@article{5688,

title = {Emergence of Zika virus.},

author = {D Musso and T Nhan},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Clin Microbiol},

volume = {4},

abstract = {Zika virus was first described in the 1940s. During more than all of a century, less than 20 human infections have been reported. Emergence of Zika started with a first outbreak in the Pacific area in 2007 (Federated States of Micronesia), a second large outbreak occurred in the Pacific in 2013/2014 (French Polynesia) and subsequently the virus spread in other Pacific Islands. Zika virus emerged in the Americas (Brazil) in 2015. Emergence of Zika virus in the Pacific was associated with the description of severe neurological complications.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5684,

title = {Establishment of the Brown Widow Spider (Araneae: Theridiidae) and Infestation of its Egg Sacs by a Parasitoid, Philolema latrodecti (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae), in French Polynesia and the Cook Islands.},

author = {J Marie and R S Vetter},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {J Med Entomol},

volume = {52},

pages = {1291-8},

abstract = {This paper presents two newly established species for French Polynesia: the invasive brown widow spider, Latrodectus geometricus C. L. Koch, and its potential biocontrol agent, the parasitoid wasp, Philolema latrodecti (Fullaway). The brown widow spider was recorded from the island of Moorea in 2006 and, since that discovery, the occurrence of this species has expanded to two of the five archipelagos of French Polynesia including the main island of Tahiti and four of the Cook Islands. Although the tropical climate contributes to the establishment of L. geometricus, a biotic factor, P. latrodecti, may restrain population from demographic explosion. This eurytomid wasp is present in French Polynesia and is a parasitoid that has been used in biological control of the southern black widow Latrodectus mactans (F.) in Hawaii. This wasp could become a significant limiting factor for L. geometricus distribution on these islands, as it was found in 31% of the Tahitian brown widow spider egg sacs that were dissected. However, thus far, the wasp was only found on Tahiti in association with the brown widow spider. Although the brown widow is generally considered to be less toxic than its black widow relatives, it remains of medical concern in French Polynesia because reactions to its bites can, at times, be severe. The spider remains of public concern because it is a novel species; it has the word widow in its name and dark morphs are mistaken as black widows.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5682,

title = {Evaluation of traps and lures for mosquito vectors and xenomonitoring of Wuchereria bancrofti in a high prevalence Samoan village.},

author = {L Hapairai and C Plichart and T Naseri and U Silva and L Tesimale and P Pemita and H C Bossin and T R Burkot and S A Ritchie and P Graves and W Melrose and H Joseph},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Parasite Vectors},

volume = {8},

pages = {287},

abstract = {BackgroundElimination of lymphatic filariasis (LF) in Samoa continues to be challenging despite multiple annual mass drug campaigns aimed at stopping transmission by reducing the prevalence and density of microfilaraemia. The persistence of transmission may be partly related to the highly efficient Aedes vectors. The assessment of pathogen transmission by mosquito vectors and of vector control relies on the ability to capture mosquitoes efficiently. The aims of this study are to compare trapping methods to capture LF-infected mosquitoes and determine the role in transmission of the species of Aedes mosquitoes in the area.

Methods

Fasitoo-Tai village was the chosen site because of persistent transmission despite annual mass drug administration. Sampling methods included BioGents Sentinel (BGS) trap, human-baited collections (HBC) and the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) trap. BGS and CDC traps were baited with BG-lure, CO2, and/or octenol. Individual trap locations were geo-located and efficiency of sampling methods was evaluated using a randomized Latin-square design in two locations. Number of mosquitoes collected (male and female), as well as species for each trapping method were determined. Additionally, Ae. polynesiensis and Ae. (Finlaya) spp. females were pooled by trap method and analysed for filarial DNA. Infection prevalence was estimated using the PoolScreen software.

Results

The BGS trap with any type of bait collected more mosquitoes compared to both the CDC trap and the HBC. The BGS trap baited with BG-lure collected more mosquitoes than with CO2 and octenol. There were no significant differences between trapping methods in terms of proportions of infected females collected. The prevalence of filarial infection in Ae. polynesiensis and Ae. (Finlaya) spp. was estimated at 4.7 % and 0.67 % respectively.

Conclusions

This study supports the use of the BGS trap for research on and surveillance of the mosquito vectors of LF in Samoa. The BGS trap is a suitable and safer alternative to HBC for sampling Ae. polynesiensis and Ae. (Finlaya) spp., which continue to be the predominant vectors of LF. Of concern was the high prevalence of LF in mosquitoes despite a recent mass drug administration programme. This highlights the urgency for updated policies concerning filariasis elimination in Samoa.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5679,

title = {First report of a mass-poisoning outbreak following the consumption of Tectus niloticus (Gastropod) in French Polynesia : a novel pathway of Ciguatera Fish Poisoning ?},

author = {C M Gatti and H T Darius and M Chinain and D Lonati},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {IOC Newsletter on Toxic Algae and Algal Blooms},

volume = {50},

pages = {19-20},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5677,

title = {Filariasis serosurvey, New Caledonia, South Pacific, 2013.},

author = {M Daures and J Champagnat and A Pfannstiel and F Ringuenoire and J P Grangeon and D Musso},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Parasite Vectors},

volume = {8},

pages = {102},

abstract = {BackgroundLymphatic filariasis (LF) is a major public health problem in the Pacific. As the global prevalence of infection was not known in New Caledonia (NC), a serosurvey study was conducted by determining the prevalence of circulating filarial antigens, as recommended by the World Health Organization.

Findings

A cross sectional study on a 2 degree stratified sample was carried out from June to November 2013. Inclusion criteria were: individuals aged 2 to 80 y/o, who had been hospitalized or sought medical care for a non-infectious cause and who had been living in NC for more than 6 months. LF antigenic detection was performed using the immunocromatographic BinaxNOW filariasis card test (ICT). Among the 1,035 individuals tested, 7 were antigenic. The overall LF antigenic prevalence was 0.62% (CI 95% [0.60-0.63]). All patients were unrelated to each other; none of them presented clinical symptoms of LF. Four of the 7 ICT positive patients reported having travelled to LF endemic areas, 2 patients had never traveled outside NC and the last one had only traveled in non-endemic areas. For the 7 ICT positive patients, the research of microfilariae in blood smears and filarial DNA by PCR was negative.

Conclusion

The prevalence of filarial antigenemia in NC is less than 1%, the threshold that defines the filarial endemic areas for WHO. Nevertheless, as two patients who had never travelled outside NC and one who had only travelled to non-endemic areas were antigenic, we cannot conclude that NC is totally free of LF.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5696,

title = {Mycobacterium abscessus pneumonia in a South Pacific islander.},

author = {M Phelippeau and D Musso and M Drancourt},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {J Microbiol Immunol Infect},

volume = {S1684-1182},

pages = {32-8},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5680,

title = {Obesity and metabolic parameters in adolescents : a school-based intervention program in FP.},

author = {C M Gatti and E Suhas and S Côte and E Anassour-Laouan sidi and E Dewailly and M Lucas},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {J Adolescent Health},

volume = {56},

pages = {174-80},

abstract = {PurposeThe prevalence of overweight/obesity among French Polynesian adolescents is alarming. This study aims to prevent rises in obesity by modifying school food and the physical environment of French Polynesian adolescents.

METHODS:

During the 5-month study, 240 adolescents from a Tubuai island college (in French Polynesia) received a balanced diet based almost exclusively on local agricultural products and fishing by the island community. They were divided into three subgroups according to their college attendance status: external (n = 14), half residents (n = 155), and residents (n = 71). To increase energy expenditure, weekly physical activity was augmented by 2-4 hours of training in Polynesian Va'a canoes. Anthropometric parameters were recorded, and blood samples collected at baseline and after 5 months. Collegians from Rurutu, a neighboring island, were considered as controls (N = 90).

Results

At baseline, overweight/obesity prevalence was 60% (with 28% obesity) in the intervention group. After 5 months, adjusted weight gain was -.76 kg for residents (95% confidence interval [CI], -1.59 to .08), 1.34 kg for half residents (95% CI, .84-1.83), 1.82 kg for externs (95% CI, .66-2.97), and 4.2 kg (95% CI, 3.4-5.0) in the controls. Our results indicate that the more adolescents were subjected to food and physical activity commitments, the higher was the rate among those who lost weight. We noted that the weight change magnitude predicted insulin, glucose, and visceral obesity modifications.

Conclusions

This 5-month school-based intervention slowed weight gain and improved the health of Polynesian collegians. The implementation of longer school-based interventions deserves evaluation.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5690,

title = {Potential sexual transmission of Zika virus.},

author = {D Musso and C Roche and E Robin and T Nhan and A Teissier and V M Cao-Lormeau},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Emerg Infect Dis},

volume = {21},

pages = {359-61},

abstract = {In December 2013, during a Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreak in French Polynesia, a patient in Tahiti sought treatment for hematospermia, and ZIKV was isolated from his semen. ZIKV transmission by sexual intercourse has been previously suspected. This observation supports the possibility that ZIKV could be transmitted sexually.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5683,

title = {Salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis in French Polynesia, South Pacific, 2008-2013.},

author = {S Le Hello and F Maillard and H P Mallet and E Daudens and M Levy and V Roy and P Branaa and S Bertrand and L Fabre and FX. Weill},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Emerg Infect Dis},

volume = {21},

pages = {1045-8},

abstract = {Outbreaks of Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis infections associated with eggs occurred in French Polynesia during 2008-2013. Molecular analysis of isolates by using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat polymorphisms and multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis was performed. This subtyping made defining the epidemic strain, finding the source, and decontaminating affected poultry flocks possible.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5673,

title = {Seroprevalence of arboviruses among blood donors in French Polynesia, 2011-2013.},

author = {M Aubry and J Finke and A Teissier and C Roche and J Broult and S Paulous and P Despres and V M Cao-Lormeau and D Musso},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Int J Infect Dis},

volume = {41},

pages = {11-2},

abstract = {ObjectivesFrench Polynesia is a high epidemic/endemic area for arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses). We recently reported the silent circulation of Ross River virus and absence of active transmission of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) among blood donors sampled before the emergence of Zika virus (ZIKV) and CHIKV in French Polynesia. In this study, the prevalence of the four serotypes of dengue virus (DENV) and the occurrence of circulation of other arboviruses were investigated in blood donors in French Polynesia.

Methods

Serum samples from 593 blood donors collected between July 2011 and October 2013 were tested by ELISA for the presence of immunoglobulin G antibodies against each of the four DENV serotypes, ZIKV, Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), and West Nile virus (WNV).

Results

It was found that 80.3%, 0.8%, 1.3%, and 1.5% of blood donors were seropositive for at least one DENV serotype, ZIKV, JEV, and WNV, respectively.

Conclusions

These results corroborate the expected high transmission of DENV and conversely suggest that no active circulation of ZIKV, JEV, and WNV occurred in French Polynesia before 2011. Information provided by this study may be useful for public health authorities to improve surveillance and implement strategies to prevent the transmission of arboviruses.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5674,

title = {Silent Circulation of Ross River Virus in French Polynesia.},

author = {M Aubry and J Finke and A Teissier and C Roche and J Broult and S Paulous and P Despres and V M Cao-Lormeau and D Musso},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Int J Infect Dis},

volume = {37},

pages = {19-24},

abstract = {ObjectivesRoss River is an emerging mosquito-borne disease in the Western Pacific. Ross River virus (RRV) circulation has been sporadically reported in some Pacific Island Countries and Territories but never in French Polynesia. To determine if RRV has circulated locally among the French Polynesian population, we conducted a seroprevalence study on blood donors.

Methods

Sera of 593 blood donors were collected from July 2011 to October 2013 and tested by ELISA for the presence of RRV-specific Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies.

Results

A total of 204 (34.40%) blood donors were found seropositive for RRV. Among the 132 blood donors that were born in French Polynesia and had never travelled abroad, 56 (42.42%) had RRV-specific IgGs.

Discussion

Our results support the existence of autochthonous RRV transmission and suggest that this pathogen has silently circulated in French Polynesia. These findings raise the question of possible undetected circulation of RRV in other Pacific Island Countries and Territories.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5691,

title = {The burden of chikungunya in the Pacific.},

author = {T Nhan and D Musso},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Clin Microbiol Infect},

volume = {21},

pages = {e47-8},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5697,

title = {Use of Centrifugal Filter Devices to Concentrate Dengue Virus in Mosquito per os Infection Experiments.},

author = {V Richard and J Viallon and V M Cao-Lormeau},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {PLOS One},

volume = {10},

pages = {e0138161},

abstract = {Dengue virus (DENV) is an arbovirus transmitted to humans by the bite of infected Aedes mosquitoes. Experimental per os infection of mosquitoes with DENV is usually a preliminary step in virus/vector studies but it requires being able to prepare artificial blood-meals with high virus titers. We report here the convenient use of centrifugal filter devices to quickly concentrate DENV particles in cell-culture supernatants. The median viral titer in concentrated-supernatants was 8.50 log10 TCID50/mL. By using these DENV concentrated-supernatants to prepare infectious blood-meals in Aedes aegypti per os infection experiments, we obtained a mean mosquito-infection rate of 94%. We also evaluated the use of centrifugal filter devices to recover DENV particles from non-infectious blood-meals presented to infected mosquitoes through a feeding membrane to collect their saliva.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5686,

title = {Zika virus transmission from French Polynesia to Brazil.},

author = {D Musso},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Emerg Infect Dis},

volume = {21},

pages = {1887},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5687,

title = {Zika virus : following the path of dengue and chikungunya ?},

author = {D Musso and V M Cao-Lormeau and D J Gubler},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Lancet},

volume = {386},

pages = {243-4},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5714,

title = {Absence of antibodies to Rickettsia spp., Bartonella spp., Ehrlichia spp. and Coxiella burnetii in Tahiti, French Polynesia.},

author = {D Musso and J Broult and P Parola and D Raoult and E Fournier},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

journal = {BMC Infect Dis},

volume = {14},

pages = {255},

abstract = {BACKGROUNDIn the Pacific islands countries and territories, very little is known about the incidence of infectious diseases due to zoonotic pathogens. To our knowledge, human infections due to Rickettsia spp., Coxiella burnetii, Ehrlichia spp. and Bartonella spp. have never been reported in French Polynesia; and infections due to C. burnetti have been reported worldwide except in New Zealand. To evaluate the prevalence of this disease, we conducted a serosurvey among French Polynesian blood donors.

METHODS

The presence of immunoglobulin G antibodies against R. felis, R. typhi, R. conorii, C. burnetii, B. henselae, B. quintana, and E. chaffeensis was evaluated by indirect immunofluorescence assay in sera from 472 French Polynesian blood donors collected from 2011 to 2013. In addition, 178 ticks and 36 cat fleas collected in French Polynesia were also collected and tested by polymerase chain reaction to detect Rickettsia spp., B. henselae and Ehrlichia spp.

RESULTS

None of the blood donors had antibodies at a significant level against Rickettsia spp., Coxiella burnetii, Ehrlichia spp. and Bartonella spp. All tested ticks and cat fleas were PCR-negative for Rickettsia spp., B. henselae, and Ehrlichia spp.

CONCLUSION

We cannot conclude that these pathogens are absent in French Polynesia but, if present, their prevalence is probably very low. C. burnetii has been reported worldwide except in New Zealand. It may also be absent from French Polynesia.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5711,

title = {Amotosalem and ultraviolet A illumination of dengue in plasma.},

author = {D Musso and V Richard and V M Cao-Lormeau},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

journal = {Vox Sanguinis},

volume = {107},

pages = {218},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5715,

title = {Chikungunya virus imported into French Polynesia, 2014.},

author = {T Nhan and A Claverie and C Roche and A Teissier and M Colleuil and J M Baudet and V M Cao-Lormeau and D Musso},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

journal = {Emerg Infect Dis},

volume = {20},

pages = {1773-4},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5706,

title = {Ciguatera fish toxicity in French Polynesia : size does not always matter.},

author = {M Gaboriau and D Ponton and H T Darius and M Chinain},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

journal = {Toxicon},

volume = {84},

pages = {41-50},

abstract = {Accumulation of ciguatoxins (CTXs) in tropical reef fish tissues during their life is responsible of the most prevalent human seafood intoxication in the South Pacific called Ciguatera Fish Poisoning (CFP). It has been assumed for a long time that CTXs are transferred and accumulated along the trophic food chain, and consequently that smaller individuals within a given fish species are safer to eat than larger ones. However, the relationship between toxicity and fish size has been studied for a limited number of species only and the conclusions are often contradictory. The toxicity of 856 fishes from 59 different species sampled in six islands in French Polynesia between 2003 and 2011 was assessed by Receptor Binding Assay. Among them, 45 species × island and 32 families × island for which the number of individuals was =6 allowed testing the relationship between toxicity and size. Except for six specimens of Lutjanus bohar caught in Fakarava (P < 0.01; R2 = 0.854), the 44 remaining species × island showed no significant increase of CTXs concentration with fish total length (TL). Moreover, the proportion of toxic individuals decreased significantly for Epinephelus polyphekadion from Fakarava (n = 24; P < 0.05) and Kyphosus cinerascens from Raivavae (n = 29; P < 0.05), while no significant variation was detected for the other 43 species × island. At the family level, only three positive and three negative relationships between size and CTXs concentration were observed among the 32 family × island analyzed. No relationship between the proportion of toxic fish within a family and the relative total length of individuals were observed. The lack of relationship between toxicity and size observed for most of the species and families from the six islands suggests that fish size cannot be used as an efficient predictor of fish toxicity in French Polynesia. These results highlight the need for improving our knowledge about metabolic processes which may play a role in CTXs bio-accumulation and depuration among the different trophic levels of fishes.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5701,

title = {Ciguatéra : aspects écologiques, biologiques et toxicologiques.},

author = {M Chinain and C M Gatti and M Roué and D Laurent},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

journal = {RFL},

pages = {27-39},

abstract = {La ciguatéra est une intoxication résultant de la consommation de produits marins d’ambiance corallienne contaminés par des toxines marines, les ciguatoxines (CTXs), qui agissent préférentiellement sur les canaux sodiques dépendants du potentiel d’action. Cette pathologie, hautement prévalente dans les régions tropicales et intertropicales du globe, se caractérise par des troubles digestifs, neurologiques, cutanés, cardiovasculaires et respiratoires d’intensité variable, parfois compliqués par la survenue de cas chroniques et l’absence de traitement réellement efficace, sauf peut-être au sein de la pharmacopée traditionnelle. Le principal agent causal de cette pathologie est un dinoflagellé benthique, Gambierdiscus spp., qui se caractérise par une diversité morphologique et moléculaire remarquable (11 espèces connues à ce jour) et une très large répartition géographique. Plus récemment, l’implication potentielle de cyanobactéries marines dans des formes atypiques de ciguatéra a également été documentée. Les perturbations environnementales (e.g. températures élevées) et d’origine anthropique infligées aux écosystèmes coralliens sont autant de facteurs déclenchant des flambées ciguatériques. Seules certaines lignées de Gambierdiscus sont génétiquement capables de produire des CTXs. Ces dernières se répartissent en 3 grandes familles correspondant aux 3 zones d’endémie de la maladie (i.e. Pacifique, Caraïbes et Océan Indien), soit plus d’une quarantaine d’analogues chimiques. En dépit de la large panoplie de tests de détection déjà disponibles (tests in vivo, in vitro voire même traditionnels), il n’existe actuellement aucun test de référence dûment validé, ce qui constitue un obstacle majeur à l’exploitation durable des ressources pisciaires.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5708,

title = {Dynamics of ciguatoxins from Gambierdiscus polynesiensis in the benthic herbivore Mugil cephalus: Trophic transfer implications.},

author = {A Ledreux and H Brand and M Chinain and M Y Dechraoui-Bottein and J S Ramsdell},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

journal = {Harmful Algae},

volume = {39},

pages = {165-74},

abstract = {This study investigates ciguatoxin dynamics in mullet after controlled feeding of Gambierdiscus polynesiensis cells as a model to characterize the absorption, distribution, retention and accumulation of ciguatoxins into the second trophic level of southwestern Pacific coral reef ecosystems. Mullet (Mugil cephalus) were fed once every other day over a period of 16 days for nine toxic feedings, and ciguatoxin activity was assessed over time in blood and seven tissues using the Neuro2a assay. Within 3 h of feeding on G. polynesiensis cells, ciguatoxins attained maximal blood concentrations, indicating rapid absorption of toxins into the systemic circulation. The time course for distribution of the estimated total tissue burden of ciguatoxin closely followed the time course for blood toxin levels, indicating a rapid distribution of the ciguatoxins throughout the fish body. The large majority (95%) of the ciguatoxin ingested dose was eliminated from the examined fish tissues 24 h after a single toxic meal, indicating little retention potential for ciguatoxin. We found no evidence for ciguatoxin accumulation after nine repeated feedings spaced two days apart, indicating that mullet did not accumulate ciguatoxin. These results provide the first experimental evidence supporting the central tenet of Randall's food chain hypothesis that ciguatoxins enter the food chain by transfer from unicellular algae to herbivorous and detritus-feeding fish. We propose that a time-dependent transformation of oxopene ciguatoxins may be necessary for the concentration of ciguatoxin through higher trophic levels.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5703,

title = {Dengue virus type-3, South Pacific Islands, 2013.},

author = {V M Cao-Lormeau and C Roche and D Musso and H P Mallet and T Dalipanda and A Dofai and F Nogareda and E Nilles and J Aaskov},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

journal = {Emerg Infect Dis},

volume = {20},

pages = {1034-6},

abstract = {After an 18-year absence, dengue virus serotype 3 reemerged in the South Pacific Islands in 2013. Outbreaks in western (Solomon Islands) and eastern (French Polynesia) regions were caused by different genotypes. This finding suggested that immunity against dengue virus serotype, rather than virus genotype, was the principal determinant of reemergence.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5707,

title = {Effect of temperature and larval density on Aedes polynesiensis (Diptera: Culicidae) laboratory rearing productivity and male characteristics.},

author = {L Hapairai and J Marie and S P Sinkins and H C Bossin},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

journal = {Acta Trop},

volume = {132},

pages = {S108-15},

abstract = {Aedes polynesiensis Marks (Diptera: Culicidae) larvae were reared to adulthood in the laboratory under a range of temperatures and larval densities. We studied the effect of these variables on several life table parameters of relevance to male-release-based vector control strategies including: larval survivorship, developmental time to pupation, male to female ratio, male pupae yield, adult male size and survival. The range of tested rearing temperatures (20, 25, 27, and 30 °C) and larval densities (50, 100, 200, and 400 larvae/L) was selected within the conditions allowing larval growth and survival. Larval survivorship was the highest when larvae were reared at 200 larvae/L for all temperatures except 20 °C. Male to female ratio was male biased at all temperatures and densities. Time to pupation decreased with increasing temperatures. Larval density and temperature influenced the proportion of males pupating on first day of pupation with 43-47% of total male pupae produced at 25 °C. No significant differences in mean wing length were observed between male mosquitoes reared in the laboratory (except at 20 and 30 °C for some densities) and field collected males. Altogether, the study allowed the identification of rearing conditions delivering high male yield with essentially no female contamination, adequate adult male size and survival. Ae. polynesiensis thus appears particularly amenable to biological and mechanical sex separation offering good prospects for Ae. polynesiensis population suppression trials that rely on the production and release of large numbers of incompatible or sterile males.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5702,

title = {Emerging arboviruses in the Pacific.},

author = {V M Cao-Lormeau and D Musso},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

journal = {Lancet},

volume = {384},

pages = {1571-2},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5705,

title = {Epidemiological and molecular features of dengue virus type-1 in New Caledonia, South Pacific, 2001-2013.},

author = {M Dupont-Rouzeyrol and M Aubry and O O'Connor and C Roche and A C Gourinat and A Guigon and A Pyke and J P Grangeon and E Nilles and S Chanteau and J Aaskov and V M Cao-Lormeau},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

journal = {Virol J},

volume = {11},

pages = {61},

abstract = {BackgroundThe epidemiology of dengue in the South Pacific has been characterized by transmission of a single dominant serotype for 3-5years, with subsequent replacement by another serotype. From 2001 to 2008 only DENV-1 was reported in the Pacific. In 2008, DENV-4 emerged and quickly displaced DENV-1 in the Pacific, except in New Caledonia (NC) where DENV-1 and DENV-4 co-circulated in 2008-2009. During 2012-2013, another DENV-1 outbreak occurred in NC, the third DENV-1 outbreak in a decade. Given that dengue is a serotype-specific immunizing infection, the recurrent outbreaks of a single serotype within a 10-year period was unexpected.

Findings

This study aimed to inform this phenomenon by examining the phylogenetic characteristics of the DENV-1 viruses in NC and other Pacific islands between 2001 and 2013. As a result, we have demonstrated that NC experienced introductions of viruses from both the Pacific (genotype IV) and South-east Asia (genotype I). Moreover, whereas genotype IV and I were co-circulating at the beginning of 2012, we observed that from the second half of 2012, i.e. during the major DENV-1 outbreak, all analyzed viruses were genotype I suggesting that a genotype switch occurred.

Conclusions

Repeated outbreaks of the same dengue serotype, as observed in NC, is uncommon in the Pacific islands. Why the earlier DENV-1 outbreaks did not induce sufficient herd immunity is unclear, and likely multifactorial, but the robust vector control program may have played a role by limiting transmission and thus maintaining a large susceptible pool in the population.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5698,

title = {Evidence of perinatal transmission of Zika virus, French Polynesia, December 2013 and February 2014.},

author = {M Besnard and S Lastere and A Teissier and V M Cao-Lormeau},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

journal = {Eurosurveillance},

volume = {19},

pages = {20571},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5712,

title = {Inactivation of dengue virus in plasma with amotosalen and ultraviolet A illumination.},

author = {D Musso and V Richard and J Broult and V M Cao-Lormeau},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

journal = {Transfusion},

volume = {54},

pages = {2924-30},

abstract = {BackgroundDengue virus (DENV) is the most prevalent arbovirus in tropical and subtropical regions. Transfusion-transmitted DENV infections have already been reported and the risk for blood products to be contaminated by DENV needs to be considered in dengue-endemic areas, especially during outbreaks. Blood product inactivation processes, including amotosalen and ultraviolet A (UVA) illumination, have been developed to reduce transfusion-transmitted infections. In this study we demonstrate the efficiency of using amotosalen and UVA illumination for DENV inactivation in human plasma.

Study design and methods

Plasma units from volunteer blood donors were spiked with DENV. Viral titers and viral RNA loads were measured in plasma before and after amotosalen and UVA photochemical treatment.

Results

The mean DENV titer in plasma before inactivation was 5.61 log 50% tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50)/mL and the mean viral RNA load was 10.21 log copies/mL. In inactivated plasma, the mean DENV RNA load was 9.37 log copies/mL, but cell cultures inoculated with inactivated plasma did not result in infected cells and did not produce any replicative virus nor detectable viral RNA.

Conclusion

We report here that amotosalen combined with UVA light inactivated DENV in fresh-frozen plasma (5.61 log inactivation of viral titer). This inactivation process is an efficient method to prevent plasma transfusion-transmitted DENV infections.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5716,

title = {Les infections a virus Zika.},

author = {T Nhan and V M Cao-Lormeau and D Musso},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

journal = {RFL},

volume = {467},

pages = {45-52},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5700,

title = {Neuroprotective effects of rosmarinic Acid on ciguatoxin in primary human neurons.},

author = {N Braidy and A Matin and F Rossi and M Chinain and D Laurent and G J Guillemin},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

journal = {Neurotox Res},

volume = {25},

pages = {226-34},

abstract = {Ciguatoxin (CTX), is a toxic compound produced by microalgae (dinoflagellate) Gambierdiscus spp., and is bio-accumulated and bio-transformed through the marine food chain causing neurological deficits. To determine the mechanism of CTX-mediated cytotoxicity in human neurons, we measured extracellular lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, intracellular levels of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)) and H2AX phosphorylation at serine 139 as a measure for DNA damage in primary cultures of human neurons treated with Pacific (P)-CTX-1B and P-CTX-3C. We found these marine toxins can induce a time and dose-dependent increase in extracellular LDH activity, with a concomitant decline in intracellular NAD(+) levels and increased DNA damage at the concentration range of 5-200nM. We also showed that pre- and post-treatment with rosmarinic acid (RA), the active constituent of the Heliotropium foertherianum (Boraginaceae) can attenuate CTX-mediated neurotoxicity. These results further highlight the potential of RA in the treatment of CTX-induced neurological deficits.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5713,

title = {Potential for Zika virus transmission through blood transfusion demonstrated during an outbreak in French Polynesia, November 2013 to February 2014.},

author = {D Musso and T Nhan and E Robin and C Roche and D Bierlaire and K Zisou and A Shan Yan and V M Cao-Lormeau and J Broult},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

journal = {Eurosurveillance},

volume = {19},

pages = {20761},

abstract = {Since October 2013, French Polynesia has experienced the largest documented outbreak of Zika virus (ZIKAV) infection. To prevent transmission of ZIKAV by blood transfusion, specific nucleic acid testing of blood donors was implemented. From November 2013 to February 2014: 42 (3%) of 1,505 blood donors, although asymptomatic at the time of blood donation, were found positive for ZIKAV by PCR. Our results serve to alert blood safety authorities about the risk of post-transfusion Zika fever.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5710,

title = {Rapid spread of emerging Zika virus in the Pacific area.},

author = {D Musso and E Nilles and V M Cao-Lormeau},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

journal = {Clin Microbiol Infect},

volume = {20},

pages = {595-6},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5717,

title = {Transcriptome sequencing reveals single domain Type I-like polyketide synthases in the toxic dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus polynesiensis.},

author = {R Pawlowiez and S J Morey and H T Darius and M Chinain and F M Van Dolah},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

journal = {Harmful Algae},

volume = {36},

pages = {29-37},

abstract = {Ciguatoxins (CTXs) are potent neurotoxins responsible for the food-borne illness known as ciguatera that occurs after consumption of contaminated fish. Benthic dinoflagellates of the genus Gambierdiscus spp. are known as the main producers of CTXs. CTXs are polycyclic polyethers, presumed to be synthesized by polyketide synthase (PKS) complexes; however, the mechanisms of CTX biosynthesis remain unresolved. Here, we investigated a de novo transcriptome assembly of Gambierdiscus polynesiensis TB-92 clone, a highly toxic producer of Pacific ciguatoxins, and focused on the identification of PKS transcripts. A cDNA library generated using a spliced leader (SL) priming approach, which specifically targets the dinoflagellate nuclear transcriptome, was sequenced by Roche 454. This strategy produced 1,221,335 raw reads, assembled into 16,336 unique contigs. Contigs were subjected to BLAST search, annotated with Gene Ontology (GO) terms and enriched with enzyme codes (EC) from Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database. Thirty-three PKS-related sequences were thus identified. Twenty-two contigs encoded single domain ß-ketoacyl synthases (KS) with sequence similarity to Type I PKSs, as reported in other dinoflagellates. A conserved motif previously observed near the 5' end of dinoflagellate KS domain transcripts was present in G. polynesiensis, and distinguished two groups of KS domain sequences. Ketoreductase (KR), acyltransferase (AT), and acyl carrier protein (ACP) domains were also found on single domain containing transcripts. KEGG pathway mapping placed three of the KS sequences containing the PKS conserved domain (cd00833) in the fatty acid biosynthesis pathway. No contigs were found encoding the conserved domains typically found in elongating ketosynthase domains of fatty acid synthases (cd00832, Type I or cd00834, Type II). Contigs mapping to other parts of the fatty acid biosynthesis pathway similarly encoded individual domains, suggesting that fatty acid synthesis takes place in multiprotein complexes. Other than the three KS domains, none of the sequences mapping to the fatty acid biosynthesis pathway overlapped with those annotated as PKSs. These data lend support to the idea that PKSs may contribute to both polyketide and fatty acid synthesis in dinoflagellates. This dataset provides important background to future research in order to understand the complex mechanism of toxin production in this dinoflagellate.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5699,

title = {Virus Zika en Polynésie française : hemovigilance receveur.},

author = {D Bierlaire and F Beau and S Lastere and D Musso and J Broult},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

journal = {Transfusion Clinique et Biologique},

volume = {21},

pages = {234},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5704,

title = {Zika virus, French polynesia, South pacific, 2013.},

author = {V M Cao-Lormeau and C Roche and A Teissier and E Robin and A L Berry and H P Mallet and A A Sall and D Musso},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

journal = {Emerg Infect Dis},

volume = {20},

pages = {1085-6},

abstract = {In response [Zika outbreak in French Polynesia, 2013] (2014). Emerg Infect Dis, 20(11):1960},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5736,

title = {Analysis of the transcription strategy of the Junonia coenia densovirus (JcDNV) genome.},

author = {Y Wang and A M Abd-Alla and H C Bossin and Y Li and M Bergoin},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {Virus Res},

volume = {174},

pages = {101-7},

abstract = {The Junonia coenia densovirus (JcDNV) has an ambisense genome with the structural (VP) and nonstructural (NS) genes located in the 5' half on opposite strands. Northern blot analysis of Ld652 cells and Spodoptera littoralis larvae transfected with plasmid pBRJ encompassing an infectious sequence of the JcDNV genome revealed three transcripts, an unspliced 2.5 kb VP mRNA encoding capsid proteins and two NS mRNAs, one unspliced 2.5 kb mRNA encoding NS3, the other of 1.7 kb resulting from the splicing out of the NS3 coding sequence and expressing NS1 and NS2. Mapping of the transcriptional start sites revealed that VP and NS transcripts start both at 32 nt downsream of the P9 and P93 TATA boxes, respectively. The VP mRNA has a very short (3 nt) 5' untranslated region whereas the NS mRNAs have 83 nt (unspliced) and 86nt (Spliced) 5' UTR. The VP and NS transcripts co-terminate in the middle of their respective strand and possess an overlapping sequence of 61 nt at their 3' termini. Analysis of the in vivo and in vitro translation products of VP mRNA clearly showed that the 4 capsid proteins are generated by a leaky scanning mechanism.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5719,

title = {Ciguatéra : aspects physiopathologiques et cliniques.},

author = {M Chinain and C M Gatti and H T Darius},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {BVS Antilles Guyane},

volume = {3},

pages = {2-8},

abstract = {En France, l’ichtyosarcotoxisme de type ciguatéra est classé comme une étiologie possible des TIAC (Toxi-Infection Alimentaire Collective) qui sont à déclaration obligatoire par les professionnels de santé. Pour l’heure, le diagnostic de la ciguatéra se base uniquement sur l’anamnèse, en particulier, l’analyse du tableau clinique du patient, du fait de l’absence de marqueurs biologiques d’exposition aux ciguatoxines (CTXs). En effet, l’on n’observe en général aucun syndrome inflammatoire chez les personnes atteintes, et le bilan hépatique reste normal. Dans certains cas, les examens biologiques standard peuvent toutefois montrer des anomalies en rapport avec une déshydratation aiguë, une augmentation des enzymes musculaires (créatine phosphokinase) [52], et/ou une élévation fréquente des IgE sériques [1]. De même, l’électrocardiogramme, l’électromyogramme ou la réalisation d’une biopsie nerveuse peuvent également être révélateurs d’anomalies cardio-vasculaires et/ou neurologiques, telles que des modifications de l’onde T, une diminution des vitesses de conduction motrice et/ou sensitive, des signes d’atteinte axonale, l’existence de zones de démyélinisation, [44].Il est à noter que seules des analyses réalisées sur les reliefs des repas toxiques, permettant de confirmer la présence de toxines dans les chairs des poissons incriminés, sont en mesure de conforter ce diagnostic présomptif. Ces analyses ne sont toutefois réalisées que par des laboratoires spécialisés du fait de la complexité des tests utilisés.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5728,

title = {Diagnostic biologique de la leptospirose.},

author = {D Musso and B Lascola},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {RFL},

volume = {43},

pages = {39-46},

abstract = {La leptopsirose est une zoonose de répartition mondiale causée par des bactéries du genre Leptopira. Il s’agit d’une pathologie potentiellement mortelle pouvant bénéficier d’un traitement spécifique. La présentation clinique est non spécifique et peut être confondue avec de nombreuses autres pathologies, principalement la dengue en zones tropicales et subtropicales. La confirmation diagnostique est indispensable. Les techniques de référence ne sont pas toujours disponibles, surtout dans certains pays de forte endémie. La culture des leptospires, longue, fastidieuse et peu sensible, ne permet pas un diagnostic en urgence. Le diagnostic repose la plupart du temps sur les techniques sérologiques. La microagglutination, technique de référence, est longue et réservée aux centres de référence. D’autres méthodes sont disponibles telles que l’ELISA ou les tests rapides. Les anticorps, absents en début d’évolution, ne permettent pas un diagnostic à la phase aiguë. Les anticorps de nature IgM peuvent persister des mois ou années et ne sont pas la preuve d’une infection en cours. Seule la biologie moléculaire permet un diagnostic rapide en phase aiguë, la PCR en temps réel est maintenant la plus utilisée. La PCR permet un diagnostic en phase aiguë sur prélèvement sanguin prélevé lors des 10 premiers jours d’évolution.Leptospirosis is a zoonosis of ubiquitous distribution caused by infection with pathogenic Leptospira species. It is a potentially serious but treatable disease. Its symptoms may mimic those of a number of other unrelated infections, especially dengue fever in tropical and subtropical areas. Diagnosis should be confirmed by laboratory tests as the clinical manifestations are often untypical. Reference laboratory tests are not always available, especially in developing countries. Culture of leptospires is long, fastidious, hazardous and has no utility in relation to immediate patient care. Diagnosis is usually performed by serodiagnosis. Microscopic agglutination test is the “gold standart” but it cannot provide an early diagnosis. Other methods such as ELISA are available, rapid tests are less sensitive. Antibodies are lacking at the acute phase then serology is not suitable for early diagnosis. IgM antibodies may remain detectable for several months or even years and then are not proof of a current infection. The only method that allow diagnosis of leptospirosis at the acute phase is molecular diagnosis. Real time PCR now replace standard PCR. Molecular detection is possible on a blood sample collected during the first 10 days of the disease.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5720,

title = {Dengue Outbreak Federated States of Micronesia, 2012-2013.},

author = {V M Cao-Lormeau},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report},

volume = {62},

pages = {570-3},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5733,

title = {Evaluation of seafood toxicity in the Australes archipelago (French Polynesia) using the neuroblastoma cell-based assay.},

author = {R Pawlowiez and H T Darius and P Cruchet and F Rossi and A Caillaud and D Laurent and M Chinain},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {Food Additives and Contaminants},

volume = {30},

pages = {567-86},

abstract = {Ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP), a disease caused by consuming fish that have accumulated ciguatoxins (CTXs) in their tissue, is regarded as the most prevalent form of intoxication in French Polynesia. Recently, the Australes, one of the least affected archipelago until the early 1980s, has shown a dramatic increase in its incidence rates in 2009 with unusual CFP cases. In the present work, potential health hazards associated with the proliferation of various marine phytoplankton species and the consumption of fish and marine invertebrates highly popular among local population were assessed in three Australes islands: Raivavae, Rurutu and Rapa. Extracts from the marine dinoflagellates Gambierdiscus, Ostreospis and mat-forming cyanobacteria as well as fish, giant clams and sea urchin samples were examined for the presence of CTXs and palytoxin (PLTX) by using the neuroblastoma cell-based assay (CBA-N2a).Cytotoxic responses observed with both standards (Pacific CTX-3C and PLTX) and targeted marine products indicate that CBA-N2a is a robust screening tool, with high sensitivity and good repeatability and reproducibility. In Rurutu and Raivavae islands, our main findings concern the presence of CTX-like compounds in giant clams and sea urchins, suggesting a second bio-accumulation route for CFP toxins in the ciguatera food chain. In Rapa, the potential CFP risk from Gambierdiscus bloom and fish was confirmed for the first time, with levels of CTXs found above the consumer advisory level of 0.01 ng Pacific CTX-1B g-1 of flesh in three fish samples. However, despite the presence of trace level of PLTX in Ostreopsis natural assemblages of Rapa, no sign of PLTX accumulation is yet observed in tested fish samples. Because this multi-toxinic context is likely to emerge in most French Polynesian islands, CBA-N2a shows great potential for future applications in the algal- and toxin-based field monitoring programmes currently on hand locally.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5727,

title = {First Record of Wyeomyia (Wyeomyia) mitchellii (Diptera: Culicidae) in French Polynesia.},

author = {J Marie and H C Bossin},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {J Med Entomol},

volume = {50},

pages = {37-42},

abstract = {Wyeomyia (Wyeomyia) mitchellii (Theobald) was discovered in 2007 and 2008, respectively, in Moorea and Tahiti, two islands of the Society Islands (archipel de la Société) in French Polynesia. A few adult specimens were captured using a CDC backpack aspirator and BG-Sentinelmosquito traps. Wy. mitchellii larvae were found in water-impounding bromeliads and aroids at various survey sites around Tahiti. Imported bromeliads likely played a critical role in the introduction, establishment, and maintenance of Wy. mitchellii in Tahiti and Moorea. Bromeliads and aroids are common in residential areas, thereby increasing the exposure of human and domestic animals to Wy. mitchellii, which is of public health and veterinary concern. The establishment of Wy. mitchellii in French Polynesia requires further study.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5723,

title = {Field Evaluation of Selected Traps and Lures for Monitoring the Filarial and Arbovirus Vector, Aedes polynesiensis (Diptera: Culicidae), in French Polynesia.},

author = {L Hapairai and J Haylay and M Cheong Sang and W Melrose and S A Ritchie and T R Burkot and S P Sinkins and H C Bossin},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {J Med Entomol},

volume = {50},

pages = {731-9},

abstract = {The efficacy of the BG-Sentinel (BGS) and the BG-Mosquitito (BGM) mosquito traps for sampling populations of the important filariasis and dengue vector Aedes (Stegomyia) polynesiensis (Marks) was evaluated in French Polynesia against human bait collections (HBC) using a modified Centers for Disease Control and Prevention backpack aspirator. Traps were baited with BG-Lure (a combination of lactic acid, ammonia, and caproic acid) or carbon dioxide plus octenol (1-octen-3-ol) known as attractants to aedine mosquitoes. Mosquito sampling was conducted on two typical islands of French Polynesia: the high, volcanic island of Moorea, and the low, coral island (atoll) of Tetiaroa. Sampling efficacy was measured in a randomized Latin Square design. Production of carbon dioxide from yeast-sugar fermentation was used as an alternative source of CO2 because supply via dry ice, gas cylinders, or propane combustion in remote tropical islands is costly and challenging. Although the BGS trap captured the greatest number of Ae. polynesiensis in both island settings, catch rates of BGS or BGM baited with either lure were not significantly different from that of HBC. On Moorea, the number of collected aedes species in the BGS trap baited with either lure was significantly greater than theBGMwith BG-lure. On Tetiaroa,BGMtrapping was severely hampered by damage from rats, and the traps were removed from the study. Our study confirms the efficiency, comparability, and convenience of the BGS trap, a robust and safe alternative to HBC for sampling Aedes mosquitoes in research and surveillance efforts against filariasis and arboviruses in the South Pacific.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5730,

title = {Improvement of leptospirosis surveillance in remote Pacific islands using serum spotted on filter paper.},

author = {D Musso and C Roche and M Marfel and M Bel and E Nilles and V M Cao-Lormeau},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {J Infect Dis},

volume = {20},

pages = {74-6},

abstract = {ObjectivesLeptospirosis is a serious neglected disease in the Pacific. Because sensitive and specific laboratory tests are largely unavailable, the burden of disease and epidemiological data are often unreliable and do not allow informed disease prioritization and efficient control. We report the use of serum spotted on filter paper to improve the surveillance of leptospirosis in remote and resource-limited settings.

Methods

A total of 172 acute-phase serum samples collected from patients with suspected dengue at Yap State Hospital, Federated States of Micronesia, were spotted on filter paper and sent by regular mail to the Institut Louis Malardé, French Polynesia. Real-time PCR protocols for dengue and leptospirosis confirmation were performed on all specimens.

Results

A total of five leptospirosis infections were detected amongst the patients with suspected dengue.

Conclusions

This study confirms the use of filter paper as a convenient tool to improve leptospirosis surveillance capacity in remote areas. New surveillance strategies, notably based on the regular use of this type of tool, are essential to more adequately describe the epidemiology and burden of neglected diseases.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5729,

title = {Laboratory diagnosis of leptospirosis : a challenge.},

author = {D Musso and B Lascola},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {J Microbiol Immunol Infect},

volume = {46},

pages = {245-52},

abstract = {Leptospirosis is caused by pathogenic bacteria called leptospires that are transmitted directly or indirectly from animals to humans. It occurs worldwide but is most common in tropical and subtropical areas. It is a potentially serious but treatable disease. Its symptoms may mimicthose of a number of other unrelated infections such as influenza, meningitis, hepatitis, dengue, or other viral hemorrhagic fevers. The spectrum of the disease is extremely wide, ranging from subclinical infection to a severe syndrome of multiorgan infection with high mortality. Laboratory diagnosis tests are not always available, especially in developing countries. Numerous tests have been developed, but availability of appropriate laboratory support is still a problem. Direct observation of leptospires by darkfield microscopy is unreliable and not recommended.

Isolation of leptospires can take up to months and does not contribute to early diagnosis. Diagnosis is usually performed by serology; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and the microscopic agglutination tests are the laboratory methods generally used, rapid tests are also available. Limitation of serology is that antibodies are lacking at the acute phase of the disease. In recent years, several real-time polymerase chain reaction assays have been described. These can confirm the diagnosis in the early phase of the disease prior to antibody titers are at detectable levels, but molecular testing is not available in restricted resources areas.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5724,

title = {La ciguatera : un état des lieux en France et dans l’Union européenne.},

author = {V Hossen and P Velge and J Turquet and M Chinain and D Laurent and S Krys},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {BE ANSES},

volume = {56},

pages = {3-9},

abstract = {La ciguatera est une intoxication alimentaire liée à la consommation de poissons inféodés aux massifs coralliens ayant accumulé des ciguatoxines. Le syndrome clinique associe des signes digestifs, neurologiques, cutanés, cardiovasculaires et respiratoires d’intensité variable. La réglementation européenne interdit la mise sur le marché de poissons contenant des ciguatoxines mais ne précise pas de seuil réglementaire. Or, la France est un des pays européens les plus touchés par cette problématique par la survenue d’intoxications régulièrement rapportées dans certains départements et régions d’outre-mer. En Polynésie et à La Réunion, des programmes de surveillance ont été mis en place depuis plusieurs années et permettent d’acquérir des données épidémiologiques tout en gérant au mieux le risque localement. Jusqu’alors cantonnés aux régions endémiques dans l’Océan Pacifique, l’Océan Indien et les Caraïbes, des cas de ciguatera ont été mis en évidence depuis 2004 après consommation de poissons toxiques pêchés dans les eauxatlantiques subtropicales européennes (archipels de Madère et des Canaries), montrant une extension des zones ciguatérigènes, peut-être favorisée par le réchauffement climatique. La problématique de la contamination des produits de lapêche par les ciguatoxines doit donc être prise en compte notamment sur les poissons en provenance de ces archipels appartenant l’Union européenne, et les scientifiques doivent se mobiliser pour faire avancer la connaissance sur le sujet.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5718,

title = {Landing response of Aedes (Stegomyia) polynesiensis mosquitoes to coloured targets.},

author = {E W Chambers and H C Bossin and S Ritchie and S A Ritchie and S L Dobson},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {Med Vet Entomol},

volume = {27},

pages = {332-8},

abstract = {Aedes polynesiensis Marks (Diptera: Culicidae) is the primary vector of lymphatic filariasis (LF) in the island countries and territories of the South Pacific. In the development of a novel control tool, the response of Ae. polynesiensis to six different colours (three solid fabrics, two patterned fabrics and a plastic tarp) was measured using a digital photographic system. Adult mosquitoes were placed into an environmental chamber and allowed to choose between a white target and one of six experimental targets. Mosquito landing frequency and landing duration were calculated. Adult female Ae. polynesiensis preferred all of the experimental targets to the white control target. Mosquito landing frequency was highest for the solid targets (black, navy blue and red) followed in turn by the two colour pattern targets and the polyethylene target. Mosquito landing duration was greater for experimental targets when compared with white control targets. Mosquito landing frequencies did not change over time during the course of the assay. The response of male Ae. polynesiensis was also measured when exposed to a 100% cotton black target. Male mosquitoes preferred the black target to the white control target, although at levels lower than that observed in female mosquitoes. The results suggest that future investigations evaluating the visual responses of Ae. polynesiensis mosquitoes are warranted, with a special emphasis on semi-field and field-based experiments.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5734,

title = {Monitoring and evaluation of lymphatic filariasis interventions: an improved PCR-based pool screening method for high throughput Wuchereria bancrofti detection using dried blood spots.},

author = {C Plichart and A Lemoine},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {Parasite Vectors},

volume = {6},

abstract = {BackgroundEffective diagnostic tools are necessary to monitor and evaluate interruption of Lymphatic Filariasis (LF) transmission. Accurate detection of Wuchereria bancrofti (Wb) microfilaria (mf) is essential to measure the impact of community treatment programmes. PCR-based assays are specific, highly sensitive tools allowing the detection of Wuchereria bancrofti DNA in human blood samples. However, current protocols describing the pool screening approach, use samples of less than 60 ìl of blood, which limits the sensitivity of the pool-screen PCR assay. The purpose of this study was to improve the pool-screen PCR protocol to enhance its sensitivity and usefulness for population scale studies.

Findings

DNA extractions were performed with the DNeasy kit, the PCR with the Wb LDR primers and the SYBR-Green dye. Improvements of our pool-screen real-time PCR (qPCR) assay allowed the detection of as little as one Wb microfilaria diluted in a pool of at least 12 blood samples of 60 ìl each. Using this assay, mf burdens can be predicted using a standard curve derived from mf spiked dried blood samples. The sensitivity achieved is equivalent to the detection of a single LF positive individual carrying a mf burden as low as 18 mf/ml, in a pool of blood samples from at least 12 individuals.

Conclusions

Due to its sensitivity, rapidity and cost-effectiveness, we suggest this qPCR pool-screening assay could be used as a diagnostic tool for population- scale filariasis elimination monitoring and evaluation.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5725,

title = {Molecular Studies Neglect Apparently Gram-Negative Populations in the Human Gut Microbiota.},

author = {P Hugon and J C Lagier and C Robert and C Lepolard and L Papazian and D Musso and B Vialettes and D Raoult},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {J Clin Microbiol},

volume = {51},

pages = {3286-93},

abstract = {Studying the relationships between gut microbiota, human health, and diseases is a major challenge that generates contradictory results. Most studies draw conclusions about the gut repertoire using a single biased metagenomics approach. We analyzed 16 different stool samples collected from healthy subjects who were from different areas, had metabolic disorders, were immunocompromised, or were treated with antibiotics at the time of the stool collection. The analyses performed included Gram staining, flow cytometry, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) of the Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes phyla, and pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA gene amplicons targeting the V6 region. We quantified 1010 prokaryotes per gram of feces, which is less than was previously described. The Mann-Whitney test revealed that Gram-negative proportions of the prokaryotes obtained by Gram staining, TEM, and pyrosequencing differed according to the analysis used, with Gram-negative prokaryotes yielding median percentages of 70.6%, 31.0%, and 16.4%, respectively. A comparison of TEM and pyrosequencing analyses highlighted a difference of 14.6% in the identification of Gram-negative prokaryotes, and a Spearman test showed a tendency toward correlation, albeit not significant, in the Gram-negative/Gram-positive prokaryote ratio (0.3282, P 0.2146). In contrast, when comparing the qPCR and pyrosequencing results, a significant correlation was found for the Bacteroidetes/ Firmicutes ratio (0.6057, P0.0130). Our study showed that the entire diversity of the human gut microbiota remains unknown because different techniques generate extremely different results. We found that to assess the overall composition of bacterial communities, multiple techniques must be combined. The biases that exist for each technique may be useful in exploring the major discrepancies in molecular studies.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5732,

title = {Ongoing outbreak of dengue serotype-3 in Solomon Islands, January to May 2013.},

author = {F Nogareda and C Joshua and A Sio and M Shortus and T Dalipanda and K Durski and J Musto and E Puiahi and A Dofai and J Aaskov and V M Cao-Lormeau and D Musso and N Dutta and J Fleisch and E Nilles},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {WPSAR},

volume = {4},

pages = {1-5},

abstract = {IntroductionIn January 2013, clinicians in Honiara, Solomon Islands noted several patients presenting with dengue-like illness. Serum from three cases tested positive for dengue by rapid diagnostic test. Subsequent increases in cases were reported, and the outbreak was confirmed as being dengue serotype-3 by further laboratory tests. This report describes the ongoing outbreak investigation, findings and response.

Methods

Enhanced dengue surveillance was implemented in the capital, Honiara, and in the provinces. This included training health staff on dengue case definitions, data collection and reporting. Vector surveillance was also conducted.

Results

From 3 January to 15 May 2013, 5254 cases of suspected dengue were reported (101.8 per 10 000 population), including 401 hospitalizations and six deaths. The median age of cases was 20 years (range zero to 90), and 86% were reported from Honiara. Both Aedes aegyti and Aedes albopictus were identified in Honiara. Outbreak response measures included clinical training seminars, vector control activities, implementation of diagnostic and case management protocols and a public communication campaign.

Discussion: This was the first large dengue outbreak documented in Solomon Islands. Factors that may have contributed to this outbreak include a largely susceptible population, the presence of a highly efficient dengue vector in Honiara, a high-density human population with numerous breeding sites and favourable weather conditions for mosquito proliferation. Although the number of cases has plateaued since 1 April, continued enhanced nationwide surveillance and response activities are necessary.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}