatic filariasis had been achieved. We combined parasitological criteria (microfilaraemia by membrane filtration), immunological (antigenaemia and serum levels of specific IgG antibodies) and molecular (PCR-based evaluation of infection in mosquitoes) techniques and found only good control of the parasite : We found residual microfilaraemia in 0.4% of the sample (mean level in carriers : 101.2 mf/ml), antigenaemia in 4.6% (mean level in positive persons : 714.4 units/ml) and specific IgG in 21.6% (including in one very young child). In addition, an infection rate of 1.4% was calculated in the Aedes polynesiensis vector population. These data, obtained in 1997 just before a hurricane, were partially confirmed in 1999 (0.1% of infection rate in the vector). Together with the possibility of some resistance to DEC, various epidemiological factors critocal for the eradication of lymphatic filariasis are discussed.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5839,

title = {Characterization of mice antisera elicited with a ciguatoxin tetracyclic synthetic ring fragment (JKLM) conjugated to carrier proteins.},

author = {S Pauillac and M Sasaki and A Inoue and J Naar and P Branaa and M Chinain and K Tachibana and A-M Legrand},

year  = {2000},

date = {2000-01-01},

journal = {Toxicon},

volume = {38},

pages = {669-85},

abstract = {As a good alternative to the lack of pure ciguatoxin (CTX), conjugates of JKLM ring fragment, a carboxylic derivative of the right-hand tetracyclic terminus portion of CTX-1B (the most potent CTX) with two carrier proteins have been synthesized. Two procedures using different amount of hapten were evaluated: (i) a bulk technique (3-5 mg) via the N-hydroxysuccinimide ester of the carboxylic fragment in the presence of a water-soluble carbodiimide according to the standard method in aqueous buffer, or (ii) a micro-scale technique (300 microg) via the mixed anhydride method performed in a reversed micellar medium. In both cases, bovine serum albumin and ovalbumin were respectively used for immunization of BALB/c mice and antibody screening by a solid phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Using the conjugates obtained through the micro-scale procedure, a long-term immunization schedule appeared to be more efficient to specifically trigger the mice immune system. These antisera titers determined in an end-point titration standard ELISA format were found around 1/128,000 as compared to 1/16,000 obtained in the short-term protocol (immunogen prepared via the bulk procedure). In competitive inhibition ELISA experiments, both types of antisera did not significantly cross-react with a brevetoxin congener (PbTx-3), okadaic acid (OA), monensin or other polyether compounds, but only sera from the short-term protocol did show high cross-reactivity to CTX-1B (133%). With sera from the long-term protocol, a lower detection limit for JKLM (1.23 x 10(-9) M) was achieved by implementation of a biotin-avidin amplification system rather than by miniaturization of the assay in Terasaki plates. This study confirms the feasibility of the immunological approach for CTXs assay in fish tissues, but also emphasizes the importance of (i) the choice of the hapten to construct a relevant well-defined immunogen, (ii) the immunization schedule to obtain hapten-specific Abs still exhibiting high cross-reactivity to CTXs.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5837,

title = {Chemoprophylaxis of leprosy in the southern Marquesas with a single 25 mg/kg dose of rifampicin. Results after 10 years.},

author = {N L Nguyen and J L Cartel and J H Grosset},

year  = {2000},

date = {2000-01-01},

journal = {Lepr Rev},

volume = {71},

pages = {S33-5 Discussion S35-6},

abstract = {In 1988, a programme of leprosy chemoprophylaxis, employing a supervised, single 25 mg/kg dose of rifampicin, was implemented in the Southern Marquesas Islands. Of the 2786 inhabitants, 2751 (98.7%) were treated. In addition, 3144 South Marquesans living elsewhere in French Polynesia were administered the same chemoprophylaxis. During the following 10 years, seven leprosy patients were detected among those who had been administered chemoprophylaxis. Of these, two were very likely missed cases of leprosy, and cannot be considered a failure of chemoprophylaxis. The epidemiometric projection model, based on cases of leprosy observed in the Southern Marquesas during the 20 years preceding implementation of the programme, predicted that 17 leprosy cases could be expected in the South Marquesan population if no chemoprophylaxis were given. In fact, only five cases were detected in the treated population, a number significantly smaller than 17, suggesting that the chemoprophylaxis was 70% effective, assuming that no change of detection rate would have occurred without chemoprophylaxis. However, during the 10 years following implementation of the chemoprophylaxis programme, the detection rate in the Polynesian population that was not administered chemoprophylaxis declined by about 50%. Therefore, the effectiveness of the chemoprophylaxis was only 35-40%.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5845,

title = {Prospective study of the duration and magnitude of viraemia in children hospitalised during the 1996-1997 dengue-2 outbreak in French Polynesia.},

author = {B Murgue and C Roche and E Chungue and X Deparis},

year  = {2000},

date = {2000-01-01},

journal = {J Med Virol},

volume = {60},

pages = {432-8},

abstract = {The magnitude and duration of viraemia in children admitted to the hospital with dengue was studied during a dengue 2 outbreak in French Polynesia in 1996-1997. Forty-nine patients from whom at least 3 plasma samples were available were included in the study. Based on analysis of IgG-ELISA and haemagglutination inhibition assay, 21 of these were primary and 28 were secondary infections. According to World Health Organization criteria, 42 were dengue fever and 7 were dengue haemorrhagic fever. Virus was detectable by reverse transcription-PCR in all patients for at least the first 3 days of the onset of fever, but was never detected after the 6th day (mean duration = 4.4 days). Plasma virus titers ranged from 1.7-5.6 Log(10) TCID(50)/ml. A significant difference was not observed in the magnitude and duration of viraemia in patients with primary versus secondary infections. The severity of the illness, however, was correlated with both criteria.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5846,

title = {Role of streptococcal infection in the acute pathology of lymphatic filariasis.},

author = {P Esterre and C Plichart and M O Huin-Blondey and N L Nguyen},

year  = {2000},

date = {2000-01-01},

journal = {Parasite},

volume = {7},

pages = {91-4},

abstract = {Les évidences s'accumulent quant à un rôle important des infections bactériennes secondaires, notamment d'origine streptococcique, dans la pathogénèse des adénolymphangites (ADL) aïgues d'origine filarienne. Nous avons recherché l'intervention de streptocoques du groupe A dans la progression des lymphoedèmes de malades, d'origine polynésienne, présentant une ADL (22 patients) ou une pathologie chronique (10 cas) d'origine filarienne, une érysipèle (10 patients) et, à titre de contrôle, 20 adultes sains. Des épreuves sérologiques de détermination des anticorps anti-streptolysine O (ASLO) ou anti-streptodornase B (ASDB) ont été pratiquées, en parallèle aux investigations parasitologiques et biochimiques classiques. Les tests ASLO et ASDB se sont révélés positifs pour 100% des érysipèles, 75% des ADL filariennes et encore 50% des filariens à pathologie chronique et 39% des contrôles sains. Si les titres en ASLO ne sont pas significativement différents entre ces quatre groupes analysés, il est intéressant de noter que les titres en ASDB sont statistiquement plus élevés, pour les ADL filariennes (p = 0,019) et les érysipèles (p = 0,002), que la normale. Ces résultats semblent confirmer l'hypothèse selon laquelle des infections streptococciques récurrentes, fréquentes en zone tropicale humide comme la Polynésie, jouent un rôle important dans la pathogénèse des ADL associées à la filariose lymphatique.Growing evidence suggest that secondary bacterial, mainly streptococcal, infections contribute significantly to recurrent episodes of acute adenolymphangitis (ADL) of filarial origin. We examined the role of group A streptococci in the progression of lymphedema in Polynesian patients with filariasis-related ADL (22 cases) or chronic pathology (10 cases), or with erysipela (10 patients) and, as controls, in 20 healthy adults. Antistreptolysin O (ASLO) and anti-streptodornase B (ASDB) titers were systematically determined in parallel to parasitological and biochemical tests. ASLO and ASDB assays were positive in 100% of erysipela, 75% of filarial ADL as compared to 50% of chronic pathology and 39% of healthy controls. Interestingly, by opposition to ASLO titers which were not significantly different between the four groups, ASDB titers were higher in ADL (p = 0.019) and erysipela (p = 0.002) than in controls. These results support the hypothesis that recurrent streptococcal infections may have an important role in the pathogenesis of ADL in lymphatic filariasis.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5843,

title = {Répartition de Simulium buissoni Roubaud, 1906 et S. sechani Craig & Fossati, 1995 (Diptera : Simuliidae) à Nuku-Hiva et Eiao (archipel des Marquises, Polynésie française).},

author = {Y Séchan and M Faaruia},

year  = {2000},

date = {2000-01-01},

journal = {Parasite},

volume = {7},

pages = {283-90},

abstract = {Nuku-Hiva et Eiao sont les seules îles de l'archipel des Marquises où sévissent des Simulies nuisantes pour l'homme. La connaissance de la répartition des espèces présentes est nécessaire afin d'optimiser les activités de lutte. L'examen des distributions de fréquences des nombres de soies prémandibulaires d'un lot important de larves issues de ces deux îles remet en cause les répartitions initialement décrites. L'espèce Simulium sechani Craig & Fossati, 1995 est ainsi la seule présente à Eiao. Cette espèce est aussi présente à Nuku-Hiva, mais cantonnée à l'extérieur de la caldeira principale. La présence de S. buissoni Roubaud, 1906 sur l'ensemble de l'île est confirmée, alors que la présence en nombre réduit de S. hukaense Séchan, 1983 est supposée. Les effectifs importants de larves étudiées conduisent à augmenter l'amplitude de la gamme des nombres de soies possibles pour S. sechani. L'étendue de la période considérée permet de montrer une bonne stabilité de la répartition décrite à l'échelle de la décennie.Nuku-Hiva and Eiao are the only islands of the Marquesas archipelago where blackflies bite humans. Knowledge of the geographic distribution of the species is necessary to optimize control operations. Looking at frequency distributions of labral fan rays numbers from a large sample of larvae allowed redefinition of species. Simulium sechani Craig & Fossati, 1995 become the only species represented in Eiao. This species lives in Nuku-Hiva too, but is limited to the external part of the main caldera.

Presence of S. buissoni Roubaud, 1906 in all part of the island is confirmed, as is presence of S. hukaense Séchan, 1983 but in reduced number. Large samples of S. sechani extend its labral fan rays numbers. Stability of the described repartition over several decades is shown.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5841,

title = {Reversal of pacific ciguatoxin-1B effects on myelinated axons by agents used in ciguatera treatment.},

author = {E Benoit and D Laurent and A-M Legrand and J Molgo},

year  = {2000},

date = {2000-01-01},

journal = {Cybium},

volume = {24},

pages = {33-40},

abstract = {Ciguatera fish poisoning is a distinctive form of ichthyosarcotoxism characterised mainly by gastrointestinal and neurological disturbances. The ciguatoxins, responsible for this poisoning, are complex polyethers produced by toxic strains of the dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus toxicus. These toxins are increased to dangerous levels for man during their transmission through herbivorous and carnivorous fish, various species being contaminated. The known molecular target of ciguatoxins is the voltage-gated Na+ channel. During the action of these toxins, the permanent opening, at the resting membrane potential, produces a continuous entry of Na+ ions in excitable cells causing a marked increase in membrane excitability and in cellular volume. To precise the neurocellular basis of the efficacy of some agents used in clinical and traditional treatments of ciguatera, their effects were studied on frog myelinated axons exposed to Pacific ciguatoxin-1B (CTX-1B). During the action of this toxin, the increase in axonal volume and membrane excitability were reversed by lidocaine (a local anaesthetic), by CaCl2 and by hyperosmotic external solutions (containing D-mannitol, sucrose or tetramethylammonium chloride). The CTX-1B-induced hyperexcitability of the membrane was also reversed by extracts of Argusia argentea leaves or Davallia solida rhizomes, used traditionally in New-Caledonia. It is concluded that the various agents studied are able to counteract the neurocellular effects of CTX-1B in myelinated axons. These results are of particular interest since they provide a scientific basis to understand the beneficial action of therapeutic agents used in the treatment of ciguatera fish poisoning.La ciguatera est une forme particulière d'ichtyosarcotoxisme principalement caractérisée par des troubles gastro-intestinaux et neurologiques. Ce sont les ciguatoxines, polyéthers complexes produits par des variétés toxiques du dinoflagellé Gambierdiscus toxicus, qui en sont responsables en se concentrant pour atteindre des doses dangereuses pour l'homme lors de leur transfert dans de nombreuses espèces de poissons herbivores et carnivores. La cible moléculaire connue des ciguatoxines est le canal Na sensible au potentiel de membrane. Durant l'action de ces toxines, l'ouverture permanente des canaux au potentiel de repos de la membrane, produit une entrée continue d'ions Na dans les cellules excitables ce qui augmente notablement l'excitabilité membranaire et le volume cellulaire. Dans le but de préciser les bases neurocellulaires de l'efficacité de certains agents utilisés dans le traitement clinique et traditionnel de la ciguatera, leurs effets ont été étudiés sur des axones myélinisés de grenouille préalablement soumis à l'action de la ciguatoxine-lB du Pacifique (CTX-1B). L'augmentation du volume axonal et de l'excitabilité de la membrane, produite par cette toxine, a été neutralisée par la lidocaïne (anesthésique local), le CaCl, et les milieux extracellulaires hyperosmotiques contenant du D-mannitol, du saccharose ou du chlorure de tétraméthylammonium. L'hyperexcitabilité membranaire, produite par la CTX-1B, a également été supprimée par les extraits de feuilles d'Argusia argentea ou de rhizomes de Davallia solida, utilisés dans la médecine traditionnelle en Nouvelle-Calédonie. En conclusion, les divers agents étudiés sont capables de neutraliser les effets neurocellulaires de la CTX-1B au niveau des axones myélinisés. Ces résultats sont particulièrement intéressants puisqu'ils apportent une base scientifique nécessaire à la compréhension de l'action bénéfique des agents thérapeutiques utilisés de manière encore empirique dans le traitement de l'ichtyosarcotoxisme de type ciguatera.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5844,

title = {Spectrofluorometers are not adequate for aging Aedes and Culex (Diptera : Culicidae) using pteridine fluorescence.},

author = {F Lardeux and A Ung and M Chebret},

year  = {2000},

date = {2000-01-01},

journal = {J Med Entomol},

volume = {37},

pages = {769-73},

abstract = {Attempts were made to use pteridine fluorescence levels as a tool for aging individual Aedes polynesiensis Marks and Culex quinquefasciatus Say mosquitoes. Fluorescent pigments were extracted and quantified with techniques and apparatus (i.e., a spectrofluorometer) that can be used in developing countries or in field laboratories, and that has already given consistent results in similar studies on other insect groups. However, for Ae. polynesiensis as well as Cx. quinquefasciatus, individual fluorescence measurements were mostly below the spectrofluorometer white noise level. With batches of Aedes or Culex of the same age, significant fluorescence levels were recorded but not in relation to their calendar ages. The low content of pteridines in mosquitoes suggests that standard spectrofluorometry is not sufficiently sensitive for such studies.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5838,

title = {Structural elucidation of ciguatoxin congeners by fast-atom bombardment tandem mass spectrometry.},

author = {T Yasumoto and T Igarashi and A-M Legrand and P Cruchet and M Chinain and T Fujita and H Naoki},

year  = {2000},

date = {2000-01-01},

journal = {J Am Chem Soc},

volume = {122},

pages = {4988-9},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5836,

title = {Small subunit rDNA sequence analysis of symbiotic dinoflagellates from seven scleractinian corals in a tahitian lagoon.},

author = {H T Darius and P M V Martin and P Grimont and C Dauga},

year  = {2000},

date = {2000-01-01},

journal = {J Phycol},

volume = {36},

pages = {951-9},

abstract = {The diversity of symbiotic dinoflagellates from reef-building corals collected in the lagoon of Tahiti (South Pacific ocean) was investigated by using a molecular approch. Populations of symbionts (strains or species) of 7 coral species (Fungia scutaria, F. paumotensis Stutchbury, Pavona cactus ForskÅl, Leptastrea transversa Kluzinger, Pocillopora verrucosa Ellis and Solender, Montastrea curta Dana, and Acropora formosa Dana) were delimited by phylogenetic analysis of small subunit rDNA sequences. Coral P. verrucosaharbored 2 populations of symbiont SSU rDNA sequences that may correspond to two different Symbiodinium species. Corals F. scutaria and M. curta also seemed to contain two different Symbiodinium species. SSU rDNA dinoflagellate sequences from P. cactus, L. transversa, F. scutaria, F. paumotensis, and P. verrucosa were in the same phylogenetic cluster and showed low variability. For these distantly related coral species, dinoflagellate strains from the same species, rDNA paralogues from the same strain, or closely related Symbiodinium species could not be distinguished because monophyletic subgroupes were not observed. SSU rDNA dinoflagellate sequences from A. formosa and M. curta were clearly different from the other Symbiodinium sequences and may represent specific species. This molecular approach highlighted a greater diversity of symbiotic dinoflagellates from corals in South Pacific (Symbiodinium groups A, B, and C) than that observed in the rest of the Pacific ocean (Symbiodinium group C). The diversity of symbiotic associations in a restricted area of the lagoon of Tahiti may reflect the complexity of interactions between species of Symbiodinium and corals.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5842,

title = {Tentative de discrimination des femelles adultes de simulies (Diptera : Simuliidae) à Nuku-Hiva (archipel des Marquises, Polynésie française).},

author = {Y Séchan and S Loncke},

year  = {2000},

date = {2000-01-01},

journal = {Parasite},

volume = {7},

pages = {291-5},

abstract = {Une étude récente a permis de découvrir l'existence insoupçonnée de Simulium sechani Craig & Fossati, 1995 dans une partie de l'île de Nuku-Hiva. Cette espèce y est associée à S. buissoni Roubaud 1906, espèce dominante et considérée depuis toujours comme étant la seule responsable des gènes engendrés par les piqûres douloureuses. Or, l'optimisation des opérations de contrôle nécessite une identification précise des cibles. La méconnaissance de la femelle de S. sechani est à l'origine de la présente étude. Cette étude s'appuie sur des échantillons récoltés avant la description de S. sechani pour tenter de relier sa répartition géographique à des paramètres biométriques signifiants et d'observation aisée, et constituer ainsi une première approche de la description et de la détermination des femelles adultes de l'espèce. Les paramètres examinés sont : les nombres de dents maxillaires et mandibulaires, les dimensions du 3e segment de l'antenne, le nombre de soies apicales, la largeur et la profondeur de l'échancrure de la plaque ventrale et le nombre d'épines sur la nervation radiale de l'aile.L'analyse des distributions en fonction des lieux de récolte et des hôtes ayant servi aux captures ne conduit à aucun caractère de détermination utilisable, mais contribue à soulever de nouvelles questions concernant l'isolement de populations d'insectes dans les vallées, ainsi que la nature des hôtes préférentiels habituels.

Simulium sechani Craig & Fossati, 1995 was recently found for first time in a part of Nuku-Hiva Island. This species coexists with Simulium buissoni Roubaud 1906, the dominant species, and always regarded as the main biting fly on the island. The problem is that optimisation of control operations needs a good knowledge of targets. This unknown female of S. sechani is the reason of this study.

This study used samples collected before the description of S. sechani to try to correlate its geographical extent with easy to use biometrical parameters, and then give a first look at the possibilities of determination of adult females. Parameters used are : the numbers of maxillar and mandibular teeth, the dimension of the third antenna article and the number of apical hairs, the width and depth of the ventral plate space, and the number of hairs on the radial vein of the wing.

Analysis of frequency distributions in relation with sampling sites and trapping hosts did not allow us to find convenient diagnosis characters, but contributed to new questions about isolation of insect populations in valleys and hosts usually used.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5867,

title = {Assessment of immunochromatographic test for rapid lymphatic filariasis diagnosis.},

author = {N L Nguyen and C Plichart and P Esterre},

year  = {1999},

date = {1999-01-01},

journal = {Parasite},

volume = {6},

pages = {355-8},

abstract = {Deux tests d'immunodiagnostic rapide de la filariose à Wuchereria bancrofti (kits australiens ICT Filariose) ont été étudiés sur le terrain et au laboratoire. Le but de cette étude était de vérifier les performances et l'utilité réelle de ces tests de capture d'antigène dans la filariose lymphatique dans trois foyers d'endémicité différente, situés dans l'archipel de la Société (Polynésie française). Un échantillon de 1595 patients a donc été analysé en parallèle avec le test ICT, la technqiue ELISA de référence (capture de l'antigène circulant Og4C3) et la détection de microfilaires sanguines (par filtration sur membrane Nucléopore). Une seconde génération de test, validée pour l'utilisation de sang total, a été testée en parallèle sur une cinquantaine de sérums de référence, par rapport au test de première génération, validé sur le sérum uniquement.La correspondance entre les résultats obtenus par les deux tests rapides est excellente mais la sensibilité de cette technique immunochromatographique est toujours inférieure à celle de l'ELISA de référence. Contrairement à un test équivalent de diagnostic rapide du paludisme (ICT Malaria Pf), il ne semble pas y avoir de faux positifs dus à la présence de facteurs rhumatoïdes. La performance inférieure par rapport à l'ELISA semble accentuée dans les situations épidémiologiques où l'on observe une forte proportion d'individus amicrofilarémiques mais porteurs de vers adultes, comme dans certaines îles du Pacifique soumises à un contrôle de masse depuis de nombreuses années.

Two rapid immunodiagnostic tests (ICT Filariasis test), developed for the quick diagnosis of Wuchereria bancrofti infection, have been validated in laboratory and field situation. The aim of this study was to assess the performance and usefulness of this antigen capture assay as a diagnostic method in three foci of lymphatic filariasis, located in the South Pacific (Society archipelago, French Polynesia), with different levels of endemicity. A sample of 1,595 patients was tested with this assay in parallel with a reference Og4C3 antigen capture assay and microfilariae detection. A second-generation ICT test, available for whole blood analysis, was also tested in parallel with the first generation test, developed for serum analysis, on a sample of 50 reference cases. The correspondence between the results obtained with the two rapid tests was excellent, without any influence of rheumatoid factors, but the sensitivity was in both cases slightly inferior to the one obtained with the ELISA reference test. This seems particularly true in epidemiological situation where a high proportion of amicrofilaraemic, adult worm carriers are observed.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5859,

title = {Activation of Na+ channels by ciguatoxin-1B produces a localized increase of intracellular Ca2+ in chromaffin cells.},

author = {C Mattei and E Benoit and F Darchen and A-M Legrand and J Molgo},

year  = {1999},

date = {1999-01-01},

journal = {Biochimie},

volume = {Sup 6},

pages = {191},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5853,

title = {An improved method for the microsale preparation and characterization of hapten-protein conjugates : the use of cholesterol as a model for nonchromophore hydroxylated haptens.},

author = {J Naar and P Branaa and M Chinain and S Pauillac},

year  = {1999},

date = {1999-01-01},

journal = {Bioconjugate Chemistry},

volume = {10},

pages = {1143-9},

abstract = {A minute amount (0.446 micromoal) of cholesterol (Chol) was converted into an hemisuccinate derivative (Chol HS) using an excess of succinic anhydride. The optimal conditions for synthesis of Chol HS were explored by checkerboard experiments in which various succinic anhydride/Chol molar ratios ranging from 5:1 to 30:1 were assayed over a wide temperature range (50-85 degrees C) and for various incubation times (3-8 h). Total conversion was obtained at the higher reagent ratios, temperatures, and incubation times. Subsequently, this carboxylic derivative was first covalently linked to bovine serum albumin (BSA) then to various proteins (casein, ovalbumin, and hemocyanins) or to a synthetic homopolymer (poly-DL-Lysine) via a modified version of the mixed anhydride method of Erlanger, performed in a reversed micellar medium. The assessment of the number of haptenic groups per mole of BSA (epitope density) was achieved chromatographically by two methods according to a Chol standard curve established at 207 nm with linearity in the range 0-50 microg. These procedures involving an alkaline hydrolysis of a sample of either the conjugate (direct method) or the unreacted Chol HS (indirect method) yielded an acceptable level of agreement and concordant results in all cases. The influence of the activated hapten/BSA molar ratio on the coupling efficiency was investigated by the direct method within the range 10:1 to 250:1. Using the optimal conditions determined for Chol HS synthesis (a molar reagent ratio of 30:1 with incubation at 65 degrees C for 6 h) and for BSA haptenation (a 100-fold molar excess of activated hapten, with a carrier stock concentration of 5 mg/mL), epitope density of the conjugates lied between 23 and 27. By reacting the same amount of activated hapten (approximately 216 microg) with identical amounts of various carriers (300 microg), conjugation efficiency was found similar on a microgram of Chol bound per milligram of carrier basis. This simple and reproducible conjugation and analysis procedures should provide a general method applicable to poorly available and weakly immunogenic haptens bearing hydroxyl groups such as polyether-type marine toxins.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5860,

title = {Ciguatoxins and brevetoxins, neurotoxic polyether compounds active on sodium channels.},

author = {M Y Dechraoui Bottein and J Naar and S Pauillac and A-M Legrand},

year  = {1999},

date = {1999-01-01},

journal = {Toxicon},

volume = {37},

pages = {125-43},

abstract = {Ciguatoxins (CTXs) and brevetoxins (PbTxs) modify the activation and inactivation processes of voltage-sensitive sodium channels (VSSC). In this study, the specific binding to rat brain synaptosomes of two commercial PbTxs, five purified CTXs and their derivatives was evaluated in competition with various concentrations of radiolabelled brevetoxin ([3H]PbTx-3). The results indicate that all CTXs bind specifically and with high affinity to sodium channels. Statistical analysis of the calculated inhibition constants identified two classes of toxins: the PbTxs and the less polar CTXs, and a group of CTXs of very high affinity. Relatively small chemical differences between the CTXs gave rise to significant differences in their affinity to the rat brain sodium channels. Cytotoxic effects associated with sodium channel activation were evaluated for the two classes of toxins on murine neuroblastoma cells, and their acute toxicity was determined in mice. CTXs have shown high affinities to VSSC of rat brain membranes and strong cytotoxic effects on neuroblastoma cells which correlate with their very low LD50 in mice. For PbTxs, it is different. Although binding with high affinity to VSSC and giving rise to significant cytotoxic effects, they are known to be poorly toxic intraperitoneally to mice. Furthermore, within the CTXs family, even though the most toxic compound (CTX-1B) has the highest affinity and the less toxic one (CTX-4B) the lowest affinity, a detailed analysis of the data pointed out a complex situation: (i) high affinity and toxicity seem to be related to the hydroxylation of the molecule on the A-ring rather than to the backbone type, (ii) acute toxicity in mice does not follow exactly the sodium-dependent cytotoxicity on neuroblastoma cells. These data suggest that the high toxicity of CTXs is related to sodium-dependent disturbances of the excitable membranes but might also involve other cellular mechanisms.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5857,

title = {Ciguatoxines et brévétoxines : dissection de leurs actions neurobiologiques.},

author = {C Mattei and J Molgo and A-M Legrand and E Benoit},

year  = {1999},

date = {1999-01-01},

journal = {J Soc Biol},

volume = {193},

pages = {329-44},

abstract = {Cette revue est centrée sur les actions neurobiologiques des ciguatoxines et des brévétoxines, phycotoxines produites respectivement par les dinoflagellés Gambierdiscus toxicus et Ptychodiscus brevis. Ces actions sont illustrées en particulier par les effets de ces toxines sur la fibre nerveuse myélinisée et la jonction neuromusculaire squelettique de vertébrés. Les ciguatoxines, via les poissons herbivores et carnivores, et les brévétoxines, par le biais d'invertébrés marins et d'embruns portés par le vent de mer, sont responsables d'intoxications humaines qui se manifestent notamment par des troubles neurologiques. La cible moléculaire de ces familles de polyéthers cycliques liposolubles est le canal Na+ activé par le potentiel de membrane, protéine transmembranaire fondamentale pour l'excitabilité cellulaire. Au niveau de ce canal, les différentes toxines partagent le même site de fixation, le site-récepteur 5, dont la localisation a été établie au niveau de la sous-unité a constituant la protéine-canal neuronale. Les études électrophysiologiques du mode d'action des ciguatoxines et des brévétoxines permettent d'identifier ces toxines comme étant de puissants activateurs des canaux Na+. En effet, durant l'action de ces phycotoxines, l'ouverture prolongée des canaux Na+, au potentiel membranaire de repos, produit une entrée permanente d'ions Na+ dans la plupart des cellules électriquement excitables, entrée qui a de multiples conséquences sur les mécanismes physiologiques dépendant du sodium. D'un point de vue électrophysiologique, une des conséquences bien connue est une dépolarisation de la membrane provoquant en retour l'apparition de décharges spontanées et/ou répétitives de potentiels d'action. Ces décharges peuvent être transitoires ou continues selon la préparation et la toxine étudiées. C'est cette augmentation de l'excitabilité membranaire, lors de l'action des ciguatoxines et des brévétoxines, qui est responsable des différents effets exercés par ces toxines au niveau de diverses synapses chimiques et cellules sécrétrices. Finalement, une autre conséquence de l'entrée permanente d'ions Na+ dans les cellules a pu être révélée grâce à l'utilisation de la microscopie confocale à balayage laser et au marquage vital des membranes plasmiques à l'aide de la sonde fluorescente FM1-43, techniques qui ont rendu possible l'étude dynamique des altérations morphologiques produites par les ciguatoxines et les brévétoxines au niveau de diverses préparations cellulaires in situ. C'est ainsi qu'il a pu être mis en évidence que ces phycotoxines provoquent une augmentation importante du volume des noeuds de Ranvier des fibres nerveuses myélinisées, des terminaisons nerveuses motrices innervant le muscle squelettique et des somas des cellules de Schwann non myélinisantes périsynaptiques, augmentation qui est contrebalancée par des solutions externes hyper-osmotiques et qui ne se produit pas lorsque les canaux Na+, activés par le potentiel de membrane, sont préalablement bloqués. Les mécanismes probables qui contribuent à l'augmentation de volume cellulaire, durant l'action des ciguatoxines et des brévétoxines sont discutés.This review focuses on the neurobiological actions of ciguatoxins and brevetoxins which are phycotoxins produced respectively by the dinoflagellates Gambierdiscus toxicus and Ptychodiscus brevis. These actions are illustrated in particular by the effects of the toxins on myelinated nerve fibres and on skeletal neuromuscular junctions of vertebrates. Ciguatoxins and brevetoxins, through different vectors, are responsible for human intoxications characterized mainly by neurological disturbances. The molecular target of these families of lipid-soluble cyclic polyethers is the voltage-gated sodium channel, a fundamental transmembrane protein involved in cellular excitability. The different toxins share a common binding site (the receptor-site 5) located on the alpha sub-unit of this neuronal transmembrane protein. Electrophysiological studies of the mode of action of ciguatoxins and brevetoxins identify these toxins as specific sodium channel activators. Indeed, during the action of these phycotoxins, sodium channels remain permanently opened, at the resting membrane potential, which produces a continuous entry of sodium ions in most excitable cells. Such a sodium entry has various consequences on sodium-dependent physiological mechanisms, consisting in a membrane depolarization which, in turn, causes spontaneous and/or repetitive action potential discharges and thereby increases membrane excitability. These neuronal discharges may be transient or continuous according to the preparation and the toxin tested. The increase in membrane excitability during the action of ciguatoxins and brevetoxins is responsible for the different effects exerted by these toxins on various chemical synapses and secretory cells. Another consequence of the continuous entry of sodium ions into cells was revealed using confocal laser scanning microscopy and vital staining of plasma membranes with the fluorescent dye FM1-43. These techniques made feasible the dynamic study of morphological alterations produced by ciguatoxins and brevetoxins on various cellular preparations in situ. Thus, it has been possible to bring to the fore that these phycotoxins cause a marked increase in the volume of nodes of Ranvier of myelinated nerve fibres, motor nerve terminals innervating skeletal muscle and perisynaptic non-myelinating Schwann cell somata. This increase could be reversed by hyperosmotic external solutions and completely prevented by the blockade of voltage-gated sodium channels. The mechanisms involved in the increase in cellular volume, during the action of ciguatoxins and brevetoxins, are discussed.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5848,

title = {Dengue : an evaluation of dengue severity in French Polynesia based on an analysis of 403 laboratory-confirmed cases.},

author = {B Murgue and X Deparis and E Chungue and O Cassar and C Roche},

year  = {1999},

date = {1999-01-01},

journal = {Trop Med Int Hlth},

volume = {4},

pages = {765-73},

abstract = {We conducted a retrospective study of 403 laboratory-confirmed dengue cases hospitalized in Tahiti between August 1989 and March 1997. According to standard WHO criteria, 337 of these cases were dengue fever (DF) and 64 were dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF). Of the 10 fatal cases, 6 were DF and 4 were DHF. As an alternative, we used a correspondence analysis procedure to define dengue severity based on basic clinical and biological criteria for which we assigned a severity score, and then selected the 50 most severe cases from this analysis. Of the latter, 17 patients had been classified as DF and 33 as DHF by the WHO criteria. From this analysis, haemorrhages and decreased platelets counts associated with hepatic disorders are the main criteria associated with the severe dengue cases. Thus in our study population, the WHO classification does not account for the overall severity of dengue; hepatic failure should be considered as a specific severe form of dengue since plasma leakage, which is the pathophysiological hallmark of DHF, is only one of the pathogenic mechanisms leading to severity.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5865,

title = {Effects of larval density on the size of Aedes polynesiensis adults (Diptera : Culicidae).},

author = {D R Mercer},

year  = {1999},

date = {1999-01-01},

journal = {J Med Entomol},

volume = {36},

pages = {702-8},

abstract = {Replicated cohorts of a Tahitian laboratory strain of Aedes polynesiensis Marks were reared at 3 larval densities with a fixed amount of food. For larvae provided with limiting per capita food (i.e., 400 larvae per pan with 500 mg liver powder) relative to standard rearing conditions (i.e., 200 larvae per pan), mean pupal survival as well as male and female mean adult dry weights were significantly reduced and median developmental times were significantly prolonged. However, excess per capita food did not allow low density cohorts (i.e., 100 larvae per pan) to increase adult production, developmental rate, or adult dry weight compared with cohorts reared under standard rearing conditions. Male and female pupal wet weights, adult dry weights, and adult wing lengths all were correlated for Ae. polynesiensis collected as pupae from natural habitats near Papara Commune, Tahiti. Mean adult dry weights of host-seeking females from the same and a neighboring location did not differ significantly from weights of females emerging from field-collected pupae. The comparison of mean adult dry weight of these adults with adults reared at different densities in the laboratory indicated that field populations develop under food-limited conditions. Aedes polynesiensis responds to intraspecific larval competition by producing small adults over elongated developmental periods. Pupal wet weights, adult dry weights, and adult wing lengths are equally acceptable measures of mosquito size for vector and fecundity studies.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5851,

title = {Effects of epiphytic bacteria on the growth of the toxic dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus toxicus (Dinophyceae).},

author = {T Sakami and H Nakahara and M Chinain and Y Ishida},

year  = {1999},

date = {1999-01-01},

journal = {J Exp Mar Biol Ecol},

volume = {233},

pages = {231-46},

abstract = {The effects of epiphytic bacteria on the growth of the ciguatera dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus toxicus were examined. Neither of the two G. toxicus strains used in this experiment were able to proliferate in PES medium when the algal cells were in an axenic condition, while proliferation occurred in four of seven bacterial strains examined. Alteromonas sp. strain B4 was the most effective and was found to excrete high molecular weight (> 10 k Da) substances into the medium. The effects of isolated epiphytic bacteria on the growth of G. toxicus were assayed using an algal culture which was contaminated by associated bacteria to maintain the algal growth constant. Most bacteria isolated from the surfaces of red algae Jania spp. with peptone-agar medium did not affect the growth of G. toxicus. One strain, however, Flavobacterium sp. strain C1 clearly inhibited algal growth. Many bacteria were isolated with the utilization of enrichment techniques from Jania spp. where G. toxicus abundantly occurs. The bacterial flora on Jania spp. differed between samples in both number and colony characteristics and the inhibition of G. toxicus growth.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5866,

title = {Filarial antibody responses in Wuchereria bancrofti transmission area are related to parasitological but not clinical status.},

author = {L Nicolas and S Langy and C Plichart and X Deparis},

year  = {1999},

date = {1999-01-01},

journal = {Parasite Immunol},

volume = {21},

pages = {73-80},

abstract = {In Wuchereria bancrofti transmission areas, three groups of individuals have been identified, according to the presence or absence of microfilariae or adult worm derived molecules in the blood compartment. These groups likely reflect individuals with different permissivity/resistance to the complete development of W. bancrofti cycle. The profile of filarial-specific immunoglobulins was analysed in W. bancrofti-exposed individuals in French Polynesia, according to the presence or absence of microfilariae (Mf) and adult worms, measured by Og4C3 circulating antigen. Individuals harbouring adult worms, have higher filarial-specific IgG4 but lower IgG3 and IgE levels, than adult worm-free individuals, independently of the presence of Mf. Low filarial-specific IgG1 and IgG2 levels were associated with the presence of Mf but independent of the presence/absence of adult worms. The filarial antibody responses were associated with the parasitological status of individuals but not with clinical symptoms such as hydroceles or limb lymphangitis or elephantiasis. The reduction of filarial-specific immunoglobulin levels was higher after treatment with diethylcarbamazine, than ivermectin, which likely reflects the better effect of the former on W. bancrofti adult worms. However, reduction of antibody levels was also observed in Mf-and adult worm-negative individuals. This could be due to the overall reduction of W. bancrofti transmission in the island where this study took place.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5856,

title = {Increase in nodal volume of myelinated axons during the action of the Pacific ciguatoxin-1B (P-CTX-1B) depends on both Na+ influx and K+ efflux.},

author = {C Mattei and J Molgo and A-M Legrand and E Benoit},

year  = {1999},

date = {1999-01-01},

journal = {Toxicon},

volume = {37},

pages = {1230},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5847,

title = {Identification moléculaire, évaluation des échanges et de la co-évolution des dinoflagellés symbiotiques des coraux du lagon de Arue à Tahiti.},

author = {H T Darius and C Dauga},

year  = {1999},

date = {1999-01-01},

journal = {Bulletin du Museum d'histoire naturelle de Marseille. Mésogée},

volume = {57},

pages = {65-8},

abstract = {La diversité des dinoflagellés symbiotiques de 7 espèces de corail occupant le même écosystème a été étudié à l'aide d'outils moléculaires. Le gène codant la petite sous-unité ribosomale (ADNr 18S) a été choisi et 26 séquences originales de dinoflagellés symbiotiques ont été obtenues.Les pourcentages de similarité, les signatures et les analyses phylogénétiques des séquences montrent que nos échantillons de dinoflagellés symbiotiques appartiennent au genre Symbiodinium et qu'ils correspondent à au moins six souches différentes et trois nouvelles espèces. Le niveau taxonomique des séquences de l'ADNr 18S n'étant pas toujours déterminé, six phylogroupes Symbiodinium ont été définis. Nos résultats suggèrent 1) la possibilité d'échanges de phylogroupes Symbiodinium similaires entre des espèces de corail différentes ; 2) la présence d'association plus spécifique pour deux espèces de corail ; 3) le rejet du concept de co-évolution.Symbiotic Dinoflagellates are unicellular microalgae associated with scleractinian corals. This symbiosis is necessary for life and growth of reef communities. The diversity of symbiotic Dinoflagellates from seven coral species (Fungia scutaria, Fungia paumotensis, Leptastrea transversa, Pavona cactus, Pocillopora verrucosa, Montastrea curta and Acropora formosa) was studied in a restricted geographical area, the lagoon of Arue in Tahiti (French Polynesia). Symbiotic Dinoflagellates are difficult to maintain in vitro, and their diversity was explored using ribosomal small subunit gene (18S rDNA) sequences. 18S rDNAs from 15 symbiotic Dinoflagellates samples were amplified by PCR and sequenced. All the 26 sequences found were original compared to published Symbiodinium sequences. Phylogenetic analysis proved that symbiotic Dinoflagellates studied belonged to the genus Symbiodinium and may correspond to at least 6 strains and three new species. Similary percentage, sequence signature and monophyletic clusters allowed to define six phylogroups Symbiodinium. In this restricted geographical area, one Symbiodinium phylogroup could be associated with several coral species.Phylogroup Symbiodinium I was found in Fungia scutaria, Fungia paumotensis, leptastrea transversa, Pavona cactus, Pocillopora verrucosa, and Acropora formosa suggesting the possibility of symbiotic Dinoflagellates flux in this area. A single Symbiodinium phylogroup could be associated with only one coral species, as Montastrea curta which contained Symbiodinium IV phylogroup, suggesting that specific mechanisms could be involved in the establishment of a symbiosis. One coral species could be associated with more than one Symbiodinium phylogroups, as Pocillopora verrucosa which contained two Symbiodinium phylogroups.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5862,

title = {Morphology and molecular analyses of three toxic species of Gambierdiscus (Dinophyceae) : G. pacificus, sp. nov., G. australes, sp. nov., and G. polynesiensis, sp. nov.},

author = {M Chinain and M A Faust and S Pauillac},

year  = {1999},

date = {1999-01-01},

journal = {J Phycol},

volume = {35},

pages = {1282-96},

abstract = {Three new dinoflagellate species, Gambierdiscus polynesiensis, sp. nov., Gambierdiscus australes, sp. nov., and Gambierdiscus pacificus, sp. nov. are described from scanning electron micrographs. The morphology of the three new Gambierdiscus species is compared with the type species Gambierdiscus toxicus Adachi et Fukuyo 1979, and two other species : Gambierdiscus belizeanus Faust 1995 and Gambierdiscus yasumotoi Holmes 1998. The plate formula is : Po, 3', 7'', 6C, 8S, 5''', 1p, 2''''. Culture extracts of these three new species displayed both ciguatoxin- and maitotoxin-like toxicities. The following morphological characteristics differentiated each species. 1) Celles of G. polynesiensis are 68-85 mm long and 64-75 mm wide, and the cell's surface is smooth. They are identified by a large triangular apical pore plate (Po), a narrow fish-hook opening surrounded by 38 round pores, and a large, broad posterior intercalary plate (1p) wedged between narrow postcingular plates 2''' and 4'''. Plate 1p occupies 60% of the width of the hypotheca. 2) Cells of G. australes also have a smooth surface and are 76-93 mm long and 65-85 mm wide in dorsoventral depth. They are identified by the broad ellipsoid apical pore plate (Po) surrounded by 31 round pores and a long and narrow 1p plate wedged between postcingular plates 2''' and 4'''. Plate 1p occupies 30% of the width of the hypotheca. 3) Cells of G. pacificus are 67-77 mm long and 60-76 mm wide in dorsoventral depth, and its surface is smooth. They are identified by four-sided apical pore plate (Po) surrounded by 30 round pores. A short narrow 1p plate is wedged between the wide postcingular plates 2''' and 4'''. Plate 1p occupies 20% of the width of the hypotheca. These three newly described species were also characterized by isozyme electrophoresis and DNA sequencing of the D8-D10 region of their large subunit (LSU) rRNA genes. The consistency between species designations based on SEM microscopy and classification inferred from biochemical and genetic heterogeneities was examined among seven isolates of Gambierdiscus. Their classification into four morphospecies was not consistent with groupings inferred from isozyme patterns. Three molecular types could be distinguished based on the comparison of their LSU rDNA sequences. Although G. toxicus TUR was found to be more closely related to G. pacificus, sp. nov. than to other G. toxicus strains, the molecular classification was able to discriminate G. polynesiensis, sp. nov. and G. australes, sp. nov. from G. toxicus. These results suggest the usefulness of the D8-D10 portion of the Gambierdiscus LSU rDNA as a valuable taxonomic marker.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5858,

title = {Neurotoxins targetting receptor site 5 of voltage-dependent sodium channels increase the nodal volume of myelinated axons.},

author = {C Mattei and M Y Dechraoui Bottein and J Molgo and F A Meunier and A-M Legrand and E Benoit},

year  = {1999},

date = {1999-01-01},

journal = {J Neurosc Res},

volume = {55},

pages = {666-73},

abstract = {The effects of a C57 type ciguatoxin (CTX-3C) and two types of brevetoxins (PbTx-1 and PbTx-3), known to bind to receptor site 5 of the neuronal voltage-dependent Na+ channel-protein, were studied on the morphology of living frog myelinated axons using confocal laser scanning microscopy. During the action of CTX-3C, PbTx-1, and PbTx-3 (10-50 nM), a marked swelling of nodes of Ranvier was observed without apparent modification of internodal parts of axons. In all cases, toxin-induced nodal swelling attained a steady-state within 75-100 min that was well maintained during an additional 90-115 min. The nodal swelling was reversed by an external hyperosmotic solution containing 100 mM D-mannitol and could be completely prevented by blocking voltage-dependent Na+ channels with 1 microM tetrodotoxin. It is suggested that CTX-3C, PbTx-1, and PbTx-3 by activating Na+ channels cause a continuous Na+ entry into axons, increasing internal Na+ concentration. Such an increase directly or indirectly disturbs the osmotic equilibrium between intra- and extra-axonal media, resulting in an influx of water, which is responsible for the long-lasting nodal swelling. Similar results were previously reported with two C60 type ciguatoxins (CTX-1B and CTX-4B). Thus, it is concluded that the four types of toxins targetting receptor site 5 of neuronal voltage-dependent Na+ channels, not only enhance nerve membrane excitability but also, on a long-term basis, cause a marked increase in the axonal volume.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5863,

title = {Preparation and characterization of domoic acid-protein conjugates using small amount of toxin in a reversed micellar medium : application in a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.},

author = {P Branaa and J Naar and M Chinain and S Pauillac},

year  = {1999},

date = {1999-01-01},

journal = {Bioconjugate Chemistry},

volume = {10},

pages = {1137-42},

abstract = {With the aim of producing novel antibodies to domoic acid (DA), an original, rapid, and simple procedure for preparing minute amount of hapten-protein conjugates was developed. The amide-bond-generating mixed anhydride method of Erlanger was performed using 0.32-0.64 micromol of DA in a reversed micellar medium allowing strong carrier haptenization as determined by spectrophotometric measurement. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) and ovalbumin (OVA) conjugates were, respectively, used for immunization of BALB/c mice and antibody screening by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Specific polyclonal antibodies were produced upon multiple injections of (DA)(17)-BSA conjugate administered by three different routes: (i) intraperitoneal (i.p.), (ii) intraperitoneal + subcutaneous (i.p. + s.c.), (iii) footpad (f.p.). The i.p. route induced antisera of higher titer (1:350000) than did the other protocols (approximately 1:72900) and was selected throughout further experiments. Using a competitive ELISA format with a peroxidase immunoconjugate and a chromogenic substrate, no significant cross-reactivity was observed with glutamic acid, aspartic acid and kainic acid (KA), a structural analogue of DA. The sensitivity of this assay could be enhanced by 1 order of magnitude by using a beta-galactosidase immunoconjugate with a fluorogenic substrate while preserving DA specificity. The calculated dissociation constant (K(D)) for the interaction of the antibodies with free DA was 5 x 10(-)(7) M (chromogenic assay) and 5 x 10(-)(8) M (fluorogenic assay). Using the optimized assay the limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantitation (LOQ) in the ELISA buffer were 1.4 and 3 ng/mL, respectively. Moreover this assay was found applicable for measuring DA levels in spiked mussel extracts pre-cleaned through a solid-phase extraction column, as a very good correlation (r(2) = 0.96) was observed between the actual amounts of DA added and amounts detected by ELISA. Thus, accurate determinations of DA in clean extracts could be achieved between 2 and 180 ng/mL in spiked samples which corresponds to 0.02-1.8 microg/g of original mussel tissue. Owing to the regulation limits of 20 microg DA/g of shellfish tissue, these extraction and assay procedures should provide a useful complement to the standard HPLC analytical technique currently employed in monitoring DA in shellfish tissue.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5861,

title = {Seasonal abundance and toxicity of the dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus spp. (Dinophyceae), the causative agent of ciguatera in Tahiti, French Polynesia.},

author = {M Chinain and M Germain and X Deparis and S Pauillac and A-M Legrand},

year  = {1999},

date = {1999-01-01},

journal = {Mar Biol},

volume = {135},

pages = {259-67},

abstract = {The benthic dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus spp. is the primary causative agent of ciguatera fish poisoning in French Polynesia. However, the initiation of ciguatera outbreaks and the factors that control ciguatoxin production in this dinoflagellate are still poorly understood. In this paper, we present some original data concerning the seasonal abundance and toxicity of natural population of Gambierdiscus spp. based on a long-term survey in a ciguateric site of the island of Tahiti. From February 1993 to December 1997, Gambierdiscus spp. population densities were monitored weekly in the Atimaono barrier reef of Papara in relation to temperature and salinity. Densities peaked at 4992 cells g-1 in October 1994 and constitued ³ 1000 cells g-1 on several occasions. A total of 58 blooms were recorded in the area, of which 65% occurred in 1995 and 1996 alone. Our data confirmed the high endemicity of Gambierdiscus spp. in the Papara area. Refined analysis of our raw data by a principal-component analysis of processes (PCAP) revealed a seasonality in cell densities from February 1993 to May 1995. During this period, Gambierdiscus spp. populations tended to reach maximum abundance at the beginning and end of the hot season. In contrast, salinity did not appear to be a determining factor in the seasonal abundance of this dinoflagellate. The noticeable increase in both peak densities and frequency of blooms further noticed in 1995 and 1996 was preceded by unusually high water temperatures in January to April 1994, concomitant with a severe coral-bleaching episode. During the course of the study, a total of 303 X 106 cells obtained from 48 successive blooms was harvested. Toxicity screening revealed that toxin production was maximum from October 1994 through December 1996. No correlation was found between toxicity of these blooms and their biomass nor the seasonal pattern of temperatures. It is suggested that the toxicity of naturally-occurring blooms of Gambierdiscus spp. and, consequently, the severity of ciguatera incidents in a given area, is mainly dependant on the clonal nature of cells which coexist within local populations of this dinoflagellate.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5849,

title = {Variation in oral susceptibility to dengue type 2 virus of populations of Aedes aegypti from the islands of Tahiti and Moorea, French Polynesia.},

author = {M Vazaille-Falcoz and L Mousson and F Rodhain and E Chungue and A B Failloux},

year  = {1999},

date = {1999-01-01},

journal = {Am J Trop Med Hyg},

volume = {60},

pages = {292-9},

abstract = {Twenty three samples of Aedes aegypti populations from the islands of Tahiti and Moorea (French Polynesia) were tested for their oral susceptibility to dengue type 2 virus. The high infection rates obtained suggest that the artificial feeding protocol used was more efficient than those previously described. Statistical analysis of the results allowed us to define two distinct geographic areas on Tahiti with respect to the susceptibility of Ae. aegypti: the east coast, with homogeneous infection rates, and the west coast, with heterogeneous infection rates. No geographic differences could be demonstrated on Moorea. The possible mechanisms of this phenomenon are discussed in connection with recent findings on the variability of susceptibility of Ae. aegypti to insecticides.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5891,

title = {An improved method for the production of antibodies to lipophilic carboxylic hapten using small amount of hapten-carrier conjugate.},

author = {S Pauillac and J Naar and P Branaa and M Chinain},

year  = {1998},

date = {1998-01-01},

journal = {J Immunol Method},

volume = {220},

pages = {105-14},

abstract = {A rapid, simple and low cost procedure for preparing minute amount of hapten-protein conjugates was developed using 4-acetyl benzoic acid (ABA) and two other closely related small chromophoric haptens. The amide bond-generating mixed anhydride method of Erlanger was modified to promote conjugation to various proteins (bovine serum albumin, ovalbumin, casein and hemocyanin) or to a synthetic homopolymer (Poly-DL-lysine). The key process in this synthesis is the use of a reversed micellar medium allowing strong carrier haptenization as determined by spectrophotometric measurement at characteristic hapten absorption peaks. This coupling procedure is applicable to as little hapten material as 0.2 micromol and is disclosed to be most valuable for other rare lipid haptens which pose analytical problem in biological fluids and matrices. Specific mice polyclonal antibodies were produced following multiple intraperitoneal injections of (ABA)23-BSA conjugate as revealed by indirect and competitive ELISA. Calculated KD for the interaction of the antibodies with free ABA was found to be 5 X 10(-5)M.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5881,

title = {Alteration of the plateau of cardiac muscle action potential by ciguatoxin-3C.},

author = {M Y Dechraoui Bottein and A-M Legrand and M P Sauviat},

year  = {1998},

date = {1998-01-01},

journal = {Toxicon},

volume = {36},

pages = {1734},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5878,

title = {Control of Simulium buissoni in Nuku Hiva (French Polynesia).},

author = {Y Séchan and O Fossati and A H Danigo and S Loncke and P Guillet},

year  = {1998},

date = {1998-01-01},

journal = {Verh Internat Verein Limnol},

volume = {26},

pages = {2145-7},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5872,

title = {Changing clinical and biological manifestations of dengue during the dengue-2 epidemic in French Polynesia in 1996/97 - description and analysis in a prospective study.},

author = {X Deparis and B Murgue and C Roche and O Cassar and E Chungue},

year  = {1998},

date = {1998-01-01},

journal = {Trop Med Int Hlth},

volume = {3},

pages = {859-65},

abstract = {In August 1996 dengue-2 virus was detected in French Polynesia for the first time since 1976. A prospective study was conducted from November 1996 to April 1997. Each time one of 7 physicians suspected dengue, the patient was enrolled and epidemiological, clinical and biological data were recorded. Dengue diagnosis was confirmed by virus isolation and IgM detection. The aims of this study were to find clinical and biological predictive factors constituting a specific profile of dengue (DF) and dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF/DSS) and to assess the possibility of diagnosing dengue at primary health care level using clinical criteria and basic laboratory parameters. Of 298 clinically suspect cases, 196 (66%) were confirmed as dengue. The association of macular rash, pruritis, low platelet count and leukopenia was statistically predictive of dengue but not clinically, since these four signs occur in many other viral infections. As the prevalence of clinical and biological manifestations varied over time in our study, a specific profile useful for dengue diagnosis cannot be defined. With six cases of DHF, the morbidity of this dengue-2 outbreak was very low despite the sequential infection scheme DEN-3/DEN-2. The clinical expression of dengue could depend on a specific virus strain circulating in a specific population in a particular place, with varying virulence over time.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5869,

title = {Diversity in symbiotic dinoflagellates (Pyrrhophyta) from seven scleractinian coral species : restriction enzyme analysis of small subunit ribosomal RNA genes.},

author = {H T Darius and C Dauga and P Grimont and E Chungue and P M V Martin},

year  = {1998},

date = {1998-01-01},

journal = {J Euk Microbiol},

volume = {45},

pages = {619-27},

abstract = {The diversity of symbiotic dinoflagellates (SD) from seven coral species (Fungia scutaria, Fungia paumotensis, Leptastrea transversa, Pavona cactus, Pocillopora verrucosa, Montastrea curta, and Acropora formosa) was studied in a restricted geographical area, the lagoon of Arue on the island of Tahiti. Their diversity was explored by small subunit ribosomal RNA gene (SSU rDNA) restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). After a nested amplification with SD specific primers, RFLP analyses were performed directly and after a cloning step. The diversity of these different SSU rDNA was estimated in respect to possible technical artifacts. In an axenic culture of SD from the coral Galaxea fascicularis, both heterogeneous SSU rDNAs and artifact molecules were observed as in our SD samples. According to the number of patterns observed, corals Fungia paumotensis, Leptastrea transversa, Pavona cactus, Montastrea curta, and Acropora formosa contained one class of SD SSU rDNAs, whereas Fungia scutaria and Pocillopora verrucosa contained three and two classes of SD SSU rDNAs respectively. In the limited geographic area studied, SD from different coral species shared the same pattern, except SD from Montastrea curta, which showed a unique pattern. In addition to the possibility of SD flux among different coral species, specific mechanisms could also be involved in the establishment of a symbiosis.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5870,

title = {Dengue in French Polynesia : major features, surveillance, molecular epidemiology and current situation.},

author = {E Chungue and X Deparis and B Murgue},

year  = {1998},

date = {1998-01-01},

journal = {Pacific Health Dialog},

volume = {5},

pages = {154-62},

abstract = {Emergence of dengue epidemics worlwide has paralleled the expansion of the mosquito vector Aedes aegypti, together with jet air travel and increased urbanization. All four dengue virus serotypes (DEN-1, -2, -3, -4) have occurred in epidemic form during the last 50 years in French Polynesia. The first epidemic with known serotype was due to DEN-1 in 1944, during World War II. The disease disappeared from the Eastern Pacific after a Pacific-wide pandemic, but a series of epidemics at short intervals during two decades : DEN-3 in 1964-1965, DEN-2 in 1971, DEN-1 in 1975-1976, and DEN-4 in 1979. From 1980 to 1988, transmission of DEN-4 continued at a very low level until the resurgence of DEN-1 and DEN-3 in back-to-back epidemics in 1989. In 1996, DEN-2 reappeared in Tahiti and spread further into New Caledonia, the Cook Islands, Tonga, Samoa, and Fiji. As in most Pacific countries, epidemics with only one serotype have occurred in French Polynesia. Each time, genetic analysis of the causative viruses showed that the current epidemic was due to the introduction of a genotype different from the viruses recovered from past epidemics. These observations emphasize the need of an active clinical and virological surveillance for prevention and control of epidemics, together with molecular characterization of the viruses as part of the investigation of a dengue epidemic. As of now, a new genotype of DEN-2 different from that involved in the 1970s is disseminating throughout the Pacific region.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5877,

title = {Ecologie d'Aedes polynesiensis Marks, 1951 (Diptera : Culicidae) vecteur de la filariose de Bancroft : 1 - Les noix de coco rongées par les rats comme gîtes larvaires.},

author = {F Rivière and J M Klein and R Thirel and M Chebret},

year  = {1998},

date = {1998-01-01},

journal = {Ann Soc Entomol Fr},

volume = {34},

pages = {195-207},

abstract = {Les coques des noix de coco tombées à terre, en particulier celles rongées par les rats, constituent des gîtes larvaires importants pour de nombreuses espèces de moustiques sténotopes dans le Pacifique Sud. Deux espèces de rats sont responsables de la chute des noix en Polynésie : Rattus rattus L. et R. exulans Peale. Les rats s'attaquent uniquement aux jeunes noix dans les arbres et y font un prélèvement minime de lait et de pulpe. La putréfaction alcoolique de la pulpe suit immédiatement la chute à terre de la noix. Après une suite complexe de successions biologiques, le liquide contenu dans les noix acquiert les caractéristiques d'un gîte larvaire de moustiques, permettant l'installation de plusieurs espèces des genres Culex et Aedes ; le milieu a acquis alors les caractéristiques écologiques des eaux des autres gîtes larvaires des moustiques. L'évolution dans le temps d'une noix de coco rongée par un rat est décrite sur les plans microbiologique et faunistique. La productivité moyenne de ces gîtes larvaires et leurs variations sont étudiées en fonction des climats locaux. Dans les cocoteraies des îles hautes et dans les plantations mal ou non entretenues d'atolls, les noix de coco rongées par les rats constituent une source des plus favorables au développement de A. (Stegomyia) polynesiensis, moustique vecteur principal de la filariose de Bancroft en Polynésie. Dans l'île principale de Tahiti, les cocoteraies disparaissent du fait de l'aménagement quasi général de la bande côtière pour l'habitat humain et ce type de gîte larvaire n'a plus d'importance que très localement.Fallen coconut, namely the coconuts eaten by rats, are known to be mosquito breeding sites of major importance in the South Pacific area. In french Polynesia, Aedes (Stegomyia) polynesiensis Marks, 1951, Culex (Culex) atriceps Belkin 1962 et C. (C.) quinquefasciatus Say breed in it. Rats eat only young coconuts but they make only a light sample on pulp and coconut milk. Rattus rattus L. and R. exulans Peale are the two rat species that egg the fall down of coconut. Alcoholic decay of the remaining organic materials occurs immediatly after the fall down of the dead fruit. It is only after a complex biologic sequence due to the growth of different agents of the microflora (yeasts, bacteria, alguae), of the micro fauna (strongyloïds worms, Protozoa) and the macrofauna (by order larvae of Diptera Syrphidae, Calliphoridae, Muscidae, then Drosophilidae and Psychodidae) that the larvae of mosquitoes, first Culex sp. larvae then A. polynesiensis itself, can breed in it. Evolution of microflora and of fauna is described in the course of time in the decaying water of coconut eaten by rats. Studies on mean productivity of a coconut shell and its local variations are evaluated according to the local environnement. Coconut eaten by rats remain one of the main sources of A. polynesiensis, a mosquito vector of Bancroft's filariasis in Polynesia in all coconut plantations of volcanic high islands, and in badly or not upkeep plantations of atolls. But in Tahiti island itself, because of a general management for human habitats of coastal areas, this kind of breeding sites are strictly localized.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5876,

title = {Ecologie d'Aedes polynesiensis Marks, 1951 (Diptera : Culicidae) vecteur de la filariose de Bancroft. 2 - Les terriers du crabe terrestre Cardisoma carnifex comme gîtes larvaires.},

author = {F Rivière and J M Klein and J Duval and Y Séchan and R Thirel and M Faaruia and L Colombani},

year  = {1998},

date = {1998-01-01},

journal = {Ann Soc Entomol Fr},

volume = {34},

pages = {259-83},

abstract = {Dans la région Indo-Pacifique, les terriers des crabes du genre Cardisoma abondent le long des plaines côtières des continents et des îles tropicales. Les relations entre la biologie d'Aedes (Stegomyia) polynesiensis, vecteur de filarioses et de dengue, et la biologie du crabe terrestre Cardisoma carniflex ont fait l'objet de recherches en Polynésie française. Les auteurs étudient d'abord la ponte du moustique en fonction de la forme et de la profondeur des terriers. Ensuite, ils décrivent la dynamique des populations et les taux de survie des formes préimaginales en fonction de paramètres physico-chimiques : morphologie de la cavité, variations du niveau de l'eau dans la chambre du terrier, température, salinité, pH, oxygène dissous, conductivité de l'eau et faune associée. Enfin, les auteurs étudient les relations entre la productivité de ces gîtes larvaires, l'abondance locale des populations de moustiques et la transmission de la Filariose de Bancroft dans les différents archipels de la Polynésie. A l'évidence, les terriers de Cardisoma constituent le gîte 'mère' le plus productif pour le moustique A. polynesiensis .L'élimination d'A. polynesiensis est particulièrement difficile à cause du problème posé par les crabes terrestres. Les méthodes classiques de lutte chimique contre les larves et les adultes de moustiques ne sont pas adaptées à la structure particulière des terriers. La solution simpliste qui consiste, pour limiter les moustiques, à détruire les crabes, est à proscrire afin d'éviter la pollution de l'eau phréatique et de respecter l'environnnement. Pour les auteurs, la lutte contre le vecteur de la filariose de Bancroft, autour des zones habitées et des localités touristiques où abondent les terriers, ne peut faire appel qu'à deux stratégies : les travaux de génie sanitaire empêchant les crabes de creuser le sol jusqu'à la nappe phréatique, et l'introduction du prédateur naturel Mesocyclops aspericornis.

In the Indo-Pacific region, holes of the land crab of the genus Cardisoma are very commun in coastal areas of main land, islands and atolls of the tropical countries. Relationships between ecology of the mosquito Aedes polynesiensis Marks, vector of human deseases, and the holes of Cardisoma carniflex (Herbst) have been investigated between 1980 and 1986 in Polynesia. The authors first studied egg laying behaviour of A. polynesiensis according to diameter and length of galleries. Then they describe population dynamics and life tables of larvae and pupae of mosquitoes in regards to various physico-chemical factors as hole morphology, water level and analysis, and associated fauna. Data on relationships between pupal production, local abundance of crab holes and life cycles, densities of adult populations of A. polynesiensis and Bancroft filariasis transmission, are collected throughout the different archipelagoes of Polynesia. The authors conclude that holes of C. carniflex constitute the more productive breeding site for A. polynesiensis in Polynesia. They content always large volumes of water and physico-chemical conditions are generally optimal for good and fast larval development : a) crabs digging holes permanently, b) Aedes eggs hatching by overflowing throughout the whole year with phreatic sheet movements up and down according to rainfall and also with variations of level of coastal sea waters due to tides, winds, storm swells, c) temperature range, pH and dissolved oxygen contents, alimentary ressources with best values for immature development of mosquitoes, d) crab holes being everywhere numerous in depressions of soft soils of coasts where phreatic water lays less than 1,30 meters deep, e) crab holes galleries being good resting places for adults ecophases of mosquitoes. The only ecological limiting factors for A. polynesiensis biology in crab holes are only water salinity if holes have been digged near sea level and predation by the cyclopoid copepod Mesocyclops aspericornis Daday.

In Polynesia, control of filariasis is limited because of difficulties to control mosquitoes living in crab holes. Methods using very toxic products to kill crabs, have to be avoided : phreatic sheets form main tap water reserves of coastal regions of higher islands and on atolls, larvae of land crabs are essential for tropical coastal sea-water food chains, adults of land crabs aerate and recycle organic materials in salinated terrestrial soils. Authors lead to conclusion that only two methods must be used to control bancroftian filariasis vectors : local destruction of suitable place for crab holes by filling in and raising up depressionnal areas and introduction of predatory copepod like M. aspericornis in land crab water.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5890,

title = {Isolation and structures of new ciguatoxin analogs, 2,3-dihydroxyCTX3C and 51-hydroxyCTX3C, accumulated in tropical reef fish.},

author = {M Satake and M Fukui and A-M Legrand and P Cruchet and T Yasumoto},

year  = {1998},

date = {1998-01-01},

journal = {Tetrahedon Lett},

volume = {39},

pages = {1197-8},

abstract = {Two new ciguatoxin analogs, 2,3-dihydroxyCTX3C and 51-hydroxyCTX3C, were isolated from the moray eel Gymnothorax javanicus. Their structures including relative configurations were elucidated on the basis of 1H-NMR data.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5889,

title = {Isolation and structures of new ciguatoxin analogs, 2,3-dihydroxyCTX3C and 51-hydroxyCTX3C, accumulated in tropical reef fish.},

author = {M Satake and M Fukui and A-M Legrand and P Cruchet and T Yasumoto},

year  = {1998},

date = {1998-01-01},

journal = {Tetrahedon Lett},

volume = {39},

pages = {1197-8},

abstract = {Two new ciguatoxin analogs, 2,3-dihydroxyCTX3C and 51-hydroxyCTX3C, were isolated from the moray eel Gymnothorax javanicus. Their structures including relative configurations were elucidated on the basis of 1H-NMR data.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5875,

title = {Implication of MIP-1a in the inhibition of human hematopoietic progenitor growth by dengue virus.},

author = {B Murgue and O Cassar and X Deparis and M Guigon and E Chungue},

year  = {1998},

date = {1998-01-01},

journal = {J Gen Virol},

volume = {79},

pages = {1889-93},

abstract = {The mechanisms were investigated of haematopoietic progenitor growth inhibition, observed after in vitro infection of cord blood mononuclear cells (CBMNC) by a clinical isolate of dengue 3 (29-56DSS). The level of virus replication was not different when CBMNC were inoculated with 29-56DSS compared with a prototype strain of dengue 3 (H-87) which had no inhibitory effect. An inhibitory effect was also observed when cell-free and heat-inactivated supernatants from 29-56DSS cultures, but not from H-87 cultures, were added to cultures of normal CBMNC, suggesting an indirect mechanism via the release of soluble suppressive factor(s). Macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha (MIP-1alpha) was detected at a significantly higher level in 29-56DSS cultures than in controls. Blocking experiments with anti-MIP-1alpha antibody demonstrated that the inhibitory effect was related at least partly to high MIP-1alpha levels. To our knowledge, this is the first report suggesting an indirect effect of dengue infection on haematopoiesis mediated by a suppressive cytokine.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}