@article{aubry_perspective_2022,

title = {Perspective on the Use of Innovative Surveillance Strategies Implemented for COVID-19 to Prevent Mosquito-Borne Disease Emergence in French Polynesia},

author = {M Aubry and V M Cao-Lormeau},

doi = {doi.org/10.3390/v14030460},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

journal = {Viruses},

volume = {14},

pages = {460},

abstract = {In French Polynesia, following the emergence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in March 2020, several control measures were implemented to prevent virus spread, including a population lockdown and the interruption of international air traffic. SARS-CoV-2 local transmission rapidly stopped, and circulation of dengue virus serotypes 1 and 2, the only arboviruses being detected at that time, decreased. After the borders re-opened, a surveillance strategy consisting of the testing by SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR of travelers entering French Polynesia, and isolating those with ongoing infection, was implemented. This strategy proved efficient to limit the introduction of SARS-CoV-2, and should be considered to prevent the importation of other pathogens, including mosquito-borne viruses, in geographically isolated areas such as French Polynesia.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{andre_lv_systematic_2022,

title = {A systematic prioritization approach for identifying suitable pearl oyster restocking zones following a mass mortality event in Takaroa Atoll, French Polynesia},

author = {L V Andre and M Chinain and C M Gatti and V Liao and S Van Wynsberge and P Tedesco and S Andrefouet},

doi = {doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113472},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

journal = {Marine Pollution Bulletin},

volume = {176},

pages = {113472},

abstract = {Oyster farming for black pearl production is central in French Polynesia. It is the second source of national income and provides substantial job opportunities, notably in remote atolls. However, this sector has been undermined by successive crises, such as mass-mortalities of wild and farmed oyster stocks that have impacted entire lagoons. An option to revive the activity consists of reintroducing oysters in strategic benthic locations selected to maximize reproduction and dispersal of larvae throughout the lagoon, hence promoting recolonization and spat collection for farming. For Takaroa, a Tuamotu atoll recently impacted by mortalities, a systematic prioritization approach identified these restocking sites, using environmental and socio-economic criteria such as: location of suitable habitats for oyster settlement, larval connectivity estimated from hydrodynamic circulation model, farming waste accumulation, and opportunity cost to fishers and farmers who lose access to restocking areas. This approach provides managers with a portfolio of restocking options.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{andre_lv_spatial_2022,

title = {Spatial Solutions and Their Impacts When Reshuffling Coastal Management Priorities in Small Islands with Limited Diversification Opportunities},

author = {L V Andre and S Van Wynsberge and M Chinain and C M Gatti and V Liao and S Andrefouet},

doi = {doi.org/10.3390/su14073871},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

journal = {Sustainability},

volume = {14},

number = {7},

pages = {3871},

abstract = {In small islands, the potential for new coastal activities and management options are often spatially limited. To reduce dependence on external factors and increase the resilience of populations to global changes and fluctuations in international markets, a recommended pathway is to diversify activities. We used a systematic prioritization tool with single and multiobjective zoning to explore the feasibility of scenarios at various levels of spatial diversification in the Gambier lagoon (French Polynesia), where black pearl culture is economically and spatially dominant. Local managers are committed to economic, livelihood, and environmental sustainability and agree that prioritizing both artisanal fisheries, which provide local food security, and ecosystem conservation should also be considered. Diversification options included the optimized reallocation of farming concessions and the identification of different types of conservation areas while taking into account traditional management areas. The scenarios were set to minimize surface areas and loss of access to existing fishing grounds. The solutions were compared between the scenarios with different cost metrics, allowing further discussions with stakeholders and managers. The Gambier case study shows that exploring diversification options in small islands using systematic prioritization tools can provide local managers with tailor-made plans adapted to island development questions.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{darius_evaluating_2022,

title = {Evaluating Age and Growth Relationship to Ciguatoxicity in Five Coral Reef Fish Species from French Polynesia},

author = {H T Darius and C Paillon and G Mou Tham and A Ung and P Cruchet and T Revel and J Viallon and L Vigliola and D Ponton and M Chinain},

doi = {doi.org/10.3390/md20040251},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

journal = {Marine Drugs},

volume = {20},

number = {4},

pages = {251},

abstract = {Ciguatera poisoning (CP) results from the consumption of coral reef fish or marine invertebrates contaminated with potent marine polyether compounds, namely ciguatoxins. In French Polynesia, 220 fish specimens belonging to parrotfish (Chlorurus microrhinos, Scarus forsteni, and Scarus ghobban), surgeonfish (Naso lituratus), and groupers (Epinephelus polyphekadion) were collected from two sites with contrasted risk of CP, i.e., Kaukura Atoll versus Mangareva Island. Fish age and growth were assessed from otoliths’ yearly increments and their ciguatoxic status (negative, suspect, or positive) was evaluated by neuroblastoma cell-based assay. Using permutational multivariate analyses of variance, no significant differences in size and weight were found between negative and suspect specimens while positive specimens showed significantly greater size and weight particularly for E. polyphekadion and S. ghobban. However, eating small or low-weight specimens remains risky due to the high variability in size and weight of positive fish. Overall, no relationship could be evidenced between fish ciguatoxicity and age and growth characteristics. In conclusion, size, weight, age, and growth are not reliable determinants of fish ciguatoxicity which appears to be rather species and/or site-specific, although larger fish pose an increased risk of poisoning. Such findings have important implications in current CP risk management programs.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{gouel_tetrodotoxin_2022,

title = {Tetrodotoxin Poisoning in Mainland France and French Overseas Territories: A Review of Published and Unpublished Cases},

author = {P GOUEL and C M Gatti and L De Haro and A Liautaud and J Langrand and D Boucaud-Maitre},

doi = {doi.org/10.3390/toxins14050351},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

journal = {Toxins},

volume = {14},

number = {5},

pages = {351},

abstract = {Tetrodotoxin is one of the most potent neurotoxins in the aquatic world. This review of published and unpublished reports aims to describe the poisoning cases that have occurred in mainland France and overseas territories. Six articles were included, with 13 poisoning events, individuals or collective (number (n) = 53 patients). Moreover, 13 unpublished poisoning events from toxicovigilance networks were found (n = 17). All cases happened in overseas territories: French Guyana (n = 7), New Caledonia (n = 11), Reunion (n = 35) and French Polynesia (n = 17). The median age was 36 years. The most frequent signs were neurological (81.8%), digestive (54.5%) and general (52.3%). Three cases of dysgueusia and nine cases of urogenital discomfort were observed in French Polynesia. Twelve severe cases were reported, including seven deaths. Only three events (11.5%) were documented by a tetrodotoxin assay. Two families of fish accounted for 91.6% of the poisonings: 33.3% due to the Diodontidae family and 58.3% to the Tetraodontidae family. Although rare, information and collection campaigns on tetrodotoxin poisoning are, therefore, essential.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{darius_comparative_2022,

title = {Comparative Study on the Performance of Three Detection Methods for the Quantification of Pacific Ciguatoxins in French Polynesian Strains of Gambierdiscus polynesiensis},

author = {H T Darius and T Revel and J Viallon and M Sibat and P Cruchet and S Longo and D R Hardison and W C Holland and P A Tester and R W Litaker and J R McCall and P Hess and M Chinain},

doi = {doi.org/10.3390/md20060348},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

journal = {Marine Drugs},

volume = {20},

number = {6},

pages = {348},

abstract = {Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa dinoflagellates produce a suite of secondary metabolites, including ciguatoxins (CTXs), which bioaccumulate and are further biotransformed in fish and marine invertebrates, causing ciguatera poisoning when consumed by humans. This study is the first to compare the performance of the fluorescent receptor binding assay (fRBA), neuroblastoma cell-based assay (CBA-N2a), and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for the quantitative estimation of CTX contents in 30 samples, obtained from four French Polynesian strains of Gambierdiscus polynesiensis. fRBA was applied to Gambierdiscus matrix for the first time, and several parameters of the fRBA protocol were refined. Following liquid/liquid partitioning to separate CTXs from other algal compounds, the variability of CTX contents was estimated using these three methods in three independent experiments. All three assays were significantly correlated with each other, with the highest correlation coefficient (r2 = 0.841) found between fRBA and LC-MS/MS. The CBA-N2a was more sensitive than LC-MS/MS and fRBA, with all assays showing good repeatability. The combined use of fRBA and/or CBA-N2a for screening purposes and LC-MS/MS for confirmation purposes allows for efficient CTX evaluation in Gambierdiscus. These findings, which support future collaborative studies for the inter-laboratory validation of CTX detection methods, will help improve ciguatera risk assessment and management},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{andre_lv_benefits_2022,

title = {Benefits of collaboration between indigenous fishery management and data-driven spatial planning approaches: the case of a Polynesian traditional design (rāhui)},

author = {L. V. Andre and S. Wynsberge and M. Chinain and S. Andrefouet},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2022.106475},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

journal = {Fisheries Research},

volume = {256},

pages = {106475},

abstract = {Traditional fishery management schemes have gained increasing recognition worldwide. It can be explained by a better compliance to ancient cultural practices, still rooted in present-day coastal communities despite globalization and modern livelihoods. This revival is widespread and welcome by policy makers, scientists, and the communities themselves. However, current environmental and socio-economic contexts are often not conform to ancient-time situations. Baselines are different. Effective adjustments of traditional practices may be advocated. Re-establishment of traditional schemes ‘as such’ warrants further investigations and modern quantitative assessment and management approaches can help. A demonstration is provided here for a rural Polynesian island that faces declining marine resources. Recently, local fishers discussed the implementation of a traditional system (called rāhui) to preserve the island lagoon resources, based on the rotational closure of an arbitrary 50% of each lagoon subdivision. Upon the fishers’ request who questioned a traditional scheme that has not been applied for decades and seeked some scientific approval, we used systematic conservation planning (SCP) tools to explore potential optimisation pathways. All quantitative conservation objectives being equal, SCP suggested reserve sizes and opportunity costs on average 7 and 5 times lower than the traditional design. Traditional management federates communities and is strongly encouraged, but fishers are now aware that effective alternative designs are possible. A hybrid design mixing traditional practices and data-based optimizations is advocated. Similar findings and recommendations can be expected in other regions.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{stuart_geographical_2022,

title = {Geographical distribution, molecular and toxin diversity of the dinoflagellate species Gambierdiscus honu in the Pacific region},

author = {J. Stuart and K. F. Smith and L. Rhodes and J. S. Murray and J. Viallon and K. Henry and H. T. Darius and S. A. Murray and C. Dornelles De Azevzedo and P. Argyle and M. Chinain},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2022.102308},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

urldate = {2022-01-01},

journal = {Harmful Algae},

volume = {118},

pages = {102308},

abstract = {An increase in cases of ciguatera poisoning (CP) and expansion of the causative species in the South Pacific region highlight the need for baseline data on toxic microalgal species to help identify new areas of risk and manage known hot spots. Gambierdiscus honu is a toxin producing and potential CP causing dinoflagellate species, first described in 2017. Currently no high-resolution geographical distribution, intraspecific genetic variation or toxin production diversity data is available for G. honu. This research aimed to further characterize G. honu by investigating its distribution using species-specific real-time polymerase chain reaction assays at 25 sites in an area spanning ∼8000 km of the Coral Sea/Pacific Ocean, and assessing intraspecific genetic variation, toxicity and toxin production of isolated strains. Assessment of genetic variation of the partial rRNA operon of isolates demonstrated no significant intraspecific population structure, in addition to a lack of adherence to isolation by distance (IBD) model of evolution. The detected distribution of G. honu in the Pacific region was within the expected tropical to temperate latitudinal ranges of 10° to -30° and extended from Australia to French Polynesia. In the lipophilic fractions, the neuroblastoma cell-based assay (CBA-N2a) showed no ciguatoxin (CTX)-like activity for nine of the 10 isolates, and an atypical pattern for CAWD233 isolate which showed cytotoxic activity in OV- and OV+ conditions. In the same way, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis confirmed no Pacific-CTXs (CTX-3B, CTX-3C, CTX-4A, CTX-4B) were produced by the ten strains. The CBA-N2a assessment of the hydrophilic fractions showed moderate to high cytotoxicity in both OV- and OV+ condition for all the strains showing a cytotoxic profile similar to that of gambierone. Indeed, this study is the first to show the cytotoxic activity of gambierone on mouse neuroblastoma cells while no cytotoxicity was observed when 44-MG was analysed at the same concentrations using the CBA-N2a. Analysis of the hydrophilic via LC-MS/MS confirmed production of gambierone in all isolates, ranging from 2.1 to 38.1 pg/cell, with 44-methylgambierone (44-MG) also produced by eight of the isolates, ranging from 0.3 to 42.9 pg/cell. No maitotoxin-1 was detected in any of the isolates. Classification of the G. honu strains according to the quantities of gambierone produced aligned with the classification of their cytotoxicity using the CBA-N2a. Finally, no maitotoxin-1 (MTX) was detected in any of the isolates. This study shows G. honu is widely distributed within the Pacific region with no significant intraspecific population structure present. This aligns with the view of microalgal populations as global metapopulations, however more in-depth assessment with other genetic markers could detect further structure. Toxicity diversity across 10 isolates assessed did not display any geographical patterns.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{aubry_self-collection_2021,

title = {Self-collection and pooling of samples as resources-saving strategies for RT-PCR-based SARS-CoV-2 surveillance, the example of travelers in French Polynesia},

author = {M Aubry and I Teiti and A Teissier and V Richard and T Mariteragi-Helle and K CHUNG and F DEEN and T Paoaafaite and V M Cao-Lormeau},

doi = {doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256877},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-01},

journal = {PLOS One},

abstract = {In French Polynesia, the first case of SARS-CoV-2 infection was detected on March 10th, 2020, in a resident returning from France. Between March 28th and July 14th, international air traffic was interrupted and local transmission of SARS-CoV-2 was brought under control, with only 62 cases recorded. The main challenge for reopening the air border without requiring travelers to quarantine on arrival was to limit the risk of re-introducing SARS-CoV-2. Specific measures were implemented, including the obligation for all travelers to have a negative RT-PCR test for SARS-CoV-2 carried out within 3 days before departure, and to perform another RT-PCR testing 4 days after arrival. Because of limitation in available medical staff, travelers were provided a kit allowing self-collection of oral and nasal swabs. In addition to increase our testing capacity, self-collected samples from up to 10 travelers were pooled before RNA extraction and RT-PCR testing. When a pool tested positive, RNA extraction and RT-PCR were performed on each individual sample. We report here the results of COVID-19 surveillance (COV-CHECK PORINETIA) conducted between July 15th, 2020, and February 15th, 2021, in travelers using self-collection and pooling approaches. We tested 5,982 pools comprising 59,490 individual samples, and detected 273 (0.46%) travelers positive for SARS-CoV-2. A mean difference of 1.17 Ct (CI 95% 0.93–1.41) was found between positive individual samples and pools (N = 50), probably related to the volume of samples used for RNA extraction (200 μL versus 50 μL, respectively). Retrospective testing of positive samples self-collected from October 20th, 2020, using variants-specific amplification kit and spike gene sequencing, found at least 6 residents infected by the Alpha variant. Self-collection and pooling approaches allowed large-scale screening for SARS-CoV-2 using less human, material and financial resources. Moreover, this strategy allowed detecting the introduction of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern in French Polynesia.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{gatti_screening_2021,

title = {Screening for Predictors of Chronic Ciguatera Poisoning: An Exploratory Analysis among Hospitalized Cases from French Polynesia.},

author = {C M Gatti and K CHUNG and E Oehler and T J Pierce and M O Gribble and M Chinain},

doi = {doi.org/10.3390/toxins13090646},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-01},

journal = {Toxins},

volume = {13},

number = {9},

pages = {646},

abstract = {Ciguatera poisoning is a globally occurring seafood disease caused by the ingestion of marine products contaminated with dinoflagellate produced neurotoxins. Persistent forms of ciguatera, which prove to be highly debilitating, are poorly studied and represent a significant medical issue. The present study aims to better understand chronic ciguatera manifestations and identify potential predictive factors for their duration. Medical files of 49 patients were analyzed, and the post-hospitalization evolution of the disease assessed through a follow-up questionnaire. A rigorous logistic lasso regression model was applied to select significant predictors from a list of 37 patient characteristics potentially predictive of having chronic symptoms. Missing data were handled by complete case analysis, and a survival analysis was implemented. All models used standardized variables, and multiple comparisons in the survival analyses were handled by Bonferroni correction. Among all studied variables, five significant predictors of having symptoms lasting ≥3 months were identified: age, tobacco consumption, acute bradycardia, laboratory measures of urea, and neutrophils. This exploratory, hypothesis-generating study contributes to the development of ciguatera epidemiology by narrowing the list from 37 possible predictors to a list of five predictors that seem worth further investigation as candidate risk factors in more targeted studies of ciguatera symptom duration},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{hallegraeff_perceived_2021,

title = {Perceived global increase in algal blooms is attributable to intensified monitoring and emerging bloom impacts.},

author = {G M Hallegraeff and D M Anderson and C Belin and M Y Dechraoui Bottein and E Bresnan and M Chinain and H Enevoldsen and M Iwataki and B Karlson and C H McKensie and I Sunesen and G C Pitcher and P Provoost and A Richardson and L Schweibold and P A Tester and V I Tainer and A T Yniguez and A Zingone},

doi = {doi.org/10.1038/s43247-021-00178-88},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-01},

journal = {Nature Com. Earth and Environment},

volume = {2},

pages = {117},

abstract = {Global trends in the occurrence, toxicity and risk posed by harmful algal blooms to natural systems, human health and coastal economies are poorly constrained, but are widely thought to be increasing due to climate change and nutrient pollution. Here, we conduct a statistical analysis on a global dataset extracted from the Harmful Algae Event Database and Ocean Biodiversity Information System for the period 1985–2018 to investigate temporal trends in the frequency and distribution of marine harmful algal blooms. We find no uniform global trend in the number of harmful algal events and their distribution over time, once data were adjusted for regional variations in monitoring effort. Varying and contrasting regional trends were driven by differences in bloom species, type and emergent impacts. Our findings suggest that intensified monitoring efforts associated with increased aquaculture production are responsible for the perceived increase in harmful algae events and that there is no empirical support for broad statements regarding increasing global trends. Instead, trends need to be considered regionally and at the species level.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{yon_deeper_2021,

title = {Deeper insight into Gambierdiscus polynesiensis toxin production relies on specific optimization of high-performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry.},

author = {T Yon and M Sibat and D Réveillon and S Bertrand and M Chinain and P Hess},

doi = {doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122400},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-01},

journal = {Talanta},

volume = {232},

pages = {122400},

abstract = {Ciguatera food poisoning affects consumer health and fisheries’ economies worldwide in tropical zones, and specifically in the Pacific area. The wide variety of ciguatoxins bio-accumulated in fish or shellfish responsible for this neurological illness are produced by marine dinoflagellates of the genus Gambierdiscus and bio-transformed through the food web. The evaluation of the contents of ciguatoxins in strains of Gambierdiscus relies on the availability of standards and on the development of sensitive and specific tools to detect them. There is a need for sensitive methods for the analysis of pacific ciguatoxins with high resolution mass spectrometry to ensure unequivocal identification of all congeners. We have applied a fractional factorial design of experiment 2textasciicircum8-3 for the screening of the significance of eight parameters potentially influencing ionization and ion transmission and their interactions to evaluate the behavior of sodium adducts, protonated molecules and first water losses of CTX4A/B, CTX3B/C, 2-OH-CTX3C and 44-methylgambierone on a Q-TOF equipment. The four parameters that allowed to significantly increase the peak areas of ciguatoxins and gambierones (up to a factor ten) were the capillary voltage, the sheath gas temperature, the ion funnel low pressure voltage and the ion funnel exit voltage. The optimized method was applied to revisit the toxin profile of G. polynesiensis (strain TB92) with a confirmation of the presence of M-seco-CTX4A only putatively reported so far and the detection of an isomer of CTX4A. The improvement in toxin detection also allowed to obtain informative high resolution targeted MS/MS spectra revealing high similarity in fragmentation patterns between putative isomer (4) of CTX3C, 2-OH-CTX3C and CTX3B on one side and between CTX4A, M-seco-CTX4A and the putative isomer on the other side, suggesting a relation of constitutional isomerism between them for both isomers.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{chinain_ciguatera_2021,

title = {Ciguatera poisonings: A global review of occurrences and trends.},

author = {M Chinain and C M Gatti and H T Darius and J P Quod and P A Tester},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2020.101873},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-01},

journal = {Harmful Algae},

volume = {102},

pages = {101873},

abstract = {Ciguatera Poisoning (CP) is the most prevalent, phycotoxin related seafood poisoning across the globe, affecting between 10,000 and 50,000 people annually. This illness results from the consumption of seafood contaminated with lipid soluble toxins known as ciguatoxins (CTXs) that are produced by benthic dinoflagellates in the genera Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa. The present work reviews the global occurrence of CP events and outbreaks, based on both scientific and gray literature. 

Ciguatera prevalence is significantly underestimated due to a lack of recognition of ciguatera symptoms, limited collection of epidemiological data on a global level, and reticence to report ciguatera in CP-endemic regions. Analysis of the time-series data available for a limited number of countries indicates the highest incidence rates are consistently reported from two historical CP-endemic areas i.e., the Pacific and Caribbean regions, a situation due in part to the strong reliance of local communities on marine resources. Ciguatera-related fatalities are rare (textless0.1% of reported cases). The vast majority of outbreaks involve carnivorous fish including snappers, groupers, wrasses, and barracudas. Since 2000, an expansion of the geographical range of CP has been observed in several areas like Macaronesia and east and southeast Asia. In some of these locales, random surveys confirmed the presence of CTXs in locally sourced fish, consistent with the concurrent report of novel CP incidents (e.g., Canary Islands, Madeira, Selvagens Islands, New South Wales). One characteristic of outbreaks occurring in Asia is that they often present as large disease clusters due to group consumption of a single contaminated fish. Similar observations are reported from the Indian Ocean in the form of shark poisoning outbreaks which often lead to singular types of CP characterized by a high fatality rate. Other atypical forms of CP linked to the consumption of marine invertebrates also have been documented recently. Owing to the significant health, socioeconomic and socio-cultural impacts of ciguatera, there is an urgent need for increased, standardized, coordinated efforts in ciguatera education, monitoring and research programs. Several regional and international initiatives have emerged recently, that may help improve patients' care, data collection at a global scale, and risk monitoring and management capabilities in countries most vulnerable to CP's toxic threat.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{leite_experimental_2021,

title = {Experimental Evidence of Ciguatoxin Accumulation and Depuration in Carnivorous Lionfish},

author = {I Leite and K Sdiri and A Taylor and J Viallon and H B Gharbia and L L Mafra Jr and P W Swarzenski and F R Oberhaensli and H T Darius and M Chinain and M Y Dechraoui-Bottein},

doi = {doi.org/10.3390/toxins13080564},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-01},

journal = {Toxins},

volume = {13},

number = {8},

pages = {564},

abstract = {Ciguatera poisoning is a food intoxication associated with the consumption of fish or shellfish contaminated, through trophic transfer, with ciguatoxins (CTXs). In this study, we developed an experimental model to assess the trophic transfer of CTXs from herbivorous parrotfish, Chlorurus microrhinos, to carnivorous lionfish, Pterois volitans. During a 6-week period, juvenile lionfish were fed naturally contaminated parrotfish fillets at a daily dose of 0.11 or 0.035 ng CTX3C equiv. g−1, as measured by the radioligand-receptor binding assay (r-RBA) or neuroblastoma cell-based assay (CBA-N2a), respectively. During an additional 6-week depuration period, the remaining fish were fed a CTX-free diet. Using r-RBA, no CTXs were detectable in muscular tissues, whereas CTXs were measured in the livers of two out of nine fish sampled during exposure, and in four out of eight fish sampled during depuration. Timepoint pooled liver samples, as analyzed by CBA-N2a, confirmed the accumulation of CTXs in liver tissues, reaching 0.89 ng CTX3C equiv. g−1 after 41 days of exposure, followed by slow toxin elimination, with 0.37 ng CTX3C equiv. g−1 measured after the 6-week depuration. These preliminary results, which need to be pursued in adult lionfish, strengthen our knowledge on CTX transfer and kinetics along the food web.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{biessy_exploring_2021,

title = {Exploring benthic cyanobacterial diversity and co-occurring potentially harmful dinoflagellates in six islands of the South Pacific},

author = {L Biessy and S Wood and M Chinain and M Roué and K F Smith},

doi = {doi:10.1007/s10750-021-04599-6},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-01},

journal = {Hydrobiologia},

volume = {848},

pages = {2815--2829},

abstract = {Cyanobacteria represent a potential risk to human health, as they can produce an array of toxic compounds. Proliferations of potentially toxic benthic marine cyanobacteria are predicted to increase in frequency and spread geographically with climate change and eutrophication, especially in tropical lagoons. Benthic cyanobacterial mats harbour many species of other bacteria and eukaryotic organisms, some of which have been linked to human poisonings after consumption of contaminated seafood. Metabarcoding was used to characterize the taxonomic diversity of 66 benthic cyanobacteria-dominated mats collected from six islands in three different countries of the South Pacific: French Polynesia, the Cook Islands and Kingdom of Tonga. Twenty-five potentially toxic cyanobacteria genera were recorded. Although core bacterial communities (excluding cyanobacteria) remained constant amongst mats, there were significant differences both within and between islands, even when the mats were dominated by the same cyanobacteria genera. Dinoflagellata and Ciliophora were the most dominant eukaryotes and seven potentially toxic genera of dinoflagellates co-occurred in the mats. This is the first baseline survey to use metabarcoding to demonstrate the co-occurrence of potentially toxic marine cyanobacteria and dinoflagellates in the Pacific. The results highlight that further research is needed to evaluate the toxicity of the mats in these regions.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{fall_performance_2021,

title = {Performance of MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry to Determine the Sex of Mosquitoes and Identify Specific Colonies from French Polynesia},

author = {F K Fall and M Laroche and H C Bossin and D Musso and P Parola},

doi = {doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.20-0031},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-01},

journal = {Am J Trop Med Hyg},

volume = {104},

number = {5},

pages = {1907--16},

abstract = {Mosquitoes are the main arthropod vectors of human pathogens. The current methods for mosquito identification include morphological and molecular methods. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), now routinely used for bacterial identification, has recently emerged in the field of entomology. The aim of this study was to use MALDI-TOF MS to identify mosquito colonies from French Polynesia. Five hundred specimens from French Polynesia belonging to three species, Aedes aegypti, Aedes polynesiensis, and Culex quinquefasciatus, were included in the study. Testing the legs of these mosquitoes by MALDI-TOF MS revealed a 100% correct identification of all specimens at the species level. The MALDI-TOF MS profiles obtained allowed differentiation of male from female mosquitoes and the specific identification of female mosquito colonies of the same species but different geographic origin.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{olivia_sterile_2021,

title = {Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) against Aedes Species Mosquitoes: A Roadmap and Good Practice Framework for Designing, Implementing and Evaluating Pilot Field Trials},

author = {C F Olivia and M Q Benedict and C M Collins and T Baldet and R Bellini and H C Bossin and J Bouyer and V Corbel and L Facchinelli and F Fouque and M Geier and A Mickaelakis and D Roiz and F Simard and C Tur and L C Gouagna},

doi = {doi.org/10.3390/insects12030191},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-01},

journal = {Insects},

volume = {12},

number = {3},

pages = {191},

abstract = {Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti are invasive mosquito species that impose a substantial risk to human health. To control the abundance and spread of these arboviral pathogen vectors, the sterile insect technique (SIT) is emerging as a powerful complement to most commonly-used approaches, in part, because this technique is ecologically benign, specific, and non-persistent in the environment if releases are stopped. Because SIT and other similar vector control strategies are becoming of increasing interest to many countries, we offer here a pragmatic and accessible ‘roadmap’ for the pre-pilot and pilot phases to guide any interested party. This will support stakeholders, non-specialist scientists, implementers, and decision-makers. Applying these concepts will ensure, given adequate resources, a sound basis for local field trialing and for developing experience with the technique in readiness for potential operational deployment. This synthesis is based on the available literature, in addition to the experience and current knowledge of the expert contributing authors in this field. We describe a typical path to successful pilot testing, with the four concurrent development streams of Laboratory, Field, Stakeholder Relations, and the Business and Compliance Case. We provide a graphic framework with criteria that must be met in order to proceed.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{degener_evaluation_2021,

title = {Evaluation of the New Modular Biogents BG-Pro Mosquito Trap in Comparison to CDC, EVS, BG-Sentinel, and BG-Mosquitaire Traps},

author = {C M degener and K M Staunton and H C Bossin and J Marie and R Diogo da Silva and D C Lima and A E Eiras and K I Akaratovic and J Kiser and S W Gordon},

doi = {doi.org/10.2987/21-7003},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-01},

journal = {J Am Mosq Control Assoc},

volume = {37},

number = {4},

pages = {224--41},

abstract = {Mosquito surveillance is an essential component of mosquito control and mosquito traps are a universally employed tool to monitor adult populations. The objective of this paper was to evaluate the new modular Biogents BG-Pro mosquito trap (BGP) and compare its performance to 4 widely used traps for adult mosquitoes: the BG-Sentinel (BGS), the BG Mosquitaire (BGM), the CDC miniature light trap (CDC), and the encephalitis vector survey trap (EVS). One semi-field and 9 field Latin square trials were performed in 7 countries. Results showed that the collection performance of the BGP was equivalent to or exceeded that of the BGS, BGM, CDC, and EVS traps in head-to-head comparisons. The BGP uses 35% less power than the CDC and 75% less than the BGS and BGM. This lower power consumption allows it to run at 5 V for 2 days using a small lightweight 10,000-mAh rechargeable power bank. The BG-Pro is an excellent alternative for the surveillance of mosquito species that are usually monitored with BG-Sentinel, CDC, or EVS traps.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{darius_deep-water_2021,

title = {Deep-water fish are potential vectors of Ciguatera Poisoning in the Gambier Islands, French Polynesia},

author = {H T Darius and K CHUNG and P Cruchet and J Viallon and C M Gatti and M Sibat and P Hess and M Chinain},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/md19110644},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-01},

journal = {Marine Drugs},

volume = {19},

number = {11},

pages = {644},

abstract = {Ciguatera poisoning (CP) cases linked to the consumption of deep-water fish occurred in 2003 in the Gambier Islands (French Polynesia). In 2004, on the request of two local fishermen, the presence of ciguatoxins (CTXs) was examined in part of their fish catches, i.e., 22 specimens representing five deep-water fish species. Using the radioactive receptor binding assay (rRBA) and mouse bioassay (MBA), significant CTX levels were detected in seven deep-water specimens in Lutjanidae, Serranidae, and Bramidae families. Following additional purification steps on the remaining liposoluble fractions for 13 of these samples (kept at −20 °C), these latter were reanalyzed in 2018 with improved protocols of the neuroblastoma cell-based assay (CBA-N2a) and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). Using the CBA-N2a, the highest CTX-like content found in a specimen of Eumegistus illustris (Bramidae) was 2.94 ± 0.27 µg CTX1B eq. kg−1. Its toxin profile consisted of 52-epi-54-deoxyCTX1B, CTX1B, and 54-deoxyCTX1B, as assessed by LC–MS/MS. This is the first study demonstrating that deep-water fish are potential ciguatera vectors and highlighting the importance of a systematic monitoring of CTXs in all exploited fish species, especially in ciguatera hotspots, including deep-water fish, which constitute a significant portion of the commercial deep-sea fisheries in many Asian–Pacific countries},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{noauthor_appraisal_2021,

title = {An appraisal of systematic conservation planning for Pacific Ocean Tropical Islands coastal environments.},

author = {André L.V. and S Van Wynsberge and M Chinain and S Andrefouet},

doi = {doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112131},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-01},

journal = {Marine Pollution Bulletin},

volume = {165},

pages = {112131},

abstract = {Systematic Conservation Planning (SCP) offers concepts and toolboxes to make spatial decisions on where to focus conservation actions while minimizing a variety of costs to stakeholders. Thirty-four studies of Pacific Ocean Tropical Islands were scrutinized to categorize past and current types of applications. It appeared that scenarios were often built on a biodiversity representation objective, opportunity costs for fishers was the most frequent cost factor, and an evolution from simple to sophisticated scenarios followed the need to maximize resilience and connectivity while mitigating climate change impacts. However, proxies and models were often not validated, pointing to data quality issues. Customary management by local communities motivated applications specific to the Pacific region, but several island features remained ignored, including invertebrate fishing, ciguatera poisoning and mariculture. Fourteen recommendations are provided to enhance scenarios' robustness, island specificities integration, complex modelling accuracy, and better use of SCP for island management.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{aubry_recent_2021,

title = {Recent African strains of Zika virus display higher transmissibility and fetal pathogenicity than Asian strains},

author = {F Aubry and S Jacobs and M Darmuzey and S Lequime and L Delang and A Fontaine and N Jupatanakul and E F Miot and S Dabo and C Manet and X Montagutelli and A Baidaliuk and F Gambaro and E Simon-Lorière and M Gilsoul and C M Romero-Vivas and V M Cao-Lormeau and R G Jarman and C T Diagne and O Faye and A A Sall and J Neyts and L Nguyen and S J F Kapstein and L Lambrechts},

doi = {doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-21199-z},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-01},

journal = {Nat Commun},

volume = {12},

number = {1},

pages = {916},

abstract = {The global emergence of Zika virus (ZIKV) revealed the unprecedented ability for a mosquito-borne virus to cause congenital birth defects. A puzzling aspect of ZIKV emergence is that all human outbreaks and birth defects to date have been exclusively associated with the Asian ZIKV lineage, despite a growing body of laboratory evidence pointing towards higher transmissibility and pathogenicity of the African ZIKV lineage. Whether this apparent paradox reflects the use of relatively old African ZIKV strains in most laboratory studies is unclear. Here, we experimentally compare seven low-passage ZIKV strains representing the recently circulating viral genetic diversity. We find that recent African ZIKV strains display higher transmissibility in mosquitoes and higher lethality in both adult and fetal mice than their Asian counterparts. We emphasize the high epidemic potential of African ZIKV strains and suggest that they could more easily go unnoticed by public health surveillance systems than Asian strains due to their propensity to cause fetal loss rather than birth defects.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{andre_framework_2021,

title = {A framework for mapping local knowledge on ciguatera and artisanal fisheries to inform systematic conservation planning.},

author = {L V André and S Van Wynsberge and M Chinain and C M Gatti and A Dempsey and S Andrefouet},

doi = {doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsab016},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-01},

journal = {ICES Journal of Marine Science},

abstract = {Millions of people’s livelihoods rely on artisanal fisheries. However, in many regions fishers are increasingly facing ciguatera poisoning, a seafood-borne illness. The toxin, produced by benthic dinoflagellates, can spread through marine food webs and to humans by direct consumption. Ciguatera risk can play a major role in fisher’s activities but has never been considered in any marine spatial plans thus far. To fill this gap, we examined if integrating ciguatera in systematic conservation plans could affect these decisions. We developed through map-based interviews, a novel seven-step framework to collect and map local knowledge on ciguatera risk and fisheries activities with two innovations: (i) better mapping of fishing grounds by combining geomorphological habitat and fishing gear information, and (ii) integrating ciguatera risk directly into systematic spatial planning designs and scenarios conceived to maximize benthic habitat conservation while minimizing impacts to fishers. The approach is illustrated for Raivavae Island, in French Polynesia, Pacific Ocean. We found that integrating ciguatera significantly improved prioritization solutions with a 24–38% decrease of costs to fishers compared with scenarios based solely on fishery data. This framework was designed for scientists and managers to optimize the implementation of conservation plans and could be generalized to ciguatera-prone areas.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{cao-lormeau_self-sampling_2021,

title = {Self-sampling kit delivered to travelers for COVID-19 testing 4 days after arrival in French Polynesia, July 2020–February 2021},

author = {V M Cao-Lormeau and I Teiti and A Teissier and V Richard and M Aubry},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-01},

journal = {Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease},

volume = {43},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{henderson_interactions_2021,

title = {Interactions between timing and transmissibility explain diverse flavivirus dynamics in Fiji},

author = {A D Henderson and M Kama and M Aubry and S Hue and A Teissier and T Naivalu and V D Bechu and J Kailawadoko and I Rabukawaqa and A Sahukhan and M L Hibberd and E Nilles and S Funk and J Whitworth and C H Watson and C Lau and W J Edmunds and V M Cao-Lormeau and A Kucharski},

doi = {10.1038/s41467-021-21788-y},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-01},

journal = {Nat Commun},

volume = {12},

number = {1},

pages = {1671},

abstract = {Zika virus (ZIKV) has caused large, brief outbreaks in isolated populations, however ZIKV can also persist at low levels over multiple years. The reasons for these diverse transmission dynamics remain poorly understood. In Fiji, which has experienced multiple large single-season dengue epidemics, there was evidence of multi-year transmission of ZIKV between 2013 and 2017. To identify factors that could explain these differences in dynamics between closely related mosquito-borne flaviviruses, we jointly fit a transmission dynamic model to surveillance, serological and molecular data. We estimate that the observed dynamics of ZIKV were the result of two key factors: strong seasonal effects, which created an ecologically optimal time of year for outbreaks; and introduction of ZIKV after this optimal time, which allowed ZIKV transmission to persist over multiple seasons. The ability to jointly fit to multiple data sources could help identify a similar range of possible outbreak dynamics in other settings.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{peng_diversity_2021,

title = {Diversity in immunogenomics: the value and the challenge},

author = {K Peng and Y Safonova and A Popejoy and O L Rodriguez and F Breden and P Brodin and A M Burkhardt and C Bustamante and V M Cao-Lormeau and M M Corcoran and D Duffy and M F Guarjardo and R Fujita and V Greiff and V D Jonsson and X Liu and L Quintana-Murci and M Rossetti and J XIE and G Yaari and W shang and M S Abedalthagafi and K O Adekoya and R A Ahmed and W C Chang and C Gray and Y Nakamura and W D Lees and P Khatri and H Alachktar and C Scheepers and C Watson and G B Karlsson Hedestam and S Mangul},

doi = {10.1038/s41592-021-01169-5},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-01},

journal = {Nat Methods},

volume = {18},

number = {6},

pages = {588--91},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{roue_assessment_2020,

title = {Assessment of Ciguatera and Other Phycotoxin-Related Risks in Anaho Bay (Nuku Hiva Island, French Polynesia): Molecular, Toxicological, and Chemical Analyses of Passive Samplers.},

author = {M Roué and K F Smith and M Sibat and J Viallon and K Henry and A Ung and L Biessy and P Hess and H T Darius and M Chinain},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

journal = {Toxins},

volume = {12},

number = {5},

pages = {321},

abstract = {Ciguatera poisoning is a foodborne illness caused by the consumption of seafood contaminated with ciguatoxins (CTXs) produced by dinoflagellates from the genera Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa. The suitability of Solid Phase Adsorption Toxin Tracking (SPATT) technology for the monitoring of dissolved CTXs in the marine environment has recently been demonstrated. To refine the use of this passive monitoring tool in ciguateric areas, the effects of deployment time and sampler format on the adsorption of CTXs by HP20 resin were assessed in Anaho Bay (Nuku Hiva Island, French Polynesia), a well-known ciguatera hotspot. Toxicity data assessed by means of the mouse neuroblastoma cell-based assay (CBA-N2a) showed that a 24 h deployment of 2.5 g of resin allowed concentrating quantifiable amounts of CTXs on SPATT samplers. The CTX levels varied with increasing deployment time, resin load, and surface area. In addition to CTXs, okadaic acid (OA) and dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1) were also detected in SPATT extracts using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), consistent with the presence of Gambierdiscus and Prorocentrum species in the environment, as assessed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and high-throughput sequencing (HTS) metabarcoding analyses conducted on passive window screen (WS) artificial substrate samples. Although these preliminary findings await further confirmation in follow-up studies, they highlight the usefulness of SPATT samplers in the routine surveillance of CP risk on a temporal scale, and the monitoring of other phycotoxin-related risks in ciguatera-prone areas.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{longo_effects_2020,

title = {Effects of pH and Nutrients (Nitrogen) on Growth and Toxin Profile of the Ciguatera-Causing Dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus polynesiensis (Dinophyceae).},

author = {S Longo and M Sibat and H T Darius and P Hess and M Chinain},

doi = {doi.org/10.3390/toxins12120767},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

journal = {Toxins},

volume = {12},

pages = {737},

abstract = {Ciguatera poisoning is a foodborne disease caused by the consumption of seafood contaminated with ciguatoxins (CTXs) produced by dinoflagellates in the genera Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa. Ciguatera outbreaks are expected to increase worldwide with global change, in particular as a function of its main drivers, including changes in sea surface temperature, acidification, and coastal eutrophication. In French Polynesia, G. polynesiensis is regarded as the dominant source of CTXs entering the food web. The effects of pH (8.4, 8.2, and 7.9), Nitrogen:Phosphorus ratios (24N:1P vs. 48N:1P), and nitrogen source (nitrates vs. urea) on growth rate, biomass, CTX levels, and profiles were examined in four clones of G. polynesiensis at different culture age (D10, D21, and D30). Results highlight a decrease in growth rate and cellular biomass at low pH when urea is used as a N source. No significant effect of pH, N:P ratio, and N source on the overall CTX content was observed. Up to ten distinct analogs of Pacific ciguatoxins (P-CTXs) could be detected by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in clone NHA4 grown in urea, at D21. Amounts of more oxidized P-CTX analogs also increased under the lowest pH condition. These data provide interesting leads for the custom production of CTX standards.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{aubry_low_2020,

title = {Low chikungunya virus seroprevalence two years after emergence in Fiji.},

author = {M Aubry and M Kama and A Henderson and A Teissier and J Vanhomwegen and T Mariteragi-Helle and T Paoaafaite and J C Manuguerra and K Christi and C Watson and C Lau and A Kucharski and V M Cao-Lormeau},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

journal = {Int J Infect Dis},

volume = {90},

pages = {223--25},

abstract = {OBJECTIVES: 

In Fiji, autochthonous chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection was first detected in March 2015. In a previous serosurvey conducted during October-November 2015, we reported a prevalence of anti-CHIKV IgG antibodies of 0.9%. In the present study, we investigated the seroprevalence of CHIKV two years after its emergence in Fiji. 

METHODS: 

Sera from 320 residents of Fiji recruited in June 2017, from the same cohort of individuals that participated in the serosurvey in 2015, were tested for the presence of IgG antibodies against CHIKV using a recombinant antigen-based microsphere immunoassay. 

RESULTS: Between 2015 and 2017, CHIKV seroprevalence among residents increased from 0.9% (3/333) to 12.8% (41/320). Of the participants with available serum samples collected in both 2015 and 2017 (n = 200), 31 (15.5%) who were seronegative in 2015 had seroconverted to CHIKV in 2017. 

CONCLUSIONS: 

Our findings suggest that low-level transmission of CHIKV occurred during the two years following the emergence of the virus in Fiji. No CHIKV infection has been reported in Fiji since 2017, but due to the presumed low herd immunity of the population, the risk of CHIKV re-emergence is high. Consequently, chikungunya should be considered in the differential diagnosis of acute febrile diseases in Fiji.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{henderson_zika_2020,

title = {Zika seroprevalence declines and neutralizing antibodies wane in adults following outbreaks in French Polynesia and Fiji.},

author = {A Henderson and M Aubry and M Kama and J Vanhomwegen and A Teissier and T Mariteragi-Helle and T Paoaafaite and Y Teissier and C Watson and J C Manuguerra and W Edmunds and J Withworth and C Lau and V M Cao-Lormeau and A Kucharski},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

journal = {Elife},

volume = {9},

number = {e48460},

abstract = {It has been commonly assumed that Zika virus (ZIKV) infection confers long-term protection against reinfection, preventing ZIKV from re-emerging in previously affected areas for several years. However, the long-term immune response to ZIKV following an outbreak remains poorly documented. We compared results from eight serological surveys before and after known ZIKV outbreaks in French Polynesia and Fiji, including cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. We found evidence of a decline in seroprevalence in both countries over a two-year period following first reported ZIKV transmission. This decline was concentrated in adults, while high seroprevalence persisted in children. In the Fiji cohort, there was also a significant decline in neutralizing antibody titres against ZIKV, but not against dengue viruses that circulated during the same period.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{teissier_long-term_2020,

title = {Long-term persistence of monotypic dengue transmission in small size isolated populations, French Polynesia, 1978-2014.},

author = {Y Teissier and R Paul and M Aubry and X Rodo and C Dommar and H Salje and A Sakuntabhai and B Cazelles and V M Cao-Lormeau},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

journal = {Plos Neg Trop Dis},

volume = {14},

number = {3},

pages = {e0008110},

abstract = {Understanding the transition of epidemic to endemic dengue transmission remains a challenge in regions where serotypes co-circulate and there is extensive human mobility. French Polynesia, an isolated group of 117 islands of which 72 are inhabited, distributed among five geographically separated subdivisions, has recorded mono-serotype epidemics since 1944, with long inter-epidemic periods of circulation. Laboratory confirmed cases have been recorded since 1978, enabling exploration of dengue epidemiology under monotypic conditions in an isolated, spatially structured geographical location. A database was constructed of confirmed dengue cases, geolocated to island for a 35-year period. Statistical analyses of viral establishment, persistence and fade-out as well as synchrony among subdivisions were performed. Seven monotypic and one heterotypic dengue epidemic occurred, followed by low-level viral circulation with a recrudescent epidemic occurring on one occasion. Incidence was asynchronous among the subdivisions. Complete viral die-out occurred on several occasions with invasion of a new serotype. Competitive serotype replacement has been observed previously and seems to be characteristic of the South Pacific. Island population size had a strong impact on the establishment, persistence and fade-out of dengue cases and endemicity was estimated achievable only at a population size in excess of 175 000. Despite island remoteness and low population size, dengue cases were observed somewhere in French Polynesia almost constantly, in part due to the spatial structuration generating asynchrony among subdivisions. Long-term persistence of dengue virus in this group of island populations may be enabled by island hopping, although could equally be explained by a reservoir of sub-clinical infections on the most populated island, Tahiti.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{togami_first_2020,

title = {First evidence of concurrent enzootic and endemic transmission of Ross River virus in the absence of marsupial reservoirs in Fiji.},

author = {E Togami and N Gyawali and O Ong and M Kama and V M Cao-Lormeau and M Aubry and A I Ko and E Nilles and J M Collins-Emerson and G J Devine and C Lau},

doi = {10.1016/j.ijid.2020.02.048},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

journal = {Int J Infect Dis},

volume = {96},

pages = {94-6},

abstract = {BACKGROUND: 

 

Ross River virus (RRV) is a zoonotic alphavirus transmitted by several mosquito species. Until recently, endemic transmission was only considered possible in the presence of marsupial reservoirs. 

METHODS: 

 

We investigated RRV seroprevalence in placental mammals, including horses, cows, goats, pigs, dogs, rats, and mice in Fiji, where there are no marsupials. A total of 302 vertebrate serum samples were collected from 86 households from 10 communities in Western Fiji. 

FINDINGS: 

 

Neutralizing antibodies against RRV were detected in 28 to 100% of sera depending on species, and neutralization was strong even at high dilutions. 

SIGNIFICANCE: 

 

Our results are unlikely to be due to cross reactions; Chikungunya is the only other alphavirus known to be present in the Pacific Islands, but it rarely spills over into non-humans, even during epidemics. Our findings, together with recent report of high RRV seroprevalence in humans, strongly suggest that RRV is circulating in Fiji in the absence of marsupial reservoirs. Considering that all non-human vertebrates present in Fiji are panglobal in distribution, RRV has the potential to further expand its geographic range. Further surveillance and access to diagnostics of RRV is critical for the early detection of emergence and outbreaks.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{noauthor_revisiting_2020,

title = {Revisiting the Neuroblastoma Cell-Based Assay (CBA-N2a) for the Improved Detection of Marine Toxins Active on Voltage Gated Sodium Channels (VGSCs)},

author = {Viallon J. and M Chinain and H T Darius},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins12050281},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

journal = {Toxins},

volume = {12},

number = {5},

pages = {281},

abstract = {The neuroblastoma cell-based assay (CBA-N2a) is widely used for the detection of marine biotoxins in seafood products, yet a consensus protocol is still lacking. In this study, six key parameters of CBA-N2a were revisited: cell seeding densities, cell layer viability after 26 h growth, MTT incubation time, Ouabain and Veratridine treatment and solvent and matrix effects. A step-by-step protocol was defined identifying five viability controls for the validation of CBA-N2a results. Specific detection of two voltage gated sodium channel activators, pacific ciguatoxin (P-CTX3C) and brevetoxin (PbTx3) and two inhibitors, saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoylsaxitoxin (dc-STX) was achieved, with EC50 values of 1.7 ± 0.35 pg/mL, 5.8 ± 0.9 ng/mL, 3 ± 0.5 ng/mL and 15.8 ± 3 ng/mL, respectively. When applied to the detection of ciguatoxin (CTX)-like toxicity in fish samples, limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) values were 0.031 ± 0.008 and 0.064 ± 0.016 ng P-CTX3C eq/g of flesh, respectively. Intra and inter-assays comparisons of viability controls, LOD, LOQ and toxicity in fish samples gave coefficients of variation (CVs) ranging from 3% to 29%. This improved test adaptable to either high throughput screening or composite toxicity estimation is a useful starting point for a standardization of the CBA-N2a in the field of marine toxin detection.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{zhen_modeling_2020,

title = {Modeling the time-lag effect of sea surface temperatures on ciguatera poisoning in the South Pacific: Implications for surveillance and response.},

author = {L Zhen and C M Gatti and E Garrido Gamarro and A Suzuki and H Y Teah},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

journal = {Toxicon},

volume = {182},

pages = {21--29},

abstract = {Ciguatera poisoning (CP), arising from ciguatoxins produced by toxic dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus, is one of the most common food-borne diseases in the South Pacific. Climate change as well as its related events have been hypothesized to a higher abundance and wider presence of toxic dinoflagellates, hence a higher risk of the disease. Yet existing studies assessing the relationship between climate factors and CP are limited or based on old data. In this study, we used prewhitened cross-correlation analysis and auto-regressive integrated moving-average (ARIMA) modeling to develop predictive models of monthly CP incidence in Cook Islands and French Polynesia, two ciguatera-endemic regions in the South Pacific, utilizing the latest epidemiological data. Results reveal the significant time-lagged associations between the monthly CP incidence rate and several indicators relating to sea surface temperature (SST). In particular, SST anomaly is proven to be a strong positive predictor of an increased ciguatera incidence for both countries. If these time-lags can be supported by more investigations, it will allow health authorities to take appropriate actions, to limit or avoid an epidemic risk, especially on high-risk climate scenarios.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{van_dolah_transcriptomic_2020,

title = {Transcriptomic analysis of polyketide synthases in a highly ciguatoxic dinoflagellate, Gambierdiscus polynesiensis and low toxicity Gambierdiscus pacificus, from French Polynesia},

author = {F M Van Dolah and S J Morey and S Milne and A Ung and P E Anderson and M Chinain},

doi = {doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0231400},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

journal = {PLOS One},

volume = {15},

number = {4},

pages = {20231400},

abstract = {Marine dinoflagellates produce a diversity of polyketide toxins that are accumulated in marine food webs and are responsible for a variety of seafood poisonings. Reef-associated dinoflagellates of the genus Gambierdiscus produce toxins responsible for ciguatera poisoning (CP), which causes over 50,000 cases of illness annually worldwide. The biosynthetic machinery for dinoflagellate polyketides remains poorly understood. Recent transcriptomic and genomic sequencing projects have revealed the presence of Type I modular polyketide synthases in dinoflagellates, as well as a plethora of single domain transcripts with Type I sequence homology. The current transcriptome analysis compares polyketide synthase (PKS) gene transcripts expressed in two species of Gambierdiscus from French Polynesia: a highly toxic ciguatoxin producer, G. polynesiensis, versus a non-ciguatoxic species G. pacificus, each assembled from approximately 180 million Illumina 125 nt reads using Trinity, and compares their PKS content with previously published data from other Gambierdiscus species and more distantly related dinoflagellates. Both modular and single-domain PKS transcripts were present. Single domain β-ketoacyl synthase (KS) transcripts were highly amplified in both species (98 in G. polynesiensis, 99 in G. pacificus), with smaller numbers of standalone acyl transferase (AT), ketoacyl reductase (KR), dehydratase (DH), enoyl reductase (ER), and thioesterase (TE) domains. G. polynesiensis expressed both a larger number of multidomain PKSs, and larger numbers of modules per transcript, than the non-ciguatoxic G. pacificus. The largest PKS transcript in G. polynesiensis encoded a 10,516 aa, 7 module protein, predicted to synthesize part of the polyether backbone. Transcripts and gene models representing portions of this PKS are present in other species, suggesting that its function may be performed in those species by multiple interacting proteins. This study contributes to the building consensus that dinoflagellates utilize a combination of Type I modular and single domain PKS proteins, in an as yet undefined manner, to synthesize polyketides.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{bonnard_assessment_2020,

title = {Assessment of the chemical diversity and potential toxicity of benthic cyanobacterial blooms in the lagoon of Moorea Island (French Polynesia).},

author = {I Bonnard and L Bornancin and K Dalle and M Chinain and M Zubia and B Banaigs and M Roué},

doi = {10.3390/jmse8060406},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Marine Science and Engineering},

volume = {8},

pages = {406},

abstract = {In the last decades, an apparent increase in the frequency of benthic cyanobacterial blooms has occurred in coral reefs and tropical lagoons, possibly in part because of global change and anthropogenic activities. In the frame of the survey of marine benthic cyanobacteria proliferating in the lagoon of Moorea Island (French Polynesia), 15 blooms were collected, mainly involving three species—Anabaena sp.1, Lyngbya majuscula and Hydrocoleum majus-B. Their chemical fingerprints, obtained through high performance liquid chromatography combined with UV detection and mass spectrometry (HPLC-UV-MS) analyses, revealed a high extent of species-specificity. The chemical profile of Anabaena sp.1 was characterized by three major cyclic lipopeptides of the laxaphycin family, whereas the one of L. majuscula was characterized by a complex mixture including tiahuramides, trungapeptins and serinol-derived malyngamides. Toxicity screening analyses conducted on these cyanobacterial samples using Artemia salina and mouse neuroblastoma cell-based (CBA-N2a) cytotoxic assays failed to show any toxicity to a degree that would merit risk assessment with regard to public health. However, the apparently increasing presence of blooms of Lyngbya, Hydrocoleum, Anabaena or other benthic cyanobacteria on coral reefs in French Polynesia encourages the implementation of ad hoc monitoring programs for the surveillance of their proliferation and potential assessment of associated hazards.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{chomerat_taxonomy_2020,

title = {Taxonomy and toxicity of a bloom-forming Ostreopsis species (Dinophyceae, Gonyaulacales) in Tahiti island (South Pacific Ocean): one step further towards resolving the identity of O. siamensis.},

author = {N Chomerat and G Bilien and J Viallon and F Hervé and D Réveillon and K Henry and M Zubia and C Viera and A Ung and C M Gatti and M Roué and A Derrien and Z Amzil and H T Darius and M Chinain},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

journal = {Harmful Algae},

volume = {98},

pages = {101888},

abstract = {Among dinoflagellates responsible for benthic harmful algal blooms, the genus Ostreopsis primarily described from tropical areas has been increasingly reported from subtropical and temperate areas worldwide. Several species of this toxigenic genus produce analogs of palytoxin, thus representing a major threat to human and environmental health. The taxonomy of several species needs to be clarified as it was based mostly on morphological descriptions leading in some cases to ambiguous interpretations and misidentifications. The present study aims at reporting a benthic bloom that occurred in April 2019 in Tahiti island, French Polynesia. A complete taxonomic investigation of the blooming Ostreopsis species was realized using light, epifluorescence and field emission electron microscopy and phylogenetic analyses inferred from LSU rDNA and ITS–5.8S rDNA regions. Toxicity of a natural sample and strains isolated from the bloom was assessed using both neuroblastoma cell-based assay and LC-MS/MS analyses. Morphological observations showed that cells were round to oval, large, 58.0–82.5 µm deep (dorso-ventral length) and 45.7–61.2 µm wide. The cingulum was conspicuously undulated, forming a ‘V’ in ventral view. Thecal plates possessed large pores in depressions, with a collar rim. Detailed observation also revealed the presence of small thecal pores invisible in LM. Phylogenetic analyses were congruent and all sequences clustered within the genotype Ostreopsis sp. 6, in a subclade closely related to sequences from the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia. No toxicity was found on the field sample but all the strains isolated from the bloom were found to be cytotoxic and produced ostreocin D, a lower amount of ostreocins A and B and putatively other compounds. Phylogenetic data demonstrate the presence of this species in the Gulf of Thailand, at the type locality of O. siamensis, and morphological data are congruent with the original description and support this identification.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{longo_intraspecific_2020,

title = {Intraspecific Variability in the Toxin Production and Toxin Profiles of In Vitro Cultures of Gambierdiscus polynesiensis (Dinophyceae) from French Polynesia},

author = {S Longo and M Sibat and J Viallon and H T Darius and P Hess and M Chinain},

doi = {doi.org/10.3390/toxins11120735},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

journal = {Toxins},

volume = {11},

number = {12},

pages = {735},

abstract = {Ciguatera poisoning (CP) is a foodborne disease caused by the consumption of seafood contaminated with ciguatoxins (CTXs) produced by dinoflagellates in the genera Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa. The toxin production and toxin profiles were explored in four clones of G. polynesiensis originating from different islands in French Polynesia with contrasted CP risk: RIK7 (Mangareva, Gambier), NHA4 (Nuku Hiva, Marquesas), RAI-1 (Raivavae, Australes), and RG92 (Rangiroa, Tuamotu). Productions of CTXs, maitotoxins (MTXs), and gambierone group analogs were examined at exponential and stationary growth phases using the neuroblastoma cell-based assay and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. While none of the strains was found to produce known MTX compounds, all strains showed high overall P-CTX production ranging from 1.1 ± 0.1 to 4.6 ± 0.7 pg cell−1. In total, nine P-CTX analogs were detected, depending on strain and growth phase. The production of gambierone, as well as 44-methylgamberione, was also confirmed in G. polynesiensis. This study highlighted: (i) intraspecific variations in toxin production and profiles between clones from distinct geographic origins and (ii) the noticeable increase in toxin production of both CTXs, in particular CTX4A/B, and gambierone group analogs from the exponential to the stationary phase},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{chinain_evidence_2020,

title = {Evidence for the Range Expansion of Ciguatera in French Polynesia: A Revisit of the 2009 Mass-Poisoning Outbreak in Rapa Island (Australes Archipelago)},

author = {M Chinain and C M Gatti and A Ung and P Cruchet and T Revel and J Viallon and M Sibat and P Varney and V Laurent and P Hess and H T Darius},

doi = {doi.org/10.3390/toxins12120759},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

journal = {Toxins},

volume = {12},

number = {12},

pages = {759},

abstract = {Ciguatera poisoning (CP) results from the consumption of seafood contaminated with ciguatoxins (CTXs). This disease is highly prevalent in French Polynesia with several well-identified hotspots. Rapa Island, the southernmost inhabited island in the country, was reportedly free of CP until 2007. This study describes the integrated approach used to investigate the etiology of a fatal mass-poisoning outbreak that occurred in Rapa in 2009. Symptoms reported in patients were evocative of ciguatera. Several Gambierdiscus field samples collected from benthic assemblages tested positive by the receptor binding assay (RBA). Additionally, the toxicity screening of ≈250 fish by RBA indicated ≈78% of fish could contain CTXs. The presence of CTXs in fish was confirmed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The potential link between climate change and this range expansion of ciguatera to a subtropical locale of French Polynesia was also examined based on the analysis of temperature time-series data. Results are indicative of a global warming trend in Rapa area. A five-fold reduction in incidence rates was observed between 2009 and 2012, which was due in part to self-regulating behavior among individuals (avoidance of particular fish species and areas). Such observations underscore the prominent role played by community outreach in ciguatera risk management.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{aubry_enhanced_2020,

title = {Enhanced Zika virus susceptibility of globally invasive Aedes aegypti populations},

author = {F Aubry and S Dabo and C Manet and I Filipovic and N H Rose and E F Miot and D Martynow and A Baidaliuk and S H Merkling and L B Dickson and A B Crist and V O Anyango and C M Romero-Vivas and A Vega-Rua and I Dusfour and D Jiolle and C Paupy and M N Mayanja and J J Lutwama and A Kohl and V Duong and A Ponlawat and M Sylla and J Akorli and S Otoo and J Lutomiah and R Sang and J P Mutebi and V M Cao-Lormeau and R G Jarman and C T Diagne and O Faye and A A Sall and C S McBride and X Montagutelli and G Rasic and L Lambrechts},

doi = {doi: 10.1126/science.abd3663},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

journal = {Science},

volume = {370},

number = {6519},

pages = {991--6},

abstract = {The drivers and patterns of zoonotic virus emergence in the human population are poorly understood. The mosquito Aedes aegypti is a major arbovirus vector native to Africa that invaded most of the world's tropical belt over the past four centuries, after the evolution of a "domestic" form that specialized in biting humans and breeding in water storage containers. Here, we show that human specialization and subsequent spread of A. aegypti out of Africa were accompanied by an increase in its intrinsic ability to acquire and transmit the emerging human pathogen Zika virus. Thus, the recent evolution and global expansion of A. aegypti promoted arbovirus emergence not solely through increased vector-host contact but also as a result of enhanced vector susceptibility.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5552,

title = {Ciguatera Poisoning in French Polynesia: insights into the novel trends of an ancient disease.},

author = {M Chinain and C M Gatti and M Roué and H T Darius},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nmni.2019.100565},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

journal = {New Microbes New Infections},

volume = {31},

pages = {100565},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5554,

title = {Diversity and toxic potential of algal bloom forming species from Takaroa atoll lagoon (Tuamotu, French Polynesia): a field and mesocosm study.},

author = {M Rodier and S Longo and K Henry and A Ung and A Lo-Yat and H T Darius and J Viallon and B Beker and B Delesalle and M Chinain},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

journal = {Aquatic Microbial Ecology},

volume = {83},

pages = {15-34},

abstract = {Pearl farming lagoons are economically important, yet poorly studied ecosystems in French Polynesia. This paper describes a study conducted in 2016 in Takaroa (Tuamotu Archipelago), an atoll recurrently affected by harmful algal bloom (HAB) events. The objectives were to gain insight into phytoplankton community composition, identify the main bloom-forming species and investigate their potential for toxicity. A mesocosm approach was used to assess the response of phytoplankton communities to 3 nutrient treatments: Conway with Si, Si-depleted f/2 and a commercial N-P fertilizer. In total, 87 morpho-species were described from Takaroa lagoon, with dinoflagellates as the most diverse group. Diatoms (Extubocellulus sp., Cylindrotheca closterium, Nitzschia spp.), dinoflagellates (Gymnodinium spp., Heterocapsa spp.) and flagellates (Cryptomonas sp., Pyraminonas spp.) were among the major bloom-forming species identified. Most markedly, Extubocellulus sp., a diatom never reported from French Polynesia before, was able to bloom even in Si-poor environments. Additionally, in vitro cultures of 12 bloom-forming strains were successfully established and tested for their toxicity. Preliminary results suggest that 9 strains, including dinoflagellates (Prorocentrum lima, Amphidinium spp., Heterocapsa sp.), Pyraminonadales (Pyramimonas sp.) and cryptophytes (Cryptomonas sp.), are the likely producers of cyclic imine neurotoxins and toxins acting on voltage-gated sodium channels. The contribution of these toxins to the mortality events previously reported in Takaroa lagoon is further discussed. Overall, this study highlights the relevance of a mesocosm approach which can be applied to other understudied atolls of French Polynesia recurrently threatened by HABs.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{6411,

title = {Dengue virus serotype 2 (DENV-2) outbreak, French Polynesia, 2019.},

author = {M Aubry and M Mapotoeke and A Teissier and T Paoaafaite and E Dumas-Chastang and M Giard and V M Cao-Lormeau},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

journal = {Eurosurveillance},

volume = {24},

pages = {1900407},

abstract = {In 1996-97, the last dengue virus serotype 2 (DENV-2) outbreak occurred in French Polynesia. In February 2019, DENV-2 infection was detected in a traveller from New Caledonia. In March, autochthonous DENV-2 infection was diagnosed in two residents. A DENV-2 outbreak was declared on 10 April with 106 cases as at 24 June. Most of the population is not immune to DENV-2; a large epidemic could occur with risk of imported cases in mainland France.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5550,

title = {History of arthropod-borne virus infections in French Polynesia.},

author = {M Aubry and V M Cao-Lormeau},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

journal = {New Microbes New Infections},

volume = {29},

pages = {100513},

abstract = {In French Polynesia, arthropod-borne diseases are major public health problems. From the mid-1940s, the four serotypes of dengue virus (DENV-1 to -4) have caused 15 epidemics of variable severity. In 2013, for the first time, a sustained co-circulation of two different DENV serotypes (DENV-1 and -3) was reported. The same year, Zika virus (ZIKV) caused the largest outbreak ever recorded at that time. Severe neurologic complications in adults, including Guillain-Barré syndrome and central nervous system malformations in newborns and foeteuses, such as microcephaly, were reported, and a causal link with ZIKV infection was established. In addition to mosquito-borne transmission, the potential for perinatal, sexual and blood-transfusion transmission of ZIKV was demonstrated. In 2014, chikungunya virus (CHIKV) caused an explosive outbreak. Series of Guillain-Barré syndrome temporally associated with the CHIKV epidemic were reported. Except for DENV, ZIKV and CHIKV, no other arboviruses have been detected so far, but serologic evidence suggested the past silent circulation of Ross River virus. From May 2015 DENV-1 has been the only arbovirus transmitted in French Polynesia, but the reemergence of DENV-2 is highly expected since the detection of two autochthonous cases of DENV-2 infection in June 2018.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5576,

title = {Leprosy in French Polynesia.},

author = {D Musso and C Rovery and A Loukil and V Vialette and N L Nguyen},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

journal = {New Microbes New Infections},

volume = {29},

pages = {100514},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5551,

title = {Leptospirosis in French Polynesia: 10 years of surveillance data, 2007-2017.},

author = {N Bouscaren and C Benoit de Coignac and Y Teissier and J Formot and D Musso and F Chaix and M Giard},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

journal = {New Microbes New Infections},

volume = {29},

pages = {100518},

abstract = {Leptospirosis is a worldwide zoonosis with higher incidence in tropical areas and is a neglected disease in the Pacific region. French Polynesia (FP) is a French overseas territory located in the South Pacific. Data on the epidemiology in FP are scarce. In this study, we describe our understanding of leptospirosis epidemiology in FP and discuss the prospects concerning this disease and its surveillance to better address preventive actions. We report 11 years of surveillance data between 1 January 2007 and 31 December 2017. Over the study period, 1356 confirmed and probable leptospirosis cases were reported. The mean annual incidence rate was 46.0 (95% confidence interval, 43.6-48.5) cases per 100?000 inhabitants. We registered 864 (63.7%) hospitalizations; of these, at least 270 (19.9%) were in the intensive care unit, and 24 patients (1.8%) died. Even if the incidence of leptospirosis is lower in FP compared to most of other Pacific countries and territories, our data confirm that the disease is highly endemic in FP. Despite all the preventive measures taken, leptospirosis remains a major public health concern in FP, thus highlighting the need to maintain intensive leptospirosis surveillance, medical staff training and provision of information to the general population.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5556,

title = {Non-Essential Trace Elements Dietary Exposure in French Polynesia: Intake Assessment, Nail Bio Monitoring and Thyroid Cancer Risk.},

author = {M Zidane and Y Ren and C Xhaard and A Leufroy and S Côte and E Dewailly and L Noël and T Guérin and P Bouisset and S Bernagout and J Paaoafaite and J Iltis and M Taquet and E Suhas and F Rachédi and J L Boissin and J Sebbag and L Shan and F Bost-Bezeaud and P Petitdidier},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

journal = {Asian Pac J Cancer Prev},

volume = {20},

pages = {355-367},

abstract = {BACKGROUNDIn French Polynesia, thyroid cancer mortality and incidence is reported to be the highest in the world. Excessive levels of non-essential trace elements (nETE) in the body are associated with several types of cancer.

OBJECTIVE

The present study aims to provide quantitative information on food contamination by mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), arsenic (As) and cadmium (Cd) in French Polynesia and its potential correlation with measurements performed in fingernails of Polynesians, and then to investigate the potential association between these nETE and different thyroid cancer risks.

METHODS

The study population included 229 interviewed cases and 373 interviewed controls We performed a descriptive analysis of Polynesian food and examined the association between thyroid cancer risk and daily intake levels of nETE and with fingernail nETE levels.

RESULTS

Hg contamination was mainly present in sea products, Pb contamination was present in almost all samples, Cd was detectable in starchy food and As was detectable in all sea products. No patient exceeded dietary contamination WHO limits for Pb, 2 participants exceeded it for Hg and 3 individuals (0.5%) for cadmium. In fingernail clippings, the most detectable pollutant was Pb (553 participants), then Hg (543 participants) then Cd (only in 130 participants). Thyroid cancer risk was increased more than 4 times by Pb daily intake in patients with a history of cancer in first-degree relatives than in ones without (p for interaction =0.01), and 2 times more in women with more than 3 pregnancies than in those with none or less (p for interaction =0.005); it was also increased following As intake by more than 30% in patients with a history of cancer in first-degree relatives than in ones without (p for interaction =0.05).

CONCLUSION

Locally produced foods are not a source of nETE exposure in French Polynesia. Dieatry nETE exposure and fingernail nETE concentration are not associated to differentiated thyroid cancer risk. No correlation found between nETE dietary exposure and fingernail nETE concentration.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5553,

title = {Ostreopsis lenticularis Y. Fukuyo (Dinophyceae, Gonyaulacales) from French Polynesia (South Pacific Ocean): A revisit of its morphology, molecular phylogeny and toxicity.},

author = {N Chomerat and G Bilien and A Derrien and K Henry and A Ung and J Viallon and H T Darius and C M Gatti and M Roué and F Hervé and D Réveillon and Z Amzil and M Chinain},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

journal = {Harmful Algae},

volume = {84},

pages = {95-111},

abstract = {To date, the genus Ostreopsis comprises eleven described species, of which seven are toxigenic and produce various compounds presenting a major threat to human and environmental health. The taxonomy of several of these species however remains controversial, as it was based mostly on morphological descriptions leading, in some cases, to ambiguous interpretations and even possible misidentifications. The species Ostreopsis lenticularis was first described by Y. Fukuyo from French Polynesia using light microscopy observations, but without genetic information associated. The present study aims at revisiting the morphology, molecular phylogeny and toxicity of O. lenticularis based on the analysis of 47 strains isolated from 4 distinct locales of French Polynesia, namely the Society, Australes, Marquesas and Gambier archipelagos. Observations in light, epifluorescence and field emission scanning electron microscopy of several of these strains analyzed revealed morphological features in perfect agreement with the original description of O. lenticularis. Cells were oval, not undulated, 60.594.4?µm in dorso-ventral length, 56.178.2?µm in width, and possessed a typical plate pattern with thecal plates showing two sizes of pores. Phylogenetic analyses inferred from the LSU rDNA and ITS5.8S sequences revealed that the 47 strains correspond to a single genotype, clustering with a strong support with sequences previously ascribed to Ostreopsis sp. 5. Clonal cultures of O. lenticularis were also established and further tested for their toxicity using the neuroblastoma cell-based assay and LCMS/MS analyses. None of the 19 strains tested showed toxic activity on neuroblastoma cells, while LCMS/MS analyses performed on the strains from Tahiti Island (i.e. type locality) confirmed that palytoxin and related structural analogs were below the detection limit. These findings allow to clarify unambiguously the genetic identity of O. lenticularis while confirming previous results from the Western Pacific which indicate that this species shows no toxicity, thus stressing the need to reconsider its current classification within the group of toxic species.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5555,

title = {On the use of the sterile insect release technique to reduce or eliminate mosquito populations.},

author = {M Strugarek and H C Bossin and Y Dumont},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

journal = {Applied Mathematical Modelling},

volume = {68},

pages = {443-70},

abstract = {Vector control is critical to limit the circulation of vector-borne diseases, like chikungunya, dengue or zika, which have become important issues around the world. Among them, the Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) and the Incompatible Insect Technique (IIT) have recently aroused a renewed interest. In this paper we derive and study a minimalistic mathematical model designed for Aedes mosquito population elimination by SIT/IIT. Contrary to most of the previous models, it is bistable in general, allowing simultaneously for elimination of the population and for its survival. We consider different types of releases (constant, periodic or impulsive) and show necessary conditions to reach elimination in each case. We also estimate both sufficient and minimal treatment times. Biological parameters are estimated from a case study of an Aedes polynesiensis population, for which extensive numerical investigations illustrate the analytical results. The applications of this work are two-fold: to help identifying some key parameters that may need further field investigations, and to help designing release protocols.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5572,

title = {Reassessing Serosurvey-Based Estimates of the Zika Symptomatic Proportion.},

author = {P Mitchell and L Mier-y-Teran-Romero and B Biggerstaff and M Delorey and M Aubry and V M Cao-Lormeau and M Lozier and S Cauchemez and M Johansson},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

journal = {Am J Epidemiol},

volume = {188},

pages = {206-213},

abstract = {
Since the 2007 Zika epidemic in Yap, it has been apparent that not all people infected with Zika virus (ZIKV) experience symptoms. However, the proportion of infections that result in symptoms remains unclear. Existing estimates varied in their interpretation of symptoms due to other causes and the case definition used, and assumed perfect test sensitivity and specificity. Using a Bayesian model and data from ZIKV serosurveys in Yap (2007), French Polynesia (2013-14), and Puerto Rico (2016), we found that assuming perfect sensitivity and specificity generally led to lower estimates of the symptomatic proportion. Incorporating reasonable assumptions for assay sensitivity and specificity, we estimated that 27% (95% Credible Interval: 1537%) (Yap), 44% (26-66%) (French Polynesia), and 50% (34-92%) (Puerto Rico) of infections were symptomatic, with variation due to differences in study populations, study designs, and case definitions. The proportion of ZIKV infections causing symptoms is critical for surveillance system design and impact assessment. Here, we accounted for key uncertainties in existing seroprevalence data and found that estimates for the symptomatic proportion ranged from 27% to 50%, suggesting that while the majority of infections are asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic, symptomatic infections might be more common than previously estimated.
},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{6409,

title = {Cell-fusing agent virus reduces arbovirus dissemination in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in vivo.},

author = {A Baidaliuk and E Miot and S Lequime and I Moltini-Conclois and F Delaigue and S Dabo and L Dickson and F Aubry and S Merkling and V M Cao-Lormeau and L Lambrechts},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

journal = {J virol},

volume = {93},

number = {18},

pages = {e00705-19},

abstract = {
Aedes aegypti mosquitoes are the main vectors of arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) of public health significance such as the flaviviruses causing dengue (DENV) and Zika (ZIKV). Mosquitoes are also the natural hosts of a wide range of viruses that are insect-specific, raising the question of their influence on arbovirus transmission in nature. Cell-fusing agent virus (CFAV) was the first described insect-specific flavivirus, initially discovered in an Ae. aegypti cell line and subsequently detected in natural Ae. aegypti populations. It was recently shown that DENV and the CFAV strain isolated from the Ae. aegypti cell line have mutually beneficial interactions in mosquito cells in culture. However, whether natural strains of CFAV and DENV interact in live mosquitoes is unknown. Using a wild-type CFAV isolate recently derived from Thai Ae. aegypti mosquitoes, we found that CFAV negatively interferes with both DENV type 1 and ZIKV, in vitro and in vivo. For both arboviruses, prior infection by CFAV reduced the dissemination titer in mosquito head tissues. Our results indicate that interactions observed between arboviruses and the CFAV strain derived from the cell line might not be a relevant model of the viral interference that we observed in vivo Overall, our study supports the hypothesis that insect-specific flaviviruses may contribute to reduce transmission of human-pathogenic flaviviruses.IMPORTANCE The mosquito Aedes aegypti carries several arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) that are pathogenic to humans including dengue and Zika viruses. Interestingly, Ae. aegypti is also naturally infected with insect-only viruses such as cell-fusing agent virus. Although interactions between cell-fusing agent virus and dengue virus have been documented in mosquito cells in culture, whether wild strains of cell-fusing agent virus interfere with arbovirus transmission by live mosquitoes was unknown. We used an experimental approach to demonstrate that cell-fusing agent virus infection reduces the propagation of dengue and Zika viruses in Ae. aegypti These results support the idea that insect-only viruses in nature can modulate the ability of mosquitoes to carry arboviruses of medical significance, and that they could possibly be manipulated to reduce arbovirus transmission.
},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{6407,

title = {Mosquito vectors of arboviruses in French Polynesia},

author = {V Richard and V M Cao-Lormeau},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

journal = {New Microbes New Infections},

volume = {31},

pages = {100569},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{6410,

title = {Ross River virus seroprevalence, Fiji, 2013-2015.},

author = {M Aubry and M Kama and J Vanhomwegen and A Teissier and T Mariteragi-Helle and S Hue and M L Hibberd and J C Manuguerra and K Christ and C H Watson and E J Nilles and C L Lau and J Aaskov and D Musso and A J Kucharski and V M Cao-Lormeau},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

journal = {Emerg Infect Dis},

volume = {25},

pages = {827-30},

abstract = {
A unique outbreak of Ross River virus (RRV) infection was reported in Fiji in 1979. In 2013, RRV seroprevalence among residents was 46.5% (362/778). Of the residents who were seronegative in 2013 and retested in 2015, 10.9% (21/192) had seroconverted to RRV, suggesting ongoing endemic circulation of RRV in Fiji.
},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{6408,

title = {Sustained low-level transmission of Zika and chikungunya viruses following emergence in the Fiji Islands, Pacific.},

author = {M Kama and M Aubry and T Naivalu and J Vanhomwegen and T Mariteragi-Helle and A Teissier and T Paoaafaite and S Hue and M L Hibberd and J C Manuguerra and K Christi and C H Watson and E J Nilles and J Aaskov and C L Lau and D Musso and A J Kucharski and V M Cao-Lormeau},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

journal = {Emerg Infect Dis},

volume = {25},

pages = {1535-8},

abstract = {
Zika and chikungunya viruses were first detected in Fiji in 2015. Examining surveillance, phylogenetic, and serologic data, we found evidence of low-level transmission of Zika and chikungunya viruses during 2013-2017, in contrast to the major outbreaks caused by closely related virus strains in other Pacific Island countries.
},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{st-jean_exposure_2019,

title = {Exposure to toxic metals and polychlorinated biphenyls of adolescentsand adults from two atolls in the Tuamotu Archipelago(French Polynesia)},

author = {A St-Jean and E Suhas and J J De Pina and S Cordier and M Lucas and P Ayotte},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

journal = {Science of the total environment},

volume = {695},

pages = {133791},

abstract = {The atoll of Hao, part of the Tuamotu Archipelago in French Polynesia, hosted an air base which was used by France Air Force and Naval Aviation during the nuclear tests. Following the publication of a report in 2012 indicating widespread contamination of the atoll, we conducted a biomonitoring survey to assess the exposure to toxic metals and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) of Hao residents and residents of Makemo, a nearby atoll without any known sources of industrial pollution. Adults and adolescents (≥12 years) randomly sampled from Hao (n = 275) and Makemo (n = 268) provided blood samples for contaminant analyses. Whole blood samples were analysed for cadmium, lead and total mercury by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Plasma concentrations of PCBs were measured by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Face-to-face interviews were conducted to document lifestyle and a food-frequency questionnaire was used to document dietary habits. Concentrations of contaminants were compared between atolls and associations with sociodemographic and personal characteristics of the participants were investigated. A significantly higher mean (geometric) of blood lead concentration was observed in Hao compared to Makemo (3.75 vs 3.40 μg/L, P = 0.02), whereas similar concentrations were noted for cadmium (0.49 vs 0.50 μg/L, P = 0.58) and mercury (11.4 vs 11.5 μg/L, P = 0.78). Mean total PCBs plasma concentration was significantly higher in Hao than in Makemo participants (0.75 vs 0.32 μg/L, P textless 0.001). A significant proportion of participants exceeded toxicological reference values for mercury and lead in both atolls. The higher body burden of PCBs and Pb in Hao compared to Makemo residents may be linked to past air base activities in Hao. According to international standards, PCBs exposure is low; however, exposure to both mercury and lead is high and further investigations are required to identify specific sources of exposure.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{musso_use_2019,

title = {The Use of Simple Laboratory Parameters in the Differential Diagnosis of Acute-Phase Zika and Dengue Viruses},

author = {D Musso and T Nhan and J J De Pina and J Marchi and G Texier},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

journal = {Intervirology},

volume = {62},

number = {2},

pages = {51--56},

abstract = {Background: Differential diagnosis between acute-phase Zika and dengue is challenging because of a similar clinical presentation and the lack of available molecular diagnosis tools in most of endemic areas. Objectives: Our study aimed to evaluate the use of simple laboratory parameters to differentiate these infections. Methods: We retrospectively compared simple hematology and biochemistry values in 81 and 341 patients with confirmed Zika and dengue, respectively, collected from June 2013 to March 2014 during the French Polynesia outbreaks. Results: Thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, leukopenia, lymphopenia, and elevated aspartate aminotransaminases were significantly more frequent in dengue than in Zika (p textless 0.001). Platelets textless100 × 109/L, neutrophils textless0.5 × 109/L, lymphocytes textless0.5 × 109/L, and aspartate aminotransaminases textgreater100 IU/mL were found in dengue but not in Zika. The positive predictive value of the ­association of leukocytes textless4 × 109/L + lymphocytes textless1 × 109/L + aspartate aminotransaminases textgreater40 IU/mL for the diagnosis of dengue was 90%, with an accuracy of 82.4%. Conclusion: For the differential diagnosis between acute-phase Zika and dengue, there is no specific standard laboratory pattern. We identified cutoff values and a combination of laboratory parameters that are a strong argument against Zika and in favor of dengue.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{st-jean_exposure_2019b,

title = {Exposure to toxic metals and polychlorinated biphenyls of adolescentsand adults from two atolls in the Tuamotu Archipelago(French Polynesia)},

author = {A St-Jean and E Suhas and J J De Pina and S Cordier and M Lucas and P Ayotte},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

journal = {Science of the total environment},

volume = {695},

pages = {133791},

abstract = {The atoll of Hao, part of the Tuamotu Archipelago in French Polynesia, hosted an air base which was used by France Air Force and Naval Aviation during the nuclear tests. Following the publication of a report in 2012 indicating widespread contamination of the atoll, we conducted a biomonitoring survey to assess the exposure to toxic metals and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) of Hao residents and residents of Makemo, a nearby atoll without any known sources of industrial pollution. Adults and adolescents (≥12 years) randomly sampled from Hao (n = 275) and Makemo (n = 268) provided blood samples for contaminant analyses. Whole blood samples were analysed for cadmium, lead and total mercury by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Plasma concentrations of PCBs were measured by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Face-to-face interviews were conducted to document lifestyle and a food-frequency questionnaire was used to document dietary habits. Concentrations of contaminants were compared between atolls and associations with sociodemographic and personal characteristics of the participants were investigated. A significantly higher mean (geometric) of blood lead concentration was observed in Hao compared to Makemo (3.75 vs 3.40 μg/L, P = 0.02), whereas similar concentrations were noted for cadmium (0.49 vs 0.50 μg/L, P = 0.58) and mercury (11.4 vs 11.5 μg/L, P = 0.78). Mean total PCBs plasma concentration was significantly higher in Hao than in Makemo participants (0.75 vs 0.32 μg/L, P textless 0.001). A significant proportion of participants exceeded toxicological reference values for mercury and lead in both atolls. The higher body burden of PCBs and Pb in Hao compared to Makemo residents may be linked to past air base activities in Hao. According to international standards, PCBs exposure is low; however, exposure to both mercury and lead is high and further investigations are required to identify specific sources of exposure.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{musso_use_2019b,

title = {The Use of Simple Laboratory Parameters in the Differential Diagnosis of Acute-Phase Zika and Dengue Viruses},

author = {D Musso and T Nhan and J J De Pina and J Marchi and G Texier},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

journal = {Intervirology},

volume = {62},

number = {2},

pages = {51--56},

abstract = {Background: Differential diagnosis between acute-phase Zika and dengue is challenging because of a similar clinical presentation and the lack of available molecular diagnosis tools in most of endemic areas. Objectives: Our study aimed to evaluate the use of simple laboratory parameters to differentiate these infections. Methods: We retrospectively compared simple hematology and biochemistry values in 81 and 341 patients with confirmed Zika and dengue, respectively, collected from June 2013 to March 2014 during the French Polynesia outbreaks. Results: Thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, leukopenia, lymphopenia, and elevated aspartate aminotransaminases were significantly more frequent in dengue than in Zika (p textless 0.001). Platelets textless100 × 109/L, neutrophils textless0.5 × 109/L, lymphocytes textless0.5 × 109/L, and aspartate aminotransaminases textgreater100 IU/mL were found in dengue but not in Zika. The positive predictive value of the ­association of leukocytes textless4 × 109/L + lymphocytes textless1 × 109/L + aspartate aminotransaminases textgreater40 IU/mL for the diagnosis of dengue was 90%, with an accuracy of 82.4%. Conclusion: For the differential diagnosis between acute-phase Zika and dengue, there is no specific standard laboratory pattern. We identified cutoff values and a combination of laboratory parameters that are a strong argument against Zika and in favor of dengue.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{longo_intraspecific_2019,

title = {Intraspecific Variability in the Toxin Production and Toxin Profiles of In Vitro Cultures of Gambierdiscus polynesiensis (Dinophyceae) from French Polynesia},

author = {S Longo and M Sibat and J Viallon and H T Darius and P Hess and M Chinain},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

journal = {Toxins},

volume = {11},

number = {12},

pages = {735},

abstract = {Ciguatera poisoning (CP) is a foodborne disease caused by the consumption of seafood contaminated with ciguatoxins (CTXs) produced by dinoflagellates in the genera Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa. The toxin production and toxin profiles were explored in four clones of G. polynesiensis originating from different islands in French Polynesia with contrasted CP risk: RIK7 (Mangareva, Gambier), NHA4 (Nuku Hiva, Marquesas), RAI-1 (Raivavae, Australes), and RG92 (Rangiroa, Tuamotu). Productions of CTXs, maitotoxins (MTXs), and gambierone group analogs were examined at exponential and stationary growth phases using the neuroblastoma cell-based assay and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. While none of the strains was found to produce known MTX compounds, all strains showed high overall P-CTX production ranging from 1.1 ± 0.1 to 4.6 ± 0.7 pg cell−1. In total, nine P-CTX analogs were detected, depending on strain and growth phase. The production of gambierone, as well as 44-methylgamberione, was also confirmed in G. polynesiensis. This study highlighted: (i) intraspecific variations in toxin production and profiles between clones from distinct geographic origins and (ii) the noticeable increase in toxin production of both CTXs, in particular CTX4A/B, and gambierone group analogs from the exponential to the stationary phase.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5805,

title = {A perspective on the need and current status of efficient sex separation methods for mosquito genetic control.},

author = {P A Papathanos and K Bourtzis and F Tripet and H C Bossin and J F Virginio and M L Capurro and M C Pedrosa and A Guindo and L Sylla and M B Coulibaly and F A Yao and P S Epopa and A Diabate},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Parasite Vectors},

volume = {11},

pages = {654},

abstract = {Major efforts are currently underway to develop novel, complementary methods to combat mosquito-borne diseases. Mosquito genetic control strategies (GCSs) have become an increasingly important area of research on account of their species-specificity, track record in targeting agricultural insect pests, and their environmentally non-polluting nature. A number of programs targeting Aedes and Anopheles mosquitoes, vectors of human arboviruses and malaria respectively, are currently being developed or deployed in many parts of the world. Operationally implementing these technologies on a large scale however, beyond proof-of-concept pilot programs, is hampered by the absence of adequate sex separation methods. Sex separation eliminates females in the laboratory from male mosquitoes prior to release. Despite the need for sex separation for the control of mosquitoes, there have been limited efforts in recent years in developing systems that are fit-for-purpose. In this special issue of Parasites and Vectors we report on the progress of the global Coordinated Research Program on “Exploring genetic, molecular, mechanical and behavioural methods for sex separation in mosquitoes” that is led by the Insect Pest Control Subprogramme of the Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture with the specific aim of building efficient sex separation systems for mosquito species. In an effort to overcome current barriers we briefly highlight what we believe are the three main reasons why progress has been so slow in developing appropriate sex separation systems: the availability of methods that are not scalable, the difficulty of building the ideal genetic systems and, finally, the lack of research efforts in this area.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5583,

title = {Application of solid phase adsorption toxin tracking (SPATT) devices for the field detection of Gambierdiscus toxins.},

author = {M Roué and H T Darius and J Viallon and A Ung and C M Gatti and D T Harwood and M Chinain},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2017.11.006},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Harmful Algae},

volume = {71},

pages = {40-9},

abstract = {ABSTRACTCiguatera fish poisoning is a food-borne illness caused by the consumption of seafood contaminated with ciguatoxins (CTXs) produced by dinoflagellates in the Gambierdiscus genus. Since most surveillance programs currently rely on the survey of Gambierdiscus cell densities and species composition, supplementary toxin-based methods allowing the time- and spatially integrated sampling of toxins in ciguateric environments are needed for a more reliable assessment and management of the risks associated with Gambierdiscus proliferation. Solid Phase Adsorption Toxin Tracking (SPATT) filters use porous synthetic resins capable of adsorbing toxins directly from the water column. To assess the ability of these passive monitoring devices to retain Gambierdiscus toxins, SPATT bags filled with 10g of HP20 resin were deployed for 48h in two French Polynesian locations at high (Nuku Hiva Island) vs. low to moderate (Kaukura Atoll) risk of ciguatera. CTXs could be detected in SPATT bags extracts from Nuku Hiva Island, as assessed by the mouse neuroblastoma cell-based assay (CBA-N2a) and liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analyses. Results of in vitro experiments suggest that the saturation limit of CTXs on HP20 resin, for a deployment time of 48h, is » 55ng P-CTX-3C equiv. g-1 resin. Despite the non detection of maitotoxin (MTX), LC-MS/MS analyses showed that two other compounds also produced by Gambierdiscus species were retained on SPATT bags, i.e. iso-P-CTX-3B/C and a putative MTX analogue, known as MTX-3. This study, the first to demonstrate the suitability of SPATT technology for the in situ monitoring of Gambierdiscus toxins, highlights the potential application of this tool for routine ciguatera risk assessment and management programs.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5560,

title = {Azithromycin inhibits the replication of Zika virus.},

author = {E Bosseboeuf and M Aubry and T Nhan and J J De Pina and J M Rolain and D Raoult and D Musso},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {J Antivir Antiretrovir},

volume = {10},

pages = {6-11},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5559,

title = {Amustaline (S-303) treatment inactivates high levels of Chikungunya virus in red-blood-cell components.},

author = {M Aubry and A Laughhunn and F Santa Maria and M C Lanteri and A Stassinopoulos and D Musso},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Vox Sanguinis},

volume = {113},

pages = {232-41},

abstract = {Background and objectivesChikungunya virus (CHIKV) infections have been reported in all continents, and the potential risk for CHIKV transfusion-transmitted infections (TTIs) was demonstrated by the detection of CHIKV RNA-positive donations in several countries. TTIs can be reduced by pathogen inactivation (PI) of blood products. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of amustaline and glutathione (S-303/GSH) to inactivate CHIKV in red-blood-cell concentrates (RBCs).

Material and methods

Red-blood-cells were spiked with high level of CHIKV. Infectious titres and RNA loads were measured before and after PI treatment. Residual CHIKV infectivity was also assessed after five successive cell culture passages.

Results

The mean CHIKV titres in RBCs before inactivation was 5·81 ± 0·18 log10 50% tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50 )/mL, and the mean viral RNA load was 10·49 ± 0·15 log10 genome equivalent (GEq)/mL. No CHIKV TCID was detected after S-303 treatment nor was replicative CHIKV particles and viral RNA present after five cell culture passages of samples obtained immediately after S-303 treatment.

Conclusion: Chikungunya virus was previously shown to be inactivated by the PI technology using amotosalen and ultraviolet A light for the treatment of plasma and platelets. This new study demonstrates that S-303/GSH can inactivate high titres of CHIKV in RBCs.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5569,

title = {Ciguatoxins activate the Calcineurin signalling pathway in Yeasts: a potential perspective for future biosensors development.},

author = {H Martin-Yken and S Derick and C Gironde and H T Darius and C Furger and D Laurent and M Chinain},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Environmental Research},

volume = {162},

pages = {144-51},

abstract = {Ciguatoxins (CTXs) are lipid-soluble polyether compounds produced by dinoflagellates from the genus Gambierdiscus spp. typically found in tropical and subtropical zones. This endemic area is however rapidly expanding due to environmental perturbations, and both toxic Gambierdiscus spp. and ciguatoxic fishes have been recently identified in the North Atlantic Ocean (Madeira and Canary islands) and Mediterranean Sea. Ciguatoxins bind to Voltage Gated Sodium Channels on the membranes of sensory neurons, causing Ciguatera Fish Poisoning (CFP) in humans, a disease characterized by a complex array of gastrointestinal, neurological, neuropsychological, and cardiovascular symptoms. Although CFP is the most frequently reported non bacterial food-borne poisoning worldwide, there is still no simple and quick way of detecting CTXs in contaminated samples. In the prospect to engineer rapid and easy-to-use CTXs live cells-based tests, we have studied the effects of CTXs on the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a unicellular model which displays a remarkable conservation of cellular signalling pathways with higher eukaryotes. Taking advantage of this high level of conservation, yeast strains have been genetically modified to encode specific transcriptional reporters responding to CTXs exposure. These yeast strains were further exposed to different concentrations of either purified CTX or micro-algal extracts containing CTXs. Our data establish that CTXs are not cytotoxic to yeast cells even at concentrations as high as 1mM, and cause an increase in the level of free intracellular calcium in yeast cells. Concomitantly, a dose-dependent activation of the calcineurin signalling pathway is observed, as assessed by measuring the activity of specific transcriptional reporters in the engineered yeast strains. These findings offer promising prospects regarding the potential development of a yeast cells-based test that could supplement or, in some instances, replace current methods for the routine detection of CTXs in seafood products.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5557,

title = {Comparison of the gut microbiota of obese individuals from different geographic origins.},

author = {E Angelakis and D Bachar and M Yasir and D Musso and F Djossou and C Melenotte and C Robert and B Davoust and B Gaborit and E I Azhar and F Bibi and A Dutour and D Raoult},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {New Microbes New Infections},

volume = {27},

pages = {40-7},

abstract = {Few studies have examined the interaction of human geography, microbial community structure and obesity. We tested obese adult volunteers from France, Saudi Arabia, French Polynesia and from a traditional population in the village of Trois-Sauts in French Guiana by sequencing the V3-V4 region. We also sequenced homemade fermented cachiri beers that were obtained from the traditional Amazonian population and are highly consumed by this population. We found that French and Saudis had significantly less richness and biodiversity in their gut microbiota than Amazonians and Polynesians (p <0.05). Principle coordinate analysis of the overall composition of the genera communities revealed that the microbiomes of Amazonians clustered independently from the other obese individuals. Moreover, we found that Amazonians presented significantly stricter anaerobic genera than the Saudis, French and Polynesians (p<0.001). Polynesians presented significantly lower relative abundance of Lactobacillus sp. than French (p 0.01) and Saudis (p 0.05). Treponema berlinense and Treponema succinifaciens were only present in the gut microbiome of Amazonians. The cachiri beers presented significantly more bacterial species in common with the gut microbiome of Amazonians (p<0.005). Obese individuals with different origins present modifications in their gut microbiota, and we provide evidence that the cachiri beers influenced the gut microbiome of Amazonians.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5586,

title = {Detection of pacific ciguatoxins using liquid chromatography coupled to either low or high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS).},

author = {M Sibat and C Herrenknecht and H T Darius and M Roué and M Chinain and P Hess},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2018.08.008},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {J Chromatogr A},

volume = {1571},

pages = {16-28},

abstract = {Ciguatera Fish Poisoning (CFP) is primarily caused by consumption of tropical and sub-tropical fish contaminated by Ciguatoxins (CTXs). These lipid-soluble, polyether neurotoxins are produced by dinoflagellates in the genera Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa. While there is no regulatory level in Europe for CTXs, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) adopted the United States guidance level of 0.01?µg P-CTX1B eq.kg-1 of fish. This limit is extremely low and requires significant improvement in the detection of CTXs. In this study, we compared analytical protocols based on liquid chromatography coupled to tandem low or high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-LRMS or HRMS) to find the best conditions for sensitivity and/or selectivity. Different approaches such as LC conditions, ion choice and acquisition modes, were evaluated to detect the Pacific-ciguatoxins (P-CTXs) on a triple quadrupole (API4000 Qtrap, Sciex) or a quadrupole time of flight (QTOF 6550, Agilent Technologies) spectrometer. Moreover, matrix effects were calculated using matrix-matched calibration solutions of P-CTX1B and P-CTX3C prepared in purified fish extract. Subsequently, the method performance was assessed on naturally contaminated samples of seafood and phytoplankton. With LRMS, the ammoniated adduct ion used as a precursor ion showed an advantage for selectivity through confirmatory transitions, without affecting signal-to-noise ratios, and hence limits of detection (LODs). As also reported by some studies in the literature, methanol-based mobile phase gave better selectivity and sensitivity for the detection of P-CTXs. While the LOD for P-CTX1B and P-CTX3C met the EFSA recommendation level when using LRMS, the findings suggested careful evaluation of instrumental parameters for determination of CTXs. LODs were significantly higher for HRMS, which currently results in the need for a significantly higher sample intake. Nevertheless, HRMS allowed for the identification of artefacts and may allow for improved confirmation of the identity of P-CTXs analogues. Consequently, LRMS and HRMS are considered complementary to ensure adequate quantitation and identification of P-CTXs.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5806,

title = {Exploring the potential of computer vision analysis of pupae size dimorphism for adaptive sex sorting systems of various vector mosquito species.},

author = {M Zacares and G Salvador-Herranz and D Almenar and C Tur and R Argiles and K Bourtzis and H C Bossin and I Pla},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Parasite Vectors},

volume = {11},

pages = {656},

abstract = {BackgroundSeveral mosquito population suppression strategies based on the rearing and release of sterile males have provided promising results. However, the lack of an efficient male selection method has hampered the expansion of these approaches into large-scale operational programmes. Currently, most of these programmes targeting Aedes mosquitoes rely on sorting methods based on the sexual size dimorphism (SSD) at the pupal stage. The currently available sorting methods have not been developed based on biometric analysis, and there is therefore potential for improvement. We applied an automated pupal size estimator developed by Grupo Tragsa with laboratory samples of Anopheles arabiensis, Aedes albopictus, Ae. polynesiensis, and three strains of Ae. aegypti. The frequency distribution of the pupal size was analyzed. We propose a general model for the analysis of the frequency distribution of mosquito pupae in the context of SSD-sorting methods, which is based on a Gaussian mixture distribution functions, thus making possible the analysis of performance (% males recovery) and purity (% males on the sorted sample).

Results

For the three Aedes species, the distribution of the pupae size can be modeled by a mixture of two Gaussian distribution functions and the proposed model fitted the experimental data. For a given population, each size threshold is linked to a specific outcome of male recovery. Two dimensionless parameters that measure the suitability for SSD-based sorting of a specific batch of pupae are provided. The optimal sorting results are predicted for the highest values of SSD and lowest values of intra-batch variance. Rearing conditions have a strong influence in the performance of the SSD-sorting methods and non-standard rearing can lead to increase pupae size heterogeneity.

Conclusions

Sex sorting of pupae based on size dimorphism can be achieved with a high performance (% males recovery) and a reasonably high purity (% males on the sorted sample) for the different Aedes species and strains. The purity and performance of a sex sorting operation in the tested Aedes species are linked parameters whose relation can be modeled. The conclusions of this analysis are applicable to all the existing SSD-sorting methods. The efficiency of the SSD-sorting methods can be improved by reducing the heterogeneity of pupae size within rearing containers. The heterogeneity between batches does not strongly affect the quality of the sex sorting, as long as a specific separation threshold is not pre-set before the sorting process. For new developments, we recommend using adaptive and precise threshold selection methods applied individually to each batch or to a mix of batches. Adaptive and precise thresholds will allow the sex-sorting of mixed batches in operational conditions maintaining the target purity at the cost of a reduction in performance. We also recommend a strategy whereby an acceptable level of purity is pre-selected and remains constant across the different batches of pupae while the performance varies from batch to batch to fit with the desired purity.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5568,

title = {Exploring Mosquito Fauna of Majuro Atoll (Republic of Marshall Islands) in the Context of Zika Outbreak.},

author = {J Marie and D Perera and H Garstang and H C Bossin and K Bourtzis},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {J Med Entomol},

volume = {55},

pages = {1299-1306},

abstract = {First autochthonous Zika clinical case was reported in the Republic of Marshall Islands (RMI) on Majuro Atoll in February 2016. An entomological survey of mosquito larvae and adult populations was carried out in four areas of Majuro, the most populated atoll of RMI encompassing different habitats (forest, rural, or urban) including some with confirmed clinical Zika cases to evaluate which mosquito species could be involved in the Zika transmission. A total of 2,367 immature and adult mosquito specimens were collected and identified to the species level. In total, five mosquito species were detected, Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus), Aedes albopictus (Skuse), Aedes marshallensis (Stone and Bohart), Culex quinquefasciatus (Say), and Culex annulirostris (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae), a first record for RMI. The most abundant species was Ae. aegypti presumed to be the main vector of Zika virus followed by Ae. albopictus. Improved management of breeding containers through better public awareness and community engagement, mosquito surveillance and innovative mosquito control strategies using the sterile insect technique (SIT) and/or the incompatible insect technique (IIT) could help prevent outbreaks of arboviruses in the RMI.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5562,

title = {Experimental evidence of dietary ciguatoxin accumulation in an herbivorous coral reef fish.},

author = {R J Clausing and B Losen and F R Oberhaensli and H T Darius and M Sibat and P Hess and P W Swarzenski and M Chinain and M Y Dechraoui Bottein},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.05.007},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Aquatic Toxicol},

volume = {200},

pages = {257-65},

abstract = {Ciguatoxins (CTXs) are potent algal toxins that cause widespread ciguatera poisoning and are found ubiquitously in coral reef food webs. Here we developed an environmentally-relevant, experimental model of CTX trophic transfer involving dietary exposure of herbivorous fish to the CTX-producing microalgae Gambierdiscus polynesiensis. Juvenile Naso brevirostris were fed a gel-food embedded with microalgae for 16 weeks (89 cells g-1 fish daily, 0.4mg CTX3C equiv kg-1 fish). CTXs in muscle tissue were detectable after 2 weeks at levels above the threshold for human intoxication (1.2 ± mg CTX3C equiv kg-1). Although tissue CTX concentrations stabilized after 8 weeks (~3 ± 0.5 mg CTX3C equiv kg-1), muscle toxin burden (total ìg CTX in muscle tissue) continued to increase linearly through the end of the experiment (16 weeks). Toxin accumulation was therefore continuous, yet masked by somatic growth dilution. The observed CTX concentrations, accumulation rates, and general absence of behavioural signs of intoxication are consistent with field observations and indicate that this method of dietary exposure may be used to develop predictive models of tissue-specific CTX uptake, metabolism and depuration. Results also imply that slow-growing fish may accumulate higher CTX flesh concentrations than fast-growing fish, which has important implications for global seafood safety.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5575,

title = {Is the Zika threat over?},

author = {D Musso and V M Cao-Lormeau},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Clin Microbiol Infect},

volume = {24},

pages = {566-7},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5574,

title = {Infections in French Polynesia.},

author = {D Musso},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {New Microbes New Infections},

volume = {27},

pages = {27-8},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5566,

title = {Investigation of ciguatoxins in invasive lionfish from the greater caribbean region: Implications for fishery development.},

author = {D R Hardison and W C Holland and H T Darius and M Chinain and P A Tester and D Shea and A K Bogdanoff and Jr. J A Morris and H A Flores Quintana and R Christopher},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {PLOS One},

volume = {13},

pages = {e0198358},

abstract = {Lionfish, native to reef ecosystems of the tropical and sub-tropical Indo-Pacific, were introduced to Florida waters in the 1980s, and have spread rapidly throughout the northwestern Atlantic, Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico. These invasive, carnivorous fish significantly reduce other fish and benthic invertebrate biomass, fish recruitment, and species richness in reef ecosystems. Fisheries resource managers have proposed the establishment of a commercial fishery to reduce lionfish populations and mitigate adverse effects on reef communities. The potential for a commercial fishery for lionfish is the primary reason to identify locations where lionfish accumulate sufficient amounts of ciguatoxin (CTX) to cause ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP), the leading cause of non-bacterial seafood poisoning associated with fish consumption. To address this issue, an initial geographic assessment of CTX toxicity in lionfish from the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico was conducted. Lionfish samples (n = 293) were collected by spearfishing from 13 locations (74 sampling sites) around the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico between 2012 and 2015. The highest frequencies of lionfish containing measurable CTX occurred in areas known to be high-risk regions for CFP in the central to eastern Caribbean (e.g., 53% British Virgin Islands and 5% Florida Keys). Though measurable CTX was found in some locations, the majority of the samples (99.3%) contained CTX concentrations below the United States Food and Drug Administration guidance level of 0.1 ppb Caribbean ciguatoxin-1 (C-CTX-1) equivalents (eq.). Only 0.7% of lionfish tested contained more than 0.1 ppb C-CTX-1 eq. As of 2018, there has been one suspected case of CFP from eating lionfish. Given this finding, current risk reduction techniques used to manage CTX accumulating fish are discussed.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5581,

title = {Method for Simple and Rapid Concentration of Zika Virus Particles from Infected Cell-Culture Supernatants.},

author = {V Richard and M Aubry},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {J Virol Methods},

volume = {255},

pages = {82-3},

abstract = {Experimental studies on Zika virus (ZIKV) may require improvement of infectious titers in viral stocks obtained by cell culture amplification. The use of centrifugal filter devices to increase infectious titers of ZIKV from cell-culture supernatants is highlighted here. A mean gain of 2.33?±?0.12 log10 DICT50/mL was easily and rapidly obtained with this process. This efficient method of ultrafiltration may be applied to other viruses and be useful in various experimental studies requiring high viral titers.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5580,

title = {Re-visiting the evolution, dispersal and epidemiology of Zika virus in Asia.},

author = {J Pettersson and J Bohlin and M Dupont-Rouzeyrol and O Brynildsrud and K Alfsnes and V M Cao-Lormeau and M W Gaunt and A K Falconar and X De Lamballerie and V Eldholm and D Musso and E Gould},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Emerg Infect Dis},

volume = {7},

pages = {79},

abstract = {Based on serological evidence and viral isolation, Zika virus (ZIKV) has circulated for many years relatively benignly in a sylvatic cycle in Africa and an urban cycle in South East Asia (SEA). With the recent availability of limited but novel Indian ZIKV sequences to add to the plethora of SEA sequences, we traced the phylogenetic history and spatio-temporal dispersal pattern of ZIKV in Asia prior to its explosive emergence in the Pacific region and the Americas. These analyses demonstrated that the introduction and dispersal of ZIKV on the Pacific islands were preceded by an extended period of relatively silent transmission in SEA, enabling the virus to expand geographically and evolve adaptively before its unanticipated introduction to immunologically naive populations on the Pacific islands and in the Americas. Our findings reveal new features of the evolution and dispersal of this intriguing virus and may benefit future disease control strategies.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5588,

title = {Silent infection of human dendritic cells by African and Asian strains of Zika virus.},

author = {N J Vielle and B Zumkehr and O García-Nicolás and M Stojanov and D Baud and D Musso and A Summerfield and M P Alves},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Sci Rep},

volume = {8},

pages = {5440},

abstract = {While Zika virus (ZIKV) circulated for decades (African lineage strains) without report of outbreaks and severe complications, its emergence in French Polynesia and subsequently in the Americas (Asian lineage strains) was associated with description of severe neurological defects in newborns/neonates and adults. With the aim to identify virus lineage-dependent factors, we compared cell susceptibility, virus replication, cell death and innate immune responses following infection with two African and three contemporary Asian lineage strains of ZIKV. To this end, we used green monkey Vero and Aedes albopictus C6/36 cells and human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs). The latter are involved in the pathogenesis of several mosquito-borne Flavivirus infections. In Vero and C6/36 cells, we observed strain- but not lineage-dependent differences in infection profiles. Nevertheless, in human DCs, no significant differences in susceptibility and virus replication were found between lineages and strains. ZIKV induced antiviral interferon type I/III in a limited fashion, with the exception of one African strain. None of the strains induced cell death or DC maturation in terms of MHC II, CD40, CD80/86 or CCR7 expression. Taken together, our data suggest that a large collection of virus isolates needs to be investigated before conclusions on lineage differences can be made.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5585,

title = {Salt in Stools is associated with Obesity, Gut Halophilic Microbiota and Akkermansia muciniphila depletion in Humans.},

author = {E H Seck and B Senghor and V Merhej and D Bachar and F Cadoret and C Robert and E I Azhar and M Yasir and F Bibi and A Jiman-Fatani and D Salimata Konate and D Musso and O Doumbo and C Sokhna and A Levasseur and J Lagier and S Khelaifia and M Million and D Raoult},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Int J Obes},

volume = {43},

pages = {862-871},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5582,

title = {Solid Phase Adsorption Toxin Tracking (SPATT) Technology for the Monitoring of Aquatic Toxins: A Review.},

author = {M Roué and H T Darius and M Chinain},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins10040167},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Toxins},

volume = {10},

number = {4},

pages = {pii: E167},

abstract = {The Solid Phase Adsorption Toxin Tracking (SPATT) technology, first introduced in 2004, uses porous synthetic resins capable of passively adsorbing toxins produced by harmful microalgae or cyanobacteria and dissolved in the water. This method allows for the detection of toxic compounds directly in the water column and offers numerous advantages over current monitoring techniques (e.g., shellfish or fish testing and microalgae/cyanobacteria cell detection), despite some limitations. Numerous laboratory and field studies, testing different adsorbent substrates of which Diaion® HP20 resin appears to be the most versatile substrate, have been carried out worldwide to assess the applicability of these passive monitoring devices to the detection of toxins produced by a variety of marine and freshwater microorganisms. SPATT technology has been shown to provide reliable, sensitive and time-integrated sampling of various aquatic toxins, and also has the potential to provide an early warning system for both the occurrence of toxic microalgae or cyanobacteria and bioaccumulation of toxins in foodstuffs. This review describes the wide range of lipophilic and hydrophilic toxins associated with toxin-producing harmful algal blooms (HABs) that are successfully detected by SPATT devices. Implications in terms of monitoring of emerging toxic risks and reinforcement of current risk assessment programs are also discussed.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5573,

title = {Sexual transmission of arboviruses: more to explore?},

author = {J A Cardona-Ospina and L E Alvarado-Arnez and J P Juan Pablo Escalera-Antezana and A C Bandeira and D Musso and A J Rodriguez-Morales},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Int J Infect Dis},

volume = {76},

pages = {126-127},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5570,

title = {Specific human antibody responses to Aedes aegypti and Aedes polynesiensis saliva: a new epidemiological tool to assess human exposure to disease vectors in the Pacific.},

author = {F Mathieu-Daudé and A Claverie and C Plichart and D Boulanger and F A Mphande and H C Bossin},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Plos Neg Trop Dis},

volume = {12},

pages = {e0006660},

abstract = {BackgroundAedes mosquitoes severely affect the health and wellbeing of human populations by transmitting infectious diseases. In French Polynesia, Aedes aegypti is the main vector of dengue, chikungunya and Zika, and Aedes polynesiensis the primary vector of Bancroftian filariasis and a secondary vector of arboviruses. Tools for assessing the risk of disease transmission or for measuring the efficacy of vector control programmes are scarce. A promising approach to quantify the human-vector contact relies on the detection and the quantification of antibodies directed against mosquito salivary proteins.

Methodology/Principal findings

An ELISA test was developed to detect and quantify the presence of immunoglobulin G (IgG) directed against proteins from salivary gland extracts (SGE) of Ae. aegypti and Ae. polynesiensis in human populations exposed to either species, through a cross-sectional study. In Tahiti and Moorea islands where Ae. aegypti and Ae. polynesiensis are present, the test revealed that 98% and 68% of individuals have developed IgG directed against Ae. aegypti and Ae. polynesiensis SGE, respectively. By comparison, ELISA tests conducted on a cohort of people from metropolitan France, not exposed to these Aedes mosquitoes, indicated that 97% of individuals had no IgG directed against SGE of either mosquito species. The analysis of additional cohorts representing different entomological Aedes contexts showed no ELISA IgG cross-reactivity between Ae. aegypti and Ae. polynesiensis SGE.

Conclusions/Significance

The IgG response to salivary gland extracts seems to be a valid and specific biomarker of human exposure to the bites of Ae. aegypti and Ae. polynesiensis. This new immuno-epidemiological tool will enhance our understanding of people exposure to mosquito bites, facilitate the identification of areas where disease transmission risk is high and permit to evaluate the efficacy of novel vector control strategies in Pacific islands and other tropical settings.

Author summary

In Pacific islands like in most tropical regions, Aedes mosquitoes affect the health of human populations by transmitting diseases like dengue, chikungunya, Zika and filariasis. The biting nuisance of Aedes mosquitoes also impacts local tourism, affecting the sustainability of island economies. Mosquito saliva is injected during the biting process, and the response triggered by the human immune system to proteins contained in mosquito saliva was shown to be a relevant biomarker of exposure to mosquito bites. Using this approach, we have developed an immuno-epidemiological tool to investigate the exposure of people to the bites of Aedes aegypti and Aedes polynesiensis, two significant mosquito vectors of infectious diseases in French Polynesia and other island countries and territories in the Pacific. This novel tool proved specific and reliable. It will improve the assessment of disease transmission risk and be useful for measuring the efficacy of both conventional and innovative vector control strategies.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5558,

title = {Seroprevalence of dengue and chikungunya virus antibodies, French Polynesia, 2014-2015.},

author = {M Aubry and A Teissier and M Huart and S Merceron and J Vanhomwegen and M Mapotoeke and T Mariteragi-Helle and C Roche and A L Vial and S Teururai and S Sicard and S Paulous and P Despres and J C Manuguerra and H P Mallet and A Imrie and D Musso and X Deparis and Cao-Lo},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Emerg Infect Dis},

volume = {24},

pages = {558-61},

abstract = {We investigated dengue and chikungunya virus antibody seroprevalence in French Polynesia during 2014-2015. Dengue virus seroprevalence was ˜60% among schoolchildren and >83% among the general population; chikungunya virus seroprevalence was <3% before and 76% after Zika virus emergence (2013). Dengue virus herd immunity may affect Zika virus infection and pathogenesis.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5584,

title = {Tissue Distribution and Elimination of Ciguatoxins in Tridacna maxima (Tridacnidae, Bivalvia) Fed Gambierdiscus polynesiensis.},

author = {M Roué and H T Darius and A Ung and J Viallon and M Sibat and P Hess and Z Amzil and M Chinain},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

volume = {10},

pages = {pii: E189},

abstract = {Ciguatera is a foodborne disease caused by the consumption of seafood contaminated with ciguatoxins (CTXs). Ciguatera-like poisoning events involving giant clams (Tridacna maxima) are reported occasionally from Pacific islands communities. The present study aimed at providing insights into CTXs tissue distribution and detoxification rate in giant clams exposed to toxic cells of Gambierdiscus polynesiensis, in the framework of seafood safety assessment. In a first experiment, three groups of tissue (viscera, flesh and mantle) were dissected from exposed individuals, and analyzed for their toxicity using the neuroblastoma cell-based assay (CBA-N2a) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analyses. The viscera, flesh, and mantle were shown to retain 65%, 25%, and 10% of the total toxin burden, respectively. All tissues reached levels above the safety limit recommended for human consumption, suggesting that evisceration alone, a practice widely used among local populations, is not enough to ensure seafood safety. In a second experiment, the toxin content in contaminated giant clams was followed at different time points (0, 2, 4, and 6 days post-exposure). Observations suggest that no toxin elimination is visible in T. maxima throughout 6 days of detoxification.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5565,

title = {Tectus niloticus (Tegulidae, Gastropod) as a novel vector of ciguatera poisoning: clinical characterization and follow up of a mass poisoning event in Nuku Hiva Island (French Polynesia).},

author = {C M Gatti and D Lonati and H T Darius and A Zancan and M Roué and A Schicchi and C A Locatelli and M Chinain},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins10030102},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Toxins},

volume = {10},

number = {3},

pages = {pii: E102},

abstract = {Ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) is the most prevalent non-bacterial food-borne form of poisoning in French Polynesia, which results from the consumption of coral reef fish naturally contaminated with ciguatoxins produced by dinoflagellates in the genus Gambierdiscus. Since the early 2000s, this French territory has also witnessed the emergence of atypical forms of ciguatera, known as ciguatera shellfish poisoning (CSP), associated with the consumption of marine invertebrates. In June 2014, nine tourists simultaneously developed a major and persistent poisoning syndrome following the consumption of the gastropod Tectus niloticus collected in Anaho, a secluded bay of Nuku Hiva Island (Marquesas Archipelago, French Polynesia). The unusual nature and severity of this event prompted a multidisciplinary investigation in order to characterize the etiology and document the short/long-term health consequences of this mass-poisoning event. This paper presents the results of clinical investigations based on hospital medical records, medical follow-up conducted six and 20 months post-poisoning, including a case description. This study is the first to describe the medical signature of T. niloticus poisoning in French Polynesia and contributed to alerting local authorities about the potential health hazards associated with the consumption of this gastropod, which is highly prized by local communities in Pacific island countries and territories.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5564,

title = {Tectus niloticus (Tegulidae, Gastropod), as a novel vector of ciguatera poisoning. Detection of Pacific ciguatoxins in toxic samples from Nuku Hiva Island (French Polynesia).},

author = {H T Darius and M Roué and M Sibat and J Viallon and C M Gatti and M W Vandersea and P A Tester and R W Litaker and Z Amzil and P Hess and M Chinain},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins10010002},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Toxins},

volume = {10},

number = {1},

pages = {pii: E2},

abstract = {Ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) is a foodborne disease caused by the consumption of seafood (fish and marine invertebrates) contaminated with ciguatoxins (CTXs) produced by dinoflagellates in the genus Gambierdiscus. The report of a CFP-like mass-poisoning outbreak following the consumption of Tectus niloticus (Tegulidae, Gastropod) from Anaho Bay on Nuku Hiva Island (Marquesas archipelago, French Polynesia) prompted field investigations to assess the presence of CTXs in T. niloticus. Samples were collected from Anaho Bay, 1, 6 and 28 months after this poisoning outbreak, as well as in Taiohae and Taipivai bays. Toxicity analysis using the neuroblastoma cell-based assay (CBA-N2a) detected the presence of CTXs only in Anaho Bay T. niloticus samples. This is consistent with qPCR results on window screen samples indicating the presence of Gambierdiscus communities dominated by the species G. polynesiensis in Anaho Bay. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analyses revealed that P-CTX-3B was the major congener, followed by P-CTX-3C, P-CTX-4A and P-CTX-4B in toxic samples. Between July 2014 and November 2016, toxin content in T. niloticus progressively decreased, but was consistently above the safety limit recommended for human consumption. This study confirms for the first time T. niloticus as a novel vector of CFP in French Polynesia.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5563,

title = {Toxicological investigations on the sea urchin Tripneustes gratilla (Toxopneustidae, Echinoid) from Anaho Bay (Nuku Hiva, French Polynesia): evidence for the presence of Pacific ciguatoxins.},

author = {H T Darius and M Roué and M Sibat and J Viallon and C M Gatti and M W Vandersea and P A Tester and R W Litaker and Z Amzil and P Hess and M Chinain},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/md16040122},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Marine Drugs},

volume = {16},

pages = {122},

abstract = {The sea urchin Tripneustes gratilla (Toxopneustidae, Echinoids) is a source of protein for many islanders in the Indo-West Pacific. It was previously reported to occasionally cause ciguatera-like poisoning; however, the exact nature of the causative agent was not confirmed. In April and July 2015, ciguatera poisonings were reported following the consumption of T. gratilla in Anaho Bay (Nuku Hiva Island, Marquesas archipelago, French Polynesia). Patient symptomatology was recorded and sea urchin samples were collected from Anaho Bay in July 2015 and November 2016. Toxicity analysis using the neuroblastoma cellbased assay (CBA-N2a) detected the presence of ciguatoxins (CTXs) in T. gratilla samples. Gambierdiscus species were predominant in the benthic assemblages of Anaho Bay, and G. polynesiensis was highly prevalent in in vitro cultures according to qPCR results. Liquid chromatographytandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analyses revealed that P-CTX-3B was the major ciguatoxin congener in toxic sea urchin samples, followed by 51-OH-P-CTX-3C, P-CTX-3C, P-CTX-4A, and P-CTX-4B. Between July 2015 and November 2016, the toxin content in T. gratilla decreased, but was consistently above the safety limit allowed for human consumption. This study provides evidence of CTX bioaccumulation in T. gratilla as a cause of ciguatera-like poisoning associated with a documented symptomatology.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5589,

title = {Updated Zika virus recommendations are needed.},

author = {M Vouga and D Musso and A Goorhuis and D O Freedman and D Baud},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Lancet},

volume = {392},

pages = {818-9},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5578,

title = {Unexpected outbreaks of arbovirus infections: lessons learned from the Pacific and tropical America.},

author = {D Musso and A J Rodriguez-Morales and J E Levi and V M Cao-Lormeau and D J Gubler},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Lancet Infect Dis},

volume = {18},

pages = {e355-e361},

abstract = {Pandemic arboviruses have emerged as a major global health problem in the past four decades. Predicting where and when the next arbovirus epidemic will occur is a challenge, but history suggests that arboviral black swan events (epidemics that are difficult to predict and that have an extreme effect) will continue to occur as urban growth and globalisation expand. We briefly review unexpected arbovirus epidemics that have occurred in the past 50 years, with emphasis on the American and Pacific regions, to illustrate their unpredictability, and to highlight the need for improved global preparedness, including laboratory-based surveillance, prevention, and control programmes.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5567,

title = {Using paired serology and surveillance data to quantify dengue transmission and control during a large outbreak in Fiji.},

author = {A Kucharski and M Kama and C Watson and M Aubry and S Funks and A Henderson and O Brady and J Vanhomwegen and J C Manuguerra and C Lau and W Edmunds and J Aaskov and E Nilles and V M Cao-Lormeau and S Hue and M Hibberd},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {eLife},

volume = {7},

pages = {e34848},

abstract = {Dengue is a major health burden, but it can be challenging to examine transmission and evaluate control measures because outbreaks depend on multiple factors, including human population structure, prior immunity and climate. We combined population-representative paired sera collected before and after the 2013/14 dengue-3 outbreak in Fiji with surveillance data to determine how such factors influence transmission and control in island settings. Our results suggested the 10-19 year-old age group had the highest risk of infection, but we did not find strong evidence that other demographic or environmental risk factors were linked to seroconversion. A mathematical model jointly fitted to surveillance and serological data suggested that herd immunity and seasonally varying transmission could not explain observed dynamics. However, the model showed evidence of an additional reduction in transmission coinciding with a vector clean-up campaign, which may have contributed to the decline in cases in the later stages of the outbreak.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5577,

title = {Yellow fever: the Pacific should be prepared.},

author = {D Musso and P Parola and D Raoult},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Lancet},

volume = {392},

pages = {2347},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5587,

title = {Zika Virus Infection during Pregnancy and Effects on Early Childhood Development, French Polynesia, 2013-2016.},

author = {L Subissi and T Dub and M Besnard and T Mariteragi-Helle and T Nhan and D Lutringer-Magnin and P Barboza and C Gurry and E Nilles and D Baud and A Merianos and D Musso and J Glynn and G Dupuis and V M Cao-Lormeau and M Giard and H P Mallet},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Emerg Infect Dis},

volume = {24},

pages = {1850-8},

abstract = {Congenital Zika virus syndrome consists of a large spectrum of neurologic abnormalities seen in infants infected with Zika virus in utero. However, little is known about the effects of Zika virus intrauterine infection on the neurocognitive development of children born without birth defects. Using a case-control study design, we investigated the temporal association of a cluster of congenital defects with Zika virus infection. In a nested study, we also assessed the early childhood development of children recruited in the initial study as controls who were born without known birth defects,. We found evidence for an association of congenital defects with both maternal Zika virus seropositivity (time of infection unknown) and symptomatic Zika virus infection during pregnancy. Although the early childhood development assessment found no excess burden of developmental delay associated with maternal Zika virus infection, larger, longer-term studies are needed.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5579,

title = {Zika Virus in French Polynesia, 2013-2014: anatomy of a completed outbreak (review paper).},

author = {D Musso and H C Bossin and H P Mallet and M Besnard and J Broult and L Baudouin and J E Levi and E C Sabino and F Ghawche and M C Lanteri and D Baud},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Lancet Infect Dis},

volume = {18},

pages = {2172-e182},

abstract = {The Zika virus crisis exemplified the risk associated with emerging pathogens and was a reminder that preparedness for the worst-case scenario, although challenging, is needed. Herein, we review all data reported during the unexpected emergence of Zika virus in French Polynesia in late 2013. We focus on the new findings reported during this outbreak, especially the first description of severe neurological complications in adults and the retrospective description of CNS malformations in neonates, the isolation of Zika virus in semen, the potential for blood-transfusion transmission, mother-to-child transmission, and the development of new diagnostic assays. We describe the effect of this outbreak on health systems, the implementation of vector-borne control strategies, and the line of communication used to alert the international community of the new risk associated with Zika virus. This outbreak highlighted the need for careful monitoring of all unexpected events that occur during an emergence, to implement surveillance and research programmes in parallel to management of cases, and to be prepared to the worst-case scenario.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5571,

title = {Zika virus, vaccines, and antiviral strategies.},

author = {S Masmejan and D Baud and D Musso and A Panchaud},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther},

volume = {16},

pages = {471-83},

abstract = {Zika virus (ZIKV) recently emerged as a global public health emergency of international concern. ZIKV is responsible for severe neurological complications in adults and infection during pregnancy and can lead to congenital Zika syndrome. There is no licensed vaccine or drug to prevent or treat ZIKV infection. Areas covered: The aim of this article is to provide an overview and update of the progress of research on anti-ZIKV vaccine and medications until the end of 2017, with a special emphasis on drugs that can be used during pregnancy. Expert commentary: Development of new vaccines and drugs is challenging and several points particular to ZIKV infections augment this difficulty: (1) Cross-reactions between ZIKV and other flaviviruses, the impact of ZIKV vaccination on subsequent flavivirus infections, and vice-versa, is unknown, (2) Drugs against ZIKV should be safe in pregnant women, and (3) Evaluation of the efficacy of vaccine and drugs against ZIKV in clinical trials phase II-IV will be complicated due to the decline of ZIKV circulation.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5561,

title = {Zika virus outbreak in the Pacific: Vector competence of regional vectors.},

author = {E Calvez and L Mousson and M Vazeille and O O'Connor and V M Cao-Lormeau and F Mathieu-Daudé and N Pocquet and A B Failloux and M Dupont-Rouzeyrol},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Plos Neg Trop Dis},

volume = {12},

pages = {e0006637},

abstract = {BackgroundIn 2013, Zika virus (ZIKV) emerged in French Polynesia and spread through the Pacific region between 2013 and 2017. Several potential Aedes mosquitoes may have contributed to the ZIKV transmission including Aedes aegypti, the main arbovirus vector in the region, and Aedes polynesiensis, vector of lymphatic filariasis and secondary vector of dengue virus. The aim of this study was to analyze the ability of these two Pacific vectors to transmit ZIKV at a regional scale, through the evaluation and comparison of the vector competence of wild Ae. aegypti and Ae. polynesiensis populations from different Pacific islands for a ZIKV strain which circulated in this region during the 2013-2017 outbreak.

Methodology/Principal findings

Field Ae. aegypti (three populations) and Ae. polynesiensis (two populations) from the Pacific region were collected for this study. Female mosquitoes were orally exposed to ZIKV (107 TCID50/mL) isolated in the region in 2014. At 6, 9, 14 and 21 days post-infection, mosquito bodies (thorax and abdomen), heads and saliva were analyzed to measure infection, dissemination, transmission rates and transmission efficiency, respectively. According to our results, ZIKV infection rates were heterogeneous between the Ae. aegypti populations, but the dissemination rates were moderate and more homogenous between these populations. For Ae. polynesiensis, infection rates were less heterogeneous between the two populations tested. The transmission rate and efficiency results revealed a low vector competence for ZIKV of the different Aedes vector populations under study.

Conclusion/Significance Our results indicated a low ZIKV transmission by Ae. aegypti and Ae. polynesiensis tested from the Pacific region. These results were unexpected and suggest the importance of other factors especially the vector density, the mosquito lifespan or the large immunologically naive fraction of the population that may have contributed to the rapid spread of the ZIKV in the Pacific region during the 2013-2017 outbreak.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5621,

title = {Acquittal of Culex quinquefasciatus in transmitting Zika virus during the French Polynesian outbreak.},

author = {V Richard and T Paoaafaite and V M Cao-Lormeau},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Acta Trop},

volume = {173},

pages = {200-1},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5612,

title = {Axl Mediates ZIKA Virus Entry in Human Glial Cells and Modulates Innate Immune Responses.},

author = {L Meertens and A Labeau and O Dejarnac and S Cipriani and L Sinigaglia and L Bonnet-Madin and T Le Charpentier and M Lamine Hafirassou and A Zamborlini and V M Cao-Lormeau and M Coulpier and D Missé and N Jouvenet and R Tabibiazar and P Gressens and O Schwartz and Amara},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Cell Reports},

volume = {18},

pages = {324-33},

abstract = {ZIKA virus (ZIKV) is an emerging pathogen responsible for neurological disorders and congenital microcephaly. However, the molecular basis for ZIKV neurotropism remains poorly understood. Here, we show that Axl is expressed in human microglia and astrocytes in the developing brain and thatitmediates ZIKV infection of glial cells. Axl-mediated ZIKV entry requires the Axl ligand Gas6, which bridges ZIKV particles to glial cells. Following binding, ZIKV is internalized through clathrin-mediated endocytosis and traffics to Rab5+ endosomes to establish productive infection. During entry, the ZIKV/Gas6 complex activates Axl kinase activity, which downmodulates interferon signaling and facilitates infection. ZIKV infection of human glial cells is inhibited by MYD1, an engineered Axl decoy receptor, and by the Axl kinase inhibitor R428. Our results highlight the dual role of Axl during ZIKV infection ofglial cells: promoting viral entry and modulating innate immune responses. Therefore, inhibiting Axl function may represent a potential target for future antiviral therapies.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5609,

title = {Amustaline (S-303) Treatment Inactivates High Levels of Zika Virus in Red Blood Cell Components.},

author = {A Laughhunn and F Santa Maria and J Broult and M C Lanteri and A Stassinopoulos and D Musso and M Aubry},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Transfusion},

volume = {57},

pages = {779-89},

abstract = {BackgroundThe potential for Zika virus (ZIKV) transfusion-transmission (TT) has been demonstrated in French Polynesia and Brazil. Pathogen inactivation (PI) of blood products is a proactive strategy to inactivate TT pathogens including arboviruses. Inactivation of West Nile, dengue, Zika, and chikungunya viruses was previously demonstrated by photochemical treatment with amotosalen and ultraviolet A (UVA) illumination. In this study, we evaluated ZIKV inactivation in red blood cell (RBC) components by a chemical approach that uses amustaline (S-303) and glutathione (GSH).

Study design and methods

RBC components were spiked with a high titer of ZIKV. Viral titers (infectivity) and ZIKV RNA loads (reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction) were measured in spiked RBCs before and after S-303 and GSH treatment and confirmed using repetitive passages in cell culture. A mock-treated arm validated the approach by demonstrating stability of the virus (infectivity and RNA load) during the process.

Results

The mean ZIKV infectivity titer and RNA load in RBCs were 5.99 ± 0.2 log 50% tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50 )/mL and 7.75 ± 0.16 log genomic equivalents/mL before inactivation. No infectivity was detected immediately after S-303 and GSH treatment and after five serial passages in cell culture.

Conclusion

Complete ZIKV inactivation of more than 5.99 log TCID50 /mL in RBCs was achieved using S-303 and GSH at levels higher than those found in asymptomatic ZIKV-infected blood donors. Therefore, the S-303 and GSH PI system is promising for mitigating the risk of ZIKV TT.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5595,

title = {An update on Zika virus infection.},

author = {D Baud and D J Gubler and B Schaub and M C Lanteri and D Musso},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Lancet},

volume = {390},

pages = {2099-2109},

abstract = {The epidemic history of Zika virus began in 2007, with its emergence in Yap Island in the western Pacific, followed in 2013-14 by a larger epidemic in French Polynesia, south Pacific, where the first severe complications and non-vector-borne transmission of the virus were reported. Zika virus emerged in Brazil in 2015 and was declared a national public health emergency after local researchers and physicians reported an increase in microcephaly cases. In 2016, WHO declared the recent cluster of microcephaly cases and other neurological disorders reported in Brazil a global public health emergency. Similar clusters of microcephaly cases were also observed retrospectively in French Polynesia in 2014. In 2015-16, Zika virus continued its spread to cause outbreaks in the Americas and the Pacific, and the first outbreaks were reported in continental USA, Africa, and southeast Asia. Non-vector-borne transmission was confirmed and Zika virus was established as a cause of severe neurological complications in fetuses, neonates, and adults. This Review focuses on important updates and gaps in the knowledge of Zika virus as of early 2017.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5602,

title = {Cytotoxic effects of environmental toxins on human glial cells.},

author = {F D'Mello and N Braidy and H Mareal and G Guillemin and F Rossi and M Chinain and D Laurent and C Teo and B A Neilan},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Neurotox Res},

volume = {31},

pages = {245-258},

abstract = {Toxins produced by cyanobacteria and dinoflagellates have increasingly become a public health concern due to their degenerative effects on mammalian tissue and cells. In particular, emerging evidence has called attention to the neurodegenerative effects of the cyanobacterial toxin ß-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA). Other toxins such as the neurotoxins saxitoxin and ciguatoxin, as well as the hepatotoxic microcystin, have been previously shown to have a range of effects upon the nervous system. However, the capacity of these toxins to cause neurodegeneration in human cells has not, to our knowledge, been previously investigated. This study aimed to examine the cytotoxic effects of BMAA, microcystin-LR (MC-LR), saxitoxin (STX) and ciguatoxin (CTX-1B) on primary adult human astrocytes. We also demonstrated that a-lipoate attenuated MC-LR toxicity in primary astrocytes and characterised changes in gene expression which could potentially be caused by these toxins in primary astrocytes. Herein, we are the first to show that all of these toxins are capable of causing physiological changes consistent with neurodegeneration in glial cells, via oxidative stress and excitotoxicity, leading to a reduction in cell proliferation culminating in cell death. In addition, MC-LR toxicity was reduced significantly in astrocytes-treated a-lipoic acid. While there were no significant changes in gene expression, many of the probes that were altered were associated with neurodegenerative disease pathogenesis. Overall, this is important in advancing our current understanding of the mechanism of toxicity of MC-LR on human brain function in vitro, particularly in the context of neurodegeneration.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}