@article{5695,

title = {Epidemiology of nontuberculous mycobacteria in French Polynesia.},

author = {M Phelippeau and A O Djaltou and D Musso and M Drancourt},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {J Clin Microbiol},

volume = {23},

pages = {3798-3804},

abstract = {As few data are available in the Pacific countries and territories of the Oceania region regarding nontuberculous mycobacteria, we retrospectively identified 87 such isolates from French Polynesia from 2008 to 2013 by hybridization using DNA strip, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) and partial rpoB gene sequencing. Partial rpoB gene sequencing classified 42/87 (48.3%) isolates inthe Mycobacterium fortuitum complex, 28 (32.2%) in the Mycobacterium abscessus complex, 8 (9.2%) in the Mycobacterium mucogenicum complex and 5 (5.7%) in the Mycobacterium avium complex. Two isolates were identified as Mycobacterium acapulcensis and Mycobacterium cosmeticum by partial 16S rRNA gene sequencing. One isolate, unidentified by MALDI-TOF-MS and yielding less than 92% and 96% sequence similarity with rpoB and hsp65 reference sequences respectively, was regarded as a potentially new species. Three patients exhibiting ? two Mycobacterium porcinum isolates and one patient with emphysema and a lung abscess exhibiting two Mycobacterium senegalense isolates, fulfilled the American Thoracic Society microbiological criteria for nontuberculosis mycobacterial lung infection. Remote geographic areas such as French Polynesia are potential sources for the discovery of new mycobacteria species.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5692,

title = {Emergence du virus Zika.},

author = {T Nhan and D Musso},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Virologie},

volume = {19},

pages = {225-35},

abstract = {Le virus Zika (ZIKV) est un arbovirus du genre Flavivirus, famille des Flaviviridae, transmis par les piqûres de moustiques infectés. Initialement isolé chez un macaque rhésus en 1947 en Afrique, le ZIKV a été impliqué dans des cas humains sporadiques pendant un demi siècle. La première épidémie a été décrite dans le Pacifique en 2007. Le ZIKV se propage dans la région Pacifique depuis 2013 et émerge au Brésil en 2015. De présentation clinique non spécifique, la fièvre Zika peut être confondue avec d'autres maladies infectieuses, en particulier les arboviroses comme la dengue et le chikungunya. La fièvre Zika était considérée comme une maladie bénigne jusqu'en 2013-2014 où des complications neurologioques graves ont été décrites durant l'épidémie qui a touché la Polynésie française. Le diagnostic biologique des infections à ZIKV repose principalement sur la détection de l'ARN viral du ZIKV par biologie moléculaire. Le diagnostic sérologique est peu fiable dans les régions endémiques pour flaviviroses. L'adaptation de ZIKV à un cycle urbain impliquant un réservoir humain et des moustiques ayant une très large distribution, tels que Aedes aegypti et Ae. albopictus, souligne le fort potentiel d'émergence de ZIKV dans les régions tropicales, inter tropicales mais aussi tempérées.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5688,

title = {Emergence of Zika virus.},

author = {D Musso and T Nhan},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Clin Microbiol},

volume = {4},

abstract = {Zika virus was first described in the 1940s. During more than all of a century, less than 20 human infections have been reported. Emergence of Zika started with a first outbreak in the Pacific area in 2007 (Federated States of Micronesia), a second large outbreak occurred in the Pacific in 2013/2014 (French Polynesia) and subsequently the virus spread in other Pacific Islands. Zika virus emerged in the Americas (Brazil) in 2015. Emergence of Zika virus in the Pacific was associated with the description of severe neurological complications.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5684,

title = {Establishment of the Brown Widow Spider (Araneae: Theridiidae) and Infestation of its Egg Sacs by a Parasitoid, Philolema latrodecti (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae), in French Polynesia and the Cook Islands.},

author = {J Marie and R S Vetter},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {J Med Entomol},

volume = {52},

pages = {1291-8},

abstract = {This paper presents two newly established species for French Polynesia: the invasive brown widow spider, Latrodectus geometricus C. L. Koch, and its potential biocontrol agent, the parasitoid wasp, Philolema latrodecti (Fullaway). The brown widow spider was recorded from the island of Moorea in 2006 and, since that discovery, the occurrence of this species has expanded to two of the five archipelagos of French Polynesia including the main island of Tahiti and four of the Cook Islands. Although the tropical climate contributes to the establishment of L. geometricus, a biotic factor, P. latrodecti, may restrain population from demographic explosion. This eurytomid wasp is present in French Polynesia and is a parasitoid that has been used in biological control of the southern black widow Latrodectus mactans (F.) in Hawaii. This wasp could become a significant limiting factor for L. geometricus distribution on these islands, as it was found in 31% of the Tahitian brown widow spider egg sacs that were dissected. However, thus far, the wasp was only found on Tahiti in association with the brown widow spider. Although the brown widow is generally considered to be less toxic than its black widow relatives, it remains of medical concern in French Polynesia because reactions to its bites can, at times, be severe. The spider remains of public concern because it is a novel species; it has the word widow in its name and dark morphs are mistaken as black widows.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5682,

title = {Evaluation of traps and lures for mosquito vectors and xenomonitoring of Wuchereria bancrofti in a high prevalence Samoan village.},

author = {L Hapairai and C Plichart and T Naseri and U Silva and L Tesimale and P Pemita and H C Bossin and T R Burkot and S A Ritchie and P Graves and W Melrose and H Joseph},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Parasite Vectors},

volume = {8},

pages = {287},

abstract = {BackgroundElimination of lymphatic filariasis (LF) in Samoa continues to be challenging despite multiple annual mass drug campaigns aimed at stopping transmission by reducing the prevalence and density of microfilaraemia. The persistence of transmission may be partly related to the highly efficient Aedes vectors. The assessment of pathogen transmission by mosquito vectors and of vector control relies on the ability to capture mosquitoes efficiently. The aims of this study are to compare trapping methods to capture LF-infected mosquitoes and determine the role in transmission of the species of Aedes mosquitoes in the area.

Methods

Fasitoo-Tai village was the chosen site because of persistent transmission despite annual mass drug administration. Sampling methods included BioGents Sentinel (BGS) trap, human-baited collections (HBC) and the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) trap. BGS and CDC traps were baited with BG-lure, CO2, and/or octenol. Individual trap locations were geo-located and efficiency of sampling methods was evaluated using a randomized Latin-square design in two locations. Number of mosquitoes collected (male and female), as well as species for each trapping method were determined. Additionally, Ae. polynesiensis and Ae. (Finlaya) spp. females were pooled by trap method and analysed for filarial DNA. Infection prevalence was estimated using the PoolScreen software.

Results

The BGS trap with any type of bait collected more mosquitoes compared to both the CDC trap and the HBC. The BGS trap baited with BG-lure collected more mosquitoes than with CO2 and octenol. There were no significant differences between trapping methods in terms of proportions of infected females collected. The prevalence of filarial infection in Ae. polynesiensis and Ae. (Finlaya) spp. was estimated at 4.7 % and 0.67 % respectively.

Conclusions

This study supports the use of the BGS trap for research on and surveillance of the mosquito vectors of LF in Samoa. The BGS trap is a suitable and safer alternative to HBC for sampling Ae. polynesiensis and Ae. (Finlaya) spp., which continue to be the predominant vectors of LF. Of concern was the high prevalence of LF in mosquitoes despite a recent mass drug administration programme. This highlights the urgency for updated policies concerning filariasis elimination in Samoa.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5679,

title = {First report of a mass-poisoning outbreak following the consumption of Tectus niloticus (Gastropod) in French Polynesia : a novel pathway of Ciguatera Fish Poisoning ?},

author = {C M Gatti and H T Darius and M Chinain and D Lonati},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {IOC Newsletter on Toxic Algae and Algal Blooms},

volume = {50},

pages = {19-20},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5677,

title = {Filariasis serosurvey, New Caledonia, South Pacific, 2013.},

author = {M Daures and J Champagnat and A Pfannstiel and F Ringuenoire and J P Grangeon and D Musso},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Parasite Vectors},

volume = {8},

pages = {102},

abstract = {BackgroundLymphatic filariasis (LF) is a major public health problem in the Pacific. As the global prevalence of infection was not known in New Caledonia (NC), a serosurvey study was conducted by determining the prevalence of circulating filarial antigens, as recommended by the World Health Organization.

Findings

A cross sectional study on a 2 degree stratified sample was carried out from June to November 2013. Inclusion criteria were: individuals aged 2 to 80 y/o, who had been hospitalized or sought medical care for a non-infectious cause and who had been living in NC for more than 6 months. LF antigenic detection was performed using the immunocromatographic BinaxNOW filariasis card test (ICT). Among the 1,035 individuals tested, 7 were antigenic. The overall LF antigenic prevalence was 0.62% (CI 95% [0.60-0.63]). All patients were unrelated to each other; none of them presented clinical symptoms of LF. Four of the 7 ICT positive patients reported having travelled to LF endemic areas, 2 patients had never traveled outside NC and the last one had only traveled in non-endemic areas. For the 7 ICT positive patients, the research of microfilariae in blood smears and filarial DNA by PCR was negative.

Conclusion

The prevalence of filarial antigenemia in NC is less than 1%, the threshold that defines the filarial endemic areas for WHO. Nevertheless, as two patients who had never travelled outside NC and one who had only travelled to non-endemic areas were antigenic, we cannot conclude that NC is totally free of LF.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5696,

title = {Mycobacterium abscessus pneumonia in a South Pacific islander.},

author = {M Phelippeau and D Musso and M Drancourt},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {J Microbiol Immunol Infect},

volume = {S1684-1182},

pages = {32-8},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5680,

title = {Obesity and metabolic parameters in adolescents : a school-based intervention program in FP.},

author = {C M Gatti and E Suhas and S Côte and E Anassour-Laouan sidi and E Dewailly and M Lucas},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {J Adolescent Health},

volume = {56},

pages = {174-80},

abstract = {PurposeThe prevalence of overweight/obesity among French Polynesian adolescents is alarming. This study aims to prevent rises in obesity by modifying school food and the physical environment of French Polynesian adolescents.

METHODS:

During the 5-month study, 240 adolescents from a Tubuai island college (in French Polynesia) received a balanced diet based almost exclusively on local agricultural products and fishing by the island community. They were divided into three subgroups according to their college attendance status: external (n = 14), half residents (n = 155), and residents (n = 71). To increase energy expenditure, weekly physical activity was augmented by 2-4 hours of training in Polynesian Va'a canoes. Anthropometric parameters were recorded, and blood samples collected at baseline and after 5 months. Collegians from Rurutu, a neighboring island, were considered as controls (N = 90).

Results

At baseline, overweight/obesity prevalence was 60% (with 28% obesity) in the intervention group. After 5 months, adjusted weight gain was -.76 kg for residents (95% confidence interval [CI], -1.59 to .08), 1.34 kg for half residents (95% CI, .84-1.83), 1.82 kg for externs (95% CI, .66-2.97), and 4.2 kg (95% CI, 3.4-5.0) in the controls. Our results indicate that the more adolescents were subjected to food and physical activity commitments, the higher was the rate among those who lost weight. We noted that the weight change magnitude predicted insulin, glucose, and visceral obesity modifications.

Conclusions

This 5-month school-based intervention slowed weight gain and improved the health of Polynesian collegians. The implementation of longer school-based interventions deserves evaluation.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5690,

title = {Potential sexual transmission of Zika virus.},

author = {D Musso and C Roche and E Robin and T Nhan and A Teissier and V M Cao-Lormeau},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Emerg Infect Dis},

volume = {21},

pages = {359-61},

abstract = {In December 2013, during a Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreak in French Polynesia, a patient in Tahiti sought treatment for hematospermia, and ZIKV was isolated from his semen. ZIKV transmission by sexual intercourse has been previously suspected. This observation supports the possibility that ZIKV could be transmitted sexually.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5683,

title = {Salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis in French Polynesia, South Pacific, 2008-2013.},

author = {S Le Hello and F Maillard and H P Mallet and E Daudens and M Levy and V Roy and P Branaa and S Bertrand and L Fabre and FX. Weill},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Emerg Infect Dis},

volume = {21},

pages = {1045-8},

abstract = {Outbreaks of Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis infections associated with eggs occurred in French Polynesia during 2008-2013. Molecular analysis of isolates by using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat polymorphisms and multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis was performed. This subtyping made defining the epidemic strain, finding the source, and decontaminating affected poultry flocks possible.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5673,

title = {Seroprevalence of arboviruses among blood donors in French Polynesia, 2011-2013.},

author = {M Aubry and J Finke and A Teissier and C Roche and J Broult and S Paulous and P Despres and V M Cao-Lormeau and D Musso},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Int J Infect Dis},

volume = {41},

pages = {11-2},

abstract = {ObjectivesFrench Polynesia is a high epidemic/endemic area for arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses). We recently reported the silent circulation of Ross River virus and absence of active transmission of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) among blood donors sampled before the emergence of Zika virus (ZIKV) and CHIKV in French Polynesia. In this study, the prevalence of the four serotypes of dengue virus (DENV) and the occurrence of circulation of other arboviruses were investigated in blood donors in French Polynesia.

Methods

Serum samples from 593 blood donors collected between July 2011 and October 2013 were tested by ELISA for the presence of immunoglobulin G antibodies against each of the four DENV serotypes, ZIKV, Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), and West Nile virus (WNV).

Results

It was found that 80.3%, 0.8%, 1.3%, and 1.5% of blood donors were seropositive for at least one DENV serotype, ZIKV, JEV, and WNV, respectively.

Conclusions

These results corroborate the expected high transmission of DENV and conversely suggest that no active circulation of ZIKV, JEV, and WNV occurred in French Polynesia before 2011. Information provided by this study may be useful for public health authorities to improve surveillance and implement strategies to prevent the transmission of arboviruses.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5674,

title = {Silent Circulation of Ross River Virus in French Polynesia.},

author = {M Aubry and J Finke and A Teissier and C Roche and J Broult and S Paulous and P Despres and V M Cao-Lormeau and D Musso},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Int J Infect Dis},

volume = {37},

pages = {19-24},

abstract = {ObjectivesRoss River is an emerging mosquito-borne disease in the Western Pacific. Ross River virus (RRV) circulation has been sporadically reported in some Pacific Island Countries and Territories but never in French Polynesia. To determine if RRV has circulated locally among the French Polynesian population, we conducted a seroprevalence study on blood donors.

Methods

Sera of 593 blood donors were collected from July 2011 to October 2013 and tested by ELISA for the presence of RRV-specific Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies.

Results

A total of 204 (34.40%) blood donors were found seropositive for RRV. Among the 132 blood donors that were born in French Polynesia and had never travelled abroad, 56 (42.42%) had RRV-specific IgGs.

Discussion

Our results support the existence of autochthonous RRV transmission and suggest that this pathogen has silently circulated in French Polynesia. These findings raise the question of possible undetected circulation of RRV in other Pacific Island Countries and Territories.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5691,

title = {The burden of chikungunya in the Pacific.},

author = {T Nhan and D Musso},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Clin Microbiol Infect},

volume = {21},

pages = {e47-8},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5697,

title = {Use of Centrifugal Filter Devices to Concentrate Dengue Virus in Mosquito per os Infection Experiments.},

author = {V Richard and J Viallon and V M Cao-Lormeau},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {PLOS One},

volume = {10},

pages = {e0138161},

abstract = {Dengue virus (DENV) is an arbovirus transmitted to humans by the bite of infected Aedes mosquitoes. Experimental per os infection of mosquitoes with DENV is usually a preliminary step in virus/vector studies but it requires being able to prepare artificial blood-meals with high virus titers. We report here the convenient use of centrifugal filter devices to quickly concentrate DENV particles in cell-culture supernatants. The median viral titer in concentrated-supernatants was 8.50 log10 TCID50/mL. By using these DENV concentrated-supernatants to prepare infectious blood-meals in Aedes aegypti per os infection experiments, we obtained a mean mosquito-infection rate of 94%. We also evaluated the use of centrifugal filter devices to recover DENV particles from non-infectious blood-meals presented to infected mosquitoes through a feeding membrane to collect their saliva.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5686,

title = {Zika virus transmission from French Polynesia to Brazil.},

author = {D Musso},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Emerg Infect Dis},

volume = {21},

pages = {1887},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5687,

title = {Zika virus : following the path of dengue and chikungunya ?},

author = {D Musso and V M Cao-Lormeau and D J Gubler},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Lancet},

volume = {386},

pages = {243-4},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5714,

title = {Absence of antibodies to Rickettsia spp., Bartonella spp., Ehrlichia spp. and Coxiella burnetii in Tahiti, French Polynesia.},

author = {D Musso and J Broult and P Parola and D Raoult and E Fournier},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

journal = {BMC Infect Dis},

volume = {14},

pages = {255},

abstract = {BACKGROUNDIn the Pacific islands countries and territories, very little is known about the incidence of infectious diseases due to zoonotic pathogens. To our knowledge, human infections due to Rickettsia spp., Coxiella burnetii, Ehrlichia spp. and Bartonella spp. have never been reported in French Polynesia; and infections due to C. burnetti have been reported worldwide except in New Zealand. To evaluate the prevalence of this disease, we conducted a serosurvey among French Polynesian blood donors.

METHODS

The presence of immunoglobulin G antibodies against R. felis, R. typhi, R. conorii, C. burnetii, B. henselae, B. quintana, and E. chaffeensis was evaluated by indirect immunofluorescence assay in sera from 472 French Polynesian blood donors collected from 2011 to 2013. In addition, 178 ticks and 36 cat fleas collected in French Polynesia were also collected and tested by polymerase chain reaction to detect Rickettsia spp., B. henselae and Ehrlichia spp.

RESULTS

None of the blood donors had antibodies at a significant level against Rickettsia spp., Coxiella burnetii, Ehrlichia spp. and Bartonella spp. All tested ticks and cat fleas were PCR-negative for Rickettsia spp., B. henselae, and Ehrlichia spp.

CONCLUSION

We cannot conclude that these pathogens are absent in French Polynesia but, if present, their prevalence is probably very low. C. burnetii has been reported worldwide except in New Zealand. It may also be absent from French Polynesia.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5711,

title = {Amotosalem and ultraviolet A illumination of dengue in plasma.},

author = {D Musso and V Richard and V M Cao-Lormeau},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

journal = {Vox Sanguinis},

volume = {107},

pages = {218},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5715,

title = {Chikungunya virus imported into French Polynesia, 2014.},

author = {T Nhan and A Claverie and C Roche and A Teissier and M Colleuil and J M Baudet and V M Cao-Lormeau and D Musso},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

journal = {Emerg Infect Dis},

volume = {20},

pages = {1773-4},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5706,

title = {Ciguatera fish toxicity in French Polynesia : size does not always matter.},

author = {M Gaboriau and D Ponton and H T Darius and M Chinain},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

journal = {Toxicon},

volume = {84},

pages = {41-50},

abstract = {Accumulation of ciguatoxins (CTXs) in tropical reef fish tissues during their life is responsible of the most prevalent human seafood intoxication in the South Pacific called Ciguatera Fish Poisoning (CFP). It has been assumed for a long time that CTXs are transferred and accumulated along the trophic food chain, and consequently that smaller individuals within a given fish species are safer to eat than larger ones. However, the relationship between toxicity and fish size has been studied for a limited number of species only and the conclusions are often contradictory. The toxicity of 856 fishes from 59 different species sampled in six islands in French Polynesia between 2003 and 2011 was assessed by Receptor Binding Assay. Among them, 45 species × island and 32 families × island for which the number of individuals was =6 allowed testing the relationship between toxicity and size. Except for six specimens of Lutjanus bohar caught in Fakarava (P < 0.01; R2 = 0.854), the 44 remaining species × island showed no significant increase of CTXs concentration with fish total length (TL). Moreover, the proportion of toxic individuals decreased significantly for Epinephelus polyphekadion from Fakarava (n = 24; P < 0.05) and Kyphosus cinerascens from Raivavae (n = 29; P < 0.05), while no significant variation was detected for the other 43 species × island. At the family level, only three positive and three negative relationships between size and CTXs concentration were observed among the 32 family × island analyzed. No relationship between the proportion of toxic fish within a family and the relative total length of individuals were observed. The lack of relationship between toxicity and size observed for most of the species and families from the six islands suggests that fish size cannot be used as an efficient predictor of fish toxicity in French Polynesia. These results highlight the need for improving our knowledge about metabolic processes which may play a role in CTXs bio-accumulation and depuration among the different trophic levels of fishes.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5701,

title = {Ciguatéra : aspects écologiques, biologiques et toxicologiques.},

author = {M Chinain and C M Gatti and M Roué and D Laurent},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

journal = {RFL},

pages = {27-39},

abstract = {La ciguatéra est une intoxication résultant de la consommation de produits marins d’ambiance corallienne contaminés par des toxines marines, les ciguatoxines (CTXs), qui agissent préférentiellement sur les canaux sodiques dépendants du potentiel d’action. Cette pathologie, hautement prévalente dans les régions tropicales et intertropicales du globe, se caractérise par des troubles digestifs, neurologiques, cutanés, cardiovasculaires et respiratoires d’intensité variable, parfois compliqués par la survenue de cas chroniques et l’absence de traitement réellement efficace, sauf peut-être au sein de la pharmacopée traditionnelle. Le principal agent causal de cette pathologie est un dinoflagellé benthique, Gambierdiscus spp., qui se caractérise par une diversité morphologique et moléculaire remarquable (11 espèces connues à ce jour) et une très large répartition géographique. Plus récemment, l’implication potentielle de cyanobactéries marines dans des formes atypiques de ciguatéra a également été documentée. Les perturbations environnementales (e.g. températures élevées) et d’origine anthropique infligées aux écosystèmes coralliens sont autant de facteurs déclenchant des flambées ciguatériques. Seules certaines lignées de Gambierdiscus sont génétiquement capables de produire des CTXs. Ces dernières se répartissent en 3 grandes familles correspondant aux 3 zones d’endémie de la maladie (i.e. Pacifique, Caraïbes et Océan Indien), soit plus d’une quarantaine d’analogues chimiques. En dépit de la large panoplie de tests de détection déjà disponibles (tests in vivo, in vitro voire même traditionnels), il n’existe actuellement aucun test de référence dûment validé, ce qui constitue un obstacle majeur à l’exploitation durable des ressources pisciaires.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5708,

title = {Dynamics of ciguatoxins from Gambierdiscus polynesiensis in the benthic herbivore Mugil cephalus: Trophic transfer implications.},

author = {A Ledreux and H Brand and M Chinain and M Y Dechraoui-Bottein and J S Ramsdell},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

journal = {Harmful Algae},

volume = {39},

pages = {165-74},

abstract = {This study investigates ciguatoxin dynamics in mullet after controlled feeding of Gambierdiscus polynesiensis cells as a model to characterize the absorption, distribution, retention and accumulation of ciguatoxins into the second trophic level of southwestern Pacific coral reef ecosystems. Mullet (Mugil cephalus) were fed once every other day over a period of 16 days for nine toxic feedings, and ciguatoxin activity was assessed over time in blood and seven tissues using the Neuro2a assay. Within 3 h of feeding on G. polynesiensis cells, ciguatoxins attained maximal blood concentrations, indicating rapid absorption of toxins into the systemic circulation. The time course for distribution of the estimated total tissue burden of ciguatoxin closely followed the time course for blood toxin levels, indicating a rapid distribution of the ciguatoxins throughout the fish body. The large majority (95%) of the ciguatoxin ingested dose was eliminated from the examined fish tissues 24 h after a single toxic meal, indicating little retention potential for ciguatoxin. We found no evidence for ciguatoxin accumulation after nine repeated feedings spaced two days apart, indicating that mullet did not accumulate ciguatoxin. These results provide the first experimental evidence supporting the central tenet of Randall's food chain hypothesis that ciguatoxins enter the food chain by transfer from unicellular algae to herbivorous and detritus-feeding fish. We propose that a time-dependent transformation of oxopene ciguatoxins may be necessary for the concentration of ciguatoxin through higher trophic levels.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5703,

title = {Dengue virus type-3, South Pacific Islands, 2013.},

author = {V M Cao-Lormeau and C Roche and D Musso and H P Mallet and T Dalipanda and A Dofai and F Nogareda and E Nilles and J Aaskov},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

journal = {Emerg Infect Dis},

volume = {20},

pages = {1034-6},

abstract = {After an 18-year absence, dengue virus serotype 3 reemerged in the South Pacific Islands in 2013. Outbreaks in western (Solomon Islands) and eastern (French Polynesia) regions were caused by different genotypes. This finding suggested that immunity against dengue virus serotype, rather than virus genotype, was the principal determinant of reemergence.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5707,

title = {Effect of temperature and larval density on Aedes polynesiensis (Diptera: Culicidae) laboratory rearing productivity and male characteristics.},

author = {L Hapairai and J Marie and S P Sinkins and H C Bossin},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

journal = {Acta Trop},

volume = {132},

pages = {S108-15},

abstract = {Aedes polynesiensis Marks (Diptera: Culicidae) larvae were reared to adulthood in the laboratory under a range of temperatures and larval densities. We studied the effect of these variables on several life table parameters of relevance to male-release-based vector control strategies including: larval survivorship, developmental time to pupation, male to female ratio, male pupae yield, adult male size and survival. The range of tested rearing temperatures (20, 25, 27, and 30 °C) and larval densities (50, 100, 200, and 400 larvae/L) was selected within the conditions allowing larval growth and survival. Larval survivorship was the highest when larvae were reared at 200 larvae/L for all temperatures except 20 °C. Male to female ratio was male biased at all temperatures and densities. Time to pupation decreased with increasing temperatures. Larval density and temperature influenced the proportion of males pupating on first day of pupation with 43-47% of total male pupae produced at 25 °C. No significant differences in mean wing length were observed between male mosquitoes reared in the laboratory (except at 20 and 30 °C for some densities) and field collected males. Altogether, the study allowed the identification of rearing conditions delivering high male yield with essentially no female contamination, adequate adult male size and survival. Ae. polynesiensis thus appears particularly amenable to biological and mechanical sex separation offering good prospects for Ae. polynesiensis population suppression trials that rely on the production and release of large numbers of incompatible or sterile males.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5702,

title = {Emerging arboviruses in the Pacific.},

author = {V M Cao-Lormeau and D Musso},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

journal = {Lancet},

volume = {384},

pages = {1571-2},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5705,

title = {Epidemiological and molecular features of dengue virus type-1 in New Caledonia, South Pacific, 2001-2013.},

author = {M Dupont-Rouzeyrol and M Aubry and O O'Connor and C Roche and A C Gourinat and A Guigon and A Pyke and J P Grangeon and E Nilles and S Chanteau and J Aaskov and V M Cao-Lormeau},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

journal = {Virol J},

volume = {11},

pages = {61},

abstract = {BackgroundThe epidemiology of dengue in the South Pacific has been characterized by transmission of a single dominant serotype for 3-5years, with subsequent replacement by another serotype. From 2001 to 2008 only DENV-1 was reported in the Pacific. In 2008, DENV-4 emerged and quickly displaced DENV-1 in the Pacific, except in New Caledonia (NC) where DENV-1 and DENV-4 co-circulated in 2008-2009. During 2012-2013, another DENV-1 outbreak occurred in NC, the third DENV-1 outbreak in a decade. Given that dengue is a serotype-specific immunizing infection, the recurrent outbreaks of a single serotype within a 10-year period was unexpected.

Findings

This study aimed to inform this phenomenon by examining the phylogenetic characteristics of the DENV-1 viruses in NC and other Pacific islands between 2001 and 2013. As a result, we have demonstrated that NC experienced introductions of viruses from both the Pacific (genotype IV) and South-east Asia (genotype I). Moreover, whereas genotype IV and I were co-circulating at the beginning of 2012, we observed that from the second half of 2012, i.e. during the major DENV-1 outbreak, all analyzed viruses were genotype I suggesting that a genotype switch occurred.

Conclusions

Repeated outbreaks of the same dengue serotype, as observed in NC, is uncommon in the Pacific islands. Why the earlier DENV-1 outbreaks did not induce sufficient herd immunity is unclear, and likely multifactorial, but the robust vector control program may have played a role by limiting transmission and thus maintaining a large susceptible pool in the population.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5698,

title = {Evidence of perinatal transmission of Zika virus, French Polynesia, December 2013 and February 2014.},

author = {M Besnard and S Lastere and A Teissier and V M Cao-Lormeau},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

journal = {Eurosurveillance},

volume = {19},

pages = {20571},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5712,

title = {Inactivation of dengue virus in plasma with amotosalen and ultraviolet A illumination.},

author = {D Musso and V Richard and J Broult and V M Cao-Lormeau},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

journal = {Transfusion},

volume = {54},

pages = {2924-30},

abstract = {BackgroundDengue virus (DENV) is the most prevalent arbovirus in tropical and subtropical regions. Transfusion-transmitted DENV infections have already been reported and the risk for blood products to be contaminated by DENV needs to be considered in dengue-endemic areas, especially during outbreaks. Blood product inactivation processes, including amotosalen and ultraviolet A (UVA) illumination, have been developed to reduce transfusion-transmitted infections. In this study we demonstrate the efficiency of using amotosalen and UVA illumination for DENV inactivation in human plasma.

Study design and methods

Plasma units from volunteer blood donors were spiked with DENV. Viral titers and viral RNA loads were measured in plasma before and after amotosalen and UVA photochemical treatment.

Results

The mean DENV titer in plasma before inactivation was 5.61 log 50% tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50)/mL and the mean viral RNA load was 10.21 log copies/mL. In inactivated plasma, the mean DENV RNA load was 9.37 log copies/mL, but cell cultures inoculated with inactivated plasma did not result in infected cells and did not produce any replicative virus nor detectable viral RNA.

Conclusion

We report here that amotosalen combined with UVA light inactivated DENV in fresh-frozen plasma (5.61 log inactivation of viral titer). This inactivation process is an efficient method to prevent plasma transfusion-transmitted DENV infections.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5716,

title = {Les infections a virus Zika.},

author = {T Nhan and V M Cao-Lormeau and D Musso},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

journal = {RFL},

volume = {467},

pages = {45-52},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5700,

title = {Neuroprotective effects of rosmarinic Acid on ciguatoxin in primary human neurons.},

author = {N Braidy and A Matin and F Rossi and M Chinain and D Laurent and G J Guillemin},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

journal = {Neurotox Res},

volume = {25},

pages = {226-34},

abstract = {Ciguatoxin (CTX), is a toxic compound produced by microalgae (dinoflagellate) Gambierdiscus spp., and is bio-accumulated and bio-transformed through the marine food chain causing neurological deficits. To determine the mechanism of CTX-mediated cytotoxicity in human neurons, we measured extracellular lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, intracellular levels of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)) and H2AX phosphorylation at serine 139 as a measure for DNA damage in primary cultures of human neurons treated with Pacific (P)-CTX-1B and P-CTX-3C. We found these marine toxins can induce a time and dose-dependent increase in extracellular LDH activity, with a concomitant decline in intracellular NAD(+) levels and increased DNA damage at the concentration range of 5-200nM. We also showed that pre- and post-treatment with rosmarinic acid (RA), the active constituent of the Heliotropium foertherianum (Boraginaceae) can attenuate CTX-mediated neurotoxicity. These results further highlight the potential of RA in the treatment of CTX-induced neurological deficits.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5713,

title = {Potential for Zika virus transmission through blood transfusion demonstrated during an outbreak in French Polynesia, November 2013 to February 2014.},

author = {D Musso and T Nhan and E Robin and C Roche and D Bierlaire and K Zisou and A Shan Yan and V M Cao-Lormeau and J Broult},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

journal = {Eurosurveillance},

volume = {19},

pages = {20761},

abstract = {Since October 2013, French Polynesia has experienced the largest documented outbreak of Zika virus (ZIKAV) infection. To prevent transmission of ZIKAV by blood transfusion, specific nucleic acid testing of blood donors was implemented. From November 2013 to February 2014: 42 (3%) of 1,505 blood donors, although asymptomatic at the time of blood donation, were found positive for ZIKAV by PCR. Our results serve to alert blood safety authorities about the risk of post-transfusion Zika fever.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5710,

title = {Rapid spread of emerging Zika virus in the Pacific area.},

author = {D Musso and E Nilles and V M Cao-Lormeau},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

journal = {Clin Microbiol Infect},

volume = {20},

pages = {595-6},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5717,

title = {Transcriptome sequencing reveals single domain Type I-like polyketide synthases in the toxic dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus polynesiensis.},

author = {R Pawlowiez and S J Morey and H T Darius and M Chinain and F M Van Dolah},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

journal = {Harmful Algae},

volume = {36},

pages = {29-37},

abstract = {Ciguatoxins (CTXs) are potent neurotoxins responsible for the food-borne illness known as ciguatera that occurs after consumption of contaminated fish. Benthic dinoflagellates of the genus Gambierdiscus spp. are known as the main producers of CTXs. CTXs are polycyclic polyethers, presumed to be synthesized by polyketide synthase (PKS) complexes; however, the mechanisms of CTX biosynthesis remain unresolved. Here, we investigated a de novo transcriptome assembly of Gambierdiscus polynesiensis TB-92 clone, a highly toxic producer of Pacific ciguatoxins, and focused on the identification of PKS transcripts. A cDNA library generated using a spliced leader (SL) priming approach, which specifically targets the dinoflagellate nuclear transcriptome, was sequenced by Roche 454. This strategy produced 1,221,335 raw reads, assembled into 16,336 unique contigs. Contigs were subjected to BLAST search, annotated with Gene Ontology (GO) terms and enriched with enzyme codes (EC) from Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database. Thirty-three PKS-related sequences were thus identified. Twenty-two contigs encoded single domain ß-ketoacyl synthases (KS) with sequence similarity to Type I PKSs, as reported in other dinoflagellates. A conserved motif previously observed near the 5' end of dinoflagellate KS domain transcripts was present in G. polynesiensis, and distinguished two groups of KS domain sequences. Ketoreductase (KR), acyltransferase (AT), and acyl carrier protein (ACP) domains were also found on single domain containing transcripts. KEGG pathway mapping placed three of the KS sequences containing the PKS conserved domain (cd00833) in the fatty acid biosynthesis pathway. No contigs were found encoding the conserved domains typically found in elongating ketosynthase domains of fatty acid synthases (cd00832, Type I or cd00834, Type II). Contigs mapping to other parts of the fatty acid biosynthesis pathway similarly encoded individual domains, suggesting that fatty acid synthesis takes place in multiprotein complexes. Other than the three KS domains, none of the sequences mapping to the fatty acid biosynthesis pathway overlapped with those annotated as PKSs. These data lend support to the idea that PKSs may contribute to both polyketide and fatty acid synthesis in dinoflagellates. This dataset provides important background to future research in order to understand the complex mechanism of toxin production in this dinoflagellate.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5699,

title = {Virus Zika en Polynésie française : hemovigilance receveur.},

author = {D Bierlaire and F Beau and S Lastere and D Musso and J Broult},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

journal = {Transfusion Clinique et Biologique},

volume = {21},

pages = {234},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5704,

title = {Zika virus, French polynesia, South pacific, 2013.},

author = {V M Cao-Lormeau and C Roche and A Teissier and E Robin and A L Berry and H P Mallet and A A Sall and D Musso},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-01-01},

journal = {Emerg Infect Dis},

volume = {20},

pages = {1085-6},

abstract = {In response [Zika outbreak in French Polynesia, 2013] (2014). Emerg Infect Dis, 20(11):1960},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5736,

title = {Analysis of the transcription strategy of the Junonia coenia densovirus (JcDNV) genome.},

author = {Y Wang and A M Abd-Alla and H C Bossin and Y Li and M Bergoin},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {Virus Res},

volume = {174},

pages = {101-7},

abstract = {The Junonia coenia densovirus (JcDNV) has an ambisense genome with the structural (VP) and nonstructural (NS) genes located in the 5' half on opposite strands. Northern blot analysis of Ld652 cells and Spodoptera littoralis larvae transfected with plasmid pBRJ encompassing an infectious sequence of the JcDNV genome revealed three transcripts, an unspliced 2.5 kb VP mRNA encoding capsid proteins and two NS mRNAs, one unspliced 2.5 kb mRNA encoding NS3, the other of 1.7 kb resulting from the splicing out of the NS3 coding sequence and expressing NS1 and NS2. Mapping of the transcriptional start sites revealed that VP and NS transcripts start both at 32 nt downsream of the P9 and P93 TATA boxes, respectively. The VP mRNA has a very short (3 nt) 5' untranslated region whereas the NS mRNAs have 83 nt (unspliced) and 86nt (Spliced) 5' UTR. The VP and NS transcripts co-terminate in the middle of their respective strand and possess an overlapping sequence of 61 nt at their 3' termini. Analysis of the in vivo and in vitro translation products of VP mRNA clearly showed that the 4 capsid proteins are generated by a leaky scanning mechanism.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5719,

title = {Ciguatéra : aspects physiopathologiques et cliniques.},

author = {M Chinain and C M Gatti and H T Darius},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {BVS Antilles Guyane},

volume = {3},

pages = {2-8},

abstract = {En France, l’ichtyosarcotoxisme de type ciguatéra est classé comme une étiologie possible des TIAC (Toxi-Infection Alimentaire Collective) qui sont à déclaration obligatoire par les professionnels de santé. Pour l’heure, le diagnostic de la ciguatéra se base uniquement sur l’anamnèse, en particulier, l’analyse du tableau clinique du patient, du fait de l’absence de marqueurs biologiques d’exposition aux ciguatoxines (CTXs). En effet, l’on n’observe en général aucun syndrome inflammatoire chez les personnes atteintes, et le bilan hépatique reste normal. Dans certains cas, les examens biologiques standard peuvent toutefois montrer des anomalies en rapport avec une déshydratation aiguë, une augmentation des enzymes musculaires (créatine phosphokinase) [52], et/ou une élévation fréquente des IgE sériques [1]. De même, l’électrocardiogramme, l’électromyogramme ou la réalisation d’une biopsie nerveuse peuvent également être révélateurs d’anomalies cardio-vasculaires et/ou neurologiques, telles que des modifications de l’onde T, une diminution des vitesses de conduction motrice et/ou sensitive, des signes d’atteinte axonale, l’existence de zones de démyélinisation, [44].Il est à noter que seules des analyses réalisées sur les reliefs des repas toxiques, permettant de confirmer la présence de toxines dans les chairs des poissons incriminés, sont en mesure de conforter ce diagnostic présomptif. Ces analyses ne sont toutefois réalisées que par des laboratoires spécialisés du fait de la complexité des tests utilisés.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5728,

title = {Diagnostic biologique de la leptospirose.},

author = {D Musso and B Lascola},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {RFL},

volume = {43},

pages = {39-46},

abstract = {La leptopsirose est une zoonose de répartition mondiale causée par des bactéries du genre Leptopira. Il s’agit d’une pathologie potentiellement mortelle pouvant bénéficier d’un traitement spécifique. La présentation clinique est non spécifique et peut être confondue avec de nombreuses autres pathologies, principalement la dengue en zones tropicales et subtropicales. La confirmation diagnostique est indispensable. Les techniques de référence ne sont pas toujours disponibles, surtout dans certains pays de forte endémie. La culture des leptospires, longue, fastidieuse et peu sensible, ne permet pas un diagnostic en urgence. Le diagnostic repose la plupart du temps sur les techniques sérologiques. La microagglutination, technique de référence, est longue et réservée aux centres de référence. D’autres méthodes sont disponibles telles que l’ELISA ou les tests rapides. Les anticorps, absents en début d’évolution, ne permettent pas un diagnostic à la phase aiguë. Les anticorps de nature IgM peuvent persister des mois ou années et ne sont pas la preuve d’une infection en cours. Seule la biologie moléculaire permet un diagnostic rapide en phase aiguë, la PCR en temps réel est maintenant la plus utilisée. La PCR permet un diagnostic en phase aiguë sur prélèvement sanguin prélevé lors des 10 premiers jours d’évolution.Leptospirosis is a zoonosis of ubiquitous distribution caused by infection with pathogenic Leptospira species. It is a potentially serious but treatable disease. Its symptoms may mimic those of a number of other unrelated infections, especially dengue fever in tropical and subtropical areas. Diagnosis should be confirmed by laboratory tests as the clinical manifestations are often untypical. Reference laboratory tests are not always available, especially in developing countries. Culture of leptospires is long, fastidious, hazardous and has no utility in relation to immediate patient care. Diagnosis is usually performed by serodiagnosis. Microscopic agglutination test is the “gold standart” but it cannot provide an early diagnosis. Other methods such as ELISA are available, rapid tests are less sensitive. Antibodies are lacking at the acute phase then serology is not suitable for early diagnosis. IgM antibodies may remain detectable for several months or even years and then are not proof of a current infection. The only method that allow diagnosis of leptospirosis at the acute phase is molecular diagnosis. Real time PCR now replace standard PCR. Molecular detection is possible on a blood sample collected during the first 10 days of the disease.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5720,

title = {Dengue Outbreak Federated States of Micronesia, 2012-2013.},

author = {V M Cao-Lormeau},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report},

volume = {62},

pages = {570-3},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5733,

title = {Evaluation of seafood toxicity in the Australes archipelago (French Polynesia) using the neuroblastoma cell-based assay.},

author = {R Pawlowiez and H T Darius and P Cruchet and F Rossi and A Caillaud and D Laurent and M Chinain},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {Food Additives and Contaminants},

volume = {30},

pages = {567-86},

abstract = {Ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP), a disease caused by consuming fish that have accumulated ciguatoxins (CTXs) in their tissue, is regarded as the most prevalent form of intoxication in French Polynesia. Recently, the Australes, one of the least affected archipelago until the early 1980s, has shown a dramatic increase in its incidence rates in 2009 with unusual CFP cases. In the present work, potential health hazards associated with the proliferation of various marine phytoplankton species and the consumption of fish and marine invertebrates highly popular among local population were assessed in three Australes islands: Raivavae, Rurutu and Rapa. Extracts from the marine dinoflagellates Gambierdiscus, Ostreospis and mat-forming cyanobacteria as well as fish, giant clams and sea urchin samples were examined for the presence of CTXs and palytoxin (PLTX) by using the neuroblastoma cell-based assay (CBA-N2a).Cytotoxic responses observed with both standards (Pacific CTX-3C and PLTX) and targeted marine products indicate that CBA-N2a is a robust screening tool, with high sensitivity and good repeatability and reproducibility. In Rurutu and Raivavae islands, our main findings concern the presence of CTX-like compounds in giant clams and sea urchins, suggesting a second bio-accumulation route for CFP toxins in the ciguatera food chain. In Rapa, the potential CFP risk from Gambierdiscus bloom and fish was confirmed for the first time, with levels of CTXs found above the consumer advisory level of 0.01 ng Pacific CTX-1B g-1 of flesh in three fish samples. However, despite the presence of trace level of PLTX in Ostreopsis natural assemblages of Rapa, no sign of PLTX accumulation is yet observed in tested fish samples. Because this multi-toxinic context is likely to emerge in most French Polynesian islands, CBA-N2a shows great potential for future applications in the algal- and toxin-based field monitoring programmes currently on hand locally.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5727,

title = {First Record of Wyeomyia (Wyeomyia) mitchellii (Diptera: Culicidae) in French Polynesia.},

author = {J Marie and H C Bossin},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {J Med Entomol},

volume = {50},

pages = {37-42},

abstract = {Wyeomyia (Wyeomyia) mitchellii (Theobald) was discovered in 2007 and 2008, respectively, in Moorea and Tahiti, two islands of the Society Islands (archipel de la Société) in French Polynesia. A few adult specimens were captured using a CDC backpack aspirator and BG-Sentinelmosquito traps. Wy. mitchellii larvae were found in water-impounding bromeliads and aroids at various survey sites around Tahiti. Imported bromeliads likely played a critical role in the introduction, establishment, and maintenance of Wy. mitchellii in Tahiti and Moorea. Bromeliads and aroids are common in residential areas, thereby increasing the exposure of human and domestic animals to Wy. mitchellii, which is of public health and veterinary concern. The establishment of Wy. mitchellii in French Polynesia requires further study.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5723,

title = {Field Evaluation of Selected Traps and Lures for Monitoring the Filarial and Arbovirus Vector, Aedes polynesiensis (Diptera: Culicidae), in French Polynesia.},

author = {L Hapairai and J Haylay and M Cheong Sang and W Melrose and S A Ritchie and T R Burkot and S P Sinkins and H C Bossin},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {J Med Entomol},

volume = {50},

pages = {731-9},

abstract = {The efficacy of the BG-Sentinel (BGS) and the BG-Mosquitito (BGM) mosquito traps for sampling populations of the important filariasis and dengue vector Aedes (Stegomyia) polynesiensis (Marks) was evaluated in French Polynesia against human bait collections (HBC) using a modified Centers for Disease Control and Prevention backpack aspirator. Traps were baited with BG-Lure (a combination of lactic acid, ammonia, and caproic acid) or carbon dioxide plus octenol (1-octen-3-ol) known as attractants to aedine mosquitoes. Mosquito sampling was conducted on two typical islands of French Polynesia: the high, volcanic island of Moorea, and the low, coral island (atoll) of Tetiaroa. Sampling efficacy was measured in a randomized Latin Square design. Production of carbon dioxide from yeast-sugar fermentation was used as an alternative source of CO2 because supply via dry ice, gas cylinders, or propane combustion in remote tropical islands is costly and challenging. Although the BGS trap captured the greatest number of Ae. polynesiensis in both island settings, catch rates of BGS or BGM baited with either lure were not significantly different from that of HBC. On Moorea, the number of collected aedes species in the BGS trap baited with either lure was significantly greater than theBGMwith BG-lure. On Tetiaroa,BGMtrapping was severely hampered by damage from rats, and the traps were removed from the study. Our study confirms the efficiency, comparability, and convenience of the BGS trap, a robust and safe alternative to HBC for sampling Aedes mosquitoes in research and surveillance efforts against filariasis and arboviruses in the South Pacific.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5730,

title = {Improvement of leptospirosis surveillance in remote Pacific islands using serum spotted on filter paper.},

author = {D Musso and C Roche and M Marfel and M Bel and E Nilles and V M Cao-Lormeau},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {J Infect Dis},

volume = {20},

pages = {74-6},

abstract = {ObjectivesLeptospirosis is a serious neglected disease in the Pacific. Because sensitive and specific laboratory tests are largely unavailable, the burden of disease and epidemiological data are often unreliable and do not allow informed disease prioritization and efficient control. We report the use of serum spotted on filter paper to improve the surveillance of leptospirosis in remote and resource-limited settings.

Methods

A total of 172 acute-phase serum samples collected from patients with suspected dengue at Yap State Hospital, Federated States of Micronesia, were spotted on filter paper and sent by regular mail to the Institut Louis Malardé, French Polynesia. Real-time PCR protocols for dengue and leptospirosis confirmation were performed on all specimens.

Results

A total of five leptospirosis infections were detected amongst the patients with suspected dengue.

Conclusions

This study confirms the use of filter paper as a convenient tool to improve leptospirosis surveillance capacity in remote areas. New surveillance strategies, notably based on the regular use of this type of tool, are essential to more adequately describe the epidemiology and burden of neglected diseases.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5729,

title = {Laboratory diagnosis of leptospirosis : a challenge.},

author = {D Musso and B Lascola},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {J Microbiol Immunol Infect},

volume = {46},

pages = {245-52},

abstract = {Leptospirosis is caused by pathogenic bacteria called leptospires that are transmitted directly or indirectly from animals to humans. It occurs worldwide but is most common in tropical and subtropical areas. It is a potentially serious but treatable disease. Its symptoms may mimicthose of a number of other unrelated infections such as influenza, meningitis, hepatitis, dengue, or other viral hemorrhagic fevers. The spectrum of the disease is extremely wide, ranging from subclinical infection to a severe syndrome of multiorgan infection with high mortality. Laboratory diagnosis tests are not always available, especially in developing countries. Numerous tests have been developed, but availability of appropriate laboratory support is still a problem. Direct observation of leptospires by darkfield microscopy is unreliable and not recommended.

Isolation of leptospires can take up to months and does not contribute to early diagnosis. Diagnosis is usually performed by serology; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and the microscopic agglutination tests are the laboratory methods generally used, rapid tests are also available. Limitation of serology is that antibodies are lacking at the acute phase of the disease. In recent years, several real-time polymerase chain reaction assays have been described. These can confirm the diagnosis in the early phase of the disease prior to antibody titers are at detectable levels, but molecular testing is not available in restricted resources areas.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5724,

title = {La ciguatera : un état des lieux en France et dans l’Union européenne.},

author = {V Hossen and P Velge and J Turquet and M Chinain and D Laurent and S Krys},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {BE ANSES},

volume = {56},

pages = {3-9},

abstract = {La ciguatera est une intoxication alimentaire liée à la consommation de poissons inféodés aux massifs coralliens ayant accumulé des ciguatoxines. Le syndrome clinique associe des signes digestifs, neurologiques, cutanés, cardiovasculaires et respiratoires d’intensité variable. La réglementation européenne interdit la mise sur le marché de poissons contenant des ciguatoxines mais ne précise pas de seuil réglementaire. Or, la France est un des pays européens les plus touchés par cette problématique par la survenue d’intoxications régulièrement rapportées dans certains départements et régions d’outre-mer. En Polynésie et à La Réunion, des programmes de surveillance ont été mis en place depuis plusieurs années et permettent d’acquérir des données épidémiologiques tout en gérant au mieux le risque localement. Jusqu’alors cantonnés aux régions endémiques dans l’Océan Pacifique, l’Océan Indien et les Caraïbes, des cas de ciguatera ont été mis en évidence depuis 2004 après consommation de poissons toxiques pêchés dans les eauxatlantiques subtropicales européennes (archipels de Madère et des Canaries), montrant une extension des zones ciguatérigènes, peut-être favorisée par le réchauffement climatique. La problématique de la contamination des produits de lapêche par les ciguatoxines doit donc être prise en compte notamment sur les poissons en provenance de ces archipels appartenant l’Union européenne, et les scientifiques doivent se mobiliser pour faire avancer la connaissance sur le sujet.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5718,

title = {Landing response of Aedes (Stegomyia) polynesiensis mosquitoes to coloured targets.},

author = {E W Chambers and H C Bossin and S Ritchie and S A Ritchie and S L Dobson},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {Med Vet Entomol},

volume = {27},

pages = {332-8},

abstract = {Aedes polynesiensis Marks (Diptera: Culicidae) is the primary vector of lymphatic filariasis (LF) in the island countries and territories of the South Pacific. In the development of a novel control tool, the response of Ae. polynesiensis to six different colours (three solid fabrics, two patterned fabrics and a plastic tarp) was measured using a digital photographic system. Adult mosquitoes were placed into an environmental chamber and allowed to choose between a white target and one of six experimental targets. Mosquito landing frequency and landing duration were calculated. Adult female Ae. polynesiensis preferred all of the experimental targets to the white control target. Mosquito landing frequency was highest for the solid targets (black, navy blue and red) followed in turn by the two colour pattern targets and the polyethylene target. Mosquito landing duration was greater for experimental targets when compared with white control targets. Mosquito landing frequencies did not change over time during the course of the assay. The response of male Ae. polynesiensis was also measured when exposed to a 100% cotton black target. Male mosquitoes preferred the black target to the white control target, although at levels lower than that observed in female mosquitoes. The results suggest that future investigations evaluating the visual responses of Ae. polynesiensis mosquitoes are warranted, with a special emphasis on semi-field and field-based experiments.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5734,

title = {Monitoring and evaluation of lymphatic filariasis interventions: an improved PCR-based pool screening method for high throughput Wuchereria bancrofti detection using dried blood spots.},

author = {C Plichart and A Lemoine},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {Parasite Vectors},

volume = {6},

abstract = {BackgroundEffective diagnostic tools are necessary to monitor and evaluate interruption of Lymphatic Filariasis (LF) transmission. Accurate detection of Wuchereria bancrofti (Wb) microfilaria (mf) is essential to measure the impact of community treatment programmes. PCR-based assays are specific, highly sensitive tools allowing the detection of Wuchereria bancrofti DNA in human blood samples. However, current protocols describing the pool screening approach, use samples of less than 60 ìl of blood, which limits the sensitivity of the pool-screen PCR assay. The purpose of this study was to improve the pool-screen PCR protocol to enhance its sensitivity and usefulness for population scale studies.

Findings

DNA extractions were performed with the DNeasy kit, the PCR with the Wb LDR primers and the SYBR-Green dye. Improvements of our pool-screen real-time PCR (qPCR) assay allowed the detection of as little as one Wb microfilaria diluted in a pool of at least 12 blood samples of 60 ìl each. Using this assay, mf burdens can be predicted using a standard curve derived from mf spiked dried blood samples. The sensitivity achieved is equivalent to the detection of a single LF positive individual carrying a mf burden as low as 18 mf/ml, in a pool of blood samples from at least 12 individuals.

Conclusions

Due to its sensitivity, rapidity and cost-effectiveness, we suggest this qPCR pool-screening assay could be used as a diagnostic tool for population- scale filariasis elimination monitoring and evaluation.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5725,

title = {Molecular Studies Neglect Apparently Gram-Negative Populations in the Human Gut Microbiota.},

author = {P Hugon and J C Lagier and C Robert and C Lepolard and L Papazian and D Musso and B Vialettes and D Raoult},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {J Clin Microbiol},

volume = {51},

pages = {3286-93},

abstract = {Studying the relationships between gut microbiota, human health, and diseases is a major challenge that generates contradictory results. Most studies draw conclusions about the gut repertoire using a single biased metagenomics approach. We analyzed 16 different stool samples collected from healthy subjects who were from different areas, had metabolic disorders, were immunocompromised, or were treated with antibiotics at the time of the stool collection. The analyses performed included Gram staining, flow cytometry, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) of the Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes phyla, and pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA gene amplicons targeting the V6 region. We quantified 1010 prokaryotes per gram of feces, which is less than was previously described. The Mann-Whitney test revealed that Gram-negative proportions of the prokaryotes obtained by Gram staining, TEM, and pyrosequencing differed according to the analysis used, with Gram-negative prokaryotes yielding median percentages of 70.6%, 31.0%, and 16.4%, respectively. A comparison of TEM and pyrosequencing analyses highlighted a difference of 14.6% in the identification of Gram-negative prokaryotes, and a Spearman test showed a tendency toward correlation, albeit not significant, in the Gram-negative/Gram-positive prokaryote ratio (0.3282, P 0.2146). In contrast, when comparing the qPCR and pyrosequencing results, a significant correlation was found for the Bacteroidetes/ Firmicutes ratio (0.6057, P0.0130). Our study showed that the entire diversity of the human gut microbiota remains unknown because different techniques generate extremely different results. We found that to assess the overall composition of bacterial communities, multiple techniques must be combined. The biases that exist for each technique may be useful in exploring the major discrepancies in molecular studies.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5732,

title = {Ongoing outbreak of dengue serotype-3 in Solomon Islands, January to May 2013.},

author = {F Nogareda and C Joshua and A Sio and M Shortus and T Dalipanda and K Durski and J Musto and E Puiahi and A Dofai and J Aaskov and V M Cao-Lormeau and D Musso and N Dutta and J Fleisch and E Nilles},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {WPSAR},

volume = {4},

pages = {1-5},

abstract = {IntroductionIn January 2013, clinicians in Honiara, Solomon Islands noted several patients presenting with dengue-like illness. Serum from three cases tested positive for dengue by rapid diagnostic test. Subsequent increases in cases were reported, and the outbreak was confirmed as being dengue serotype-3 by further laboratory tests. This report describes the ongoing outbreak investigation, findings and response.

Methods

Enhanced dengue surveillance was implemented in the capital, Honiara, and in the provinces. This included training health staff on dengue case definitions, data collection and reporting. Vector surveillance was also conducted.

Results

From 3 January to 15 May 2013, 5254 cases of suspected dengue were reported (101.8 per 10 000 population), including 401 hospitalizations and six deaths. The median age of cases was 20 years (range zero to 90), and 86% were reported from Honiara. Both Aedes aegyti and Aedes albopictus were identified in Honiara. Outbreak response measures included clinical training seminars, vector control activities, implementation of diagnostic and case management protocols and a public communication campaign.

Discussion: This was the first large dengue outbreak documented in Solomon Islands. Factors that may have contributed to this outbreak include a largely susceptible population, the presence of a highly efficient dengue vector in Honiara, a high-density human population with numerous breeding sites and favourable weather conditions for mosquito proliferation. Although the number of cases has plateaued since 1 April, continued enhanced nationwide surveillance and response activities are necessary.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5722,

title = {Population Studies of the Filarial Vector Aedes polynesiensis (Diptera: Culicidae) in Two Island Settings of French Polynesia.},

author = {L Hapairai and M Cheong Sang and S P Sinkins and H C Bossin},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {J Med Entomol},

volume = {50},

pages = {965-76},

abstract = {A mark-release-recapture study was conducted to estimate the adult population size, migration, and dispersal patterns of male and female Aedes (Stegomyia) polynesiensis (Marks) in a valley of Moorea, a volcanic island, and a motu (islet) on the atoll of Tetiaroa, two settings typical of the Society Islands. Aedes polynesiensis recapture rate was high for females and low for males. The distribution of Aedes species in the valley was heterogeneous. Marked individuals dispersed to most parts of the motu and over great distances in the valley for some females. The study provides insights into the field dynamics of Ae. polynesiensis populations and confirms that more efficient sampling methods are warranted. There was no evidence of active migration between motus on the atoll, suggesting that Tetiaroa is a suitable site for small-scale initial open releases of Wolbachia incompatible insect technique and other sterile insect technique-like suppression or replacement strategies.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5731,

title = {Relevance of the eosinophil blood count in bancroftian filariasis as a screening tool for the treatment.},

author = {D Musso},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {Pathogens and Global Health},

volume = {107},

pages = {96-102},

abstract = {Backgroud: Lymphatic filariasis constitutes a major public health issue in French Polynesia. Diagnosis has been revolutionized with the availability of circulating filarial antigen (CFA) tests which are easy to perform but are costly. Filariasis is responsible for acquired eosinophilia and eosinophil blood count (EBC) is commonly used as a screening tool.Methods: We retrospectively analysed all the results of EBCs and CFA tests performed in our laboratory over a 2-year period. We calculated the prevalence of antigenemia for nine different eosinophil cutoffs. We calculated the number of patients detected by CFA testing and the number of estimated CFA-positive patients according to their EBC.

Results: Over a 2-year period, we detected 7503 eosinophilic patients. For an EBC above 500/mm3, the prevalence of positive CFA was 25.78% and the estimated number of positive CFA patients was 1934. During the same period, as CFA determination is not routinely performed, only 141 patients were detected and treated.

Conclusion: Our current strategy against lymphatic filariasis which combines annual mass drug administration, systematic treatment of antigenemic and microfilaraemic patients, and vector control; failed to reach the target of 1% prevalence. Unfortunately, mainly for economical reasons, the antigenemia cannot be determined for all patients. In complement to existing strategy, we propose an additional action based on the treatment of eosinophilic patients in order to reduce the filariasis prevalence in our country.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5726,

title = {Review: Improving our knowledge of male mosquito biology in relation to genetic control programmes.},

author = {R S Lees and B Knols and R Bellini and M Q Benedict and A Bheecarry and H C Bossin and D D Chadee and J Charlwood and R K Dabiré and L Djogbenou and A Egyir-Yawson and R Gato and L C Gouagna and M M Hassan and S A Khan and L L Koakemoer and G Lemperiere and Manou},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {Acta Trop},

volume = {132},

pages = {S2-11},

abstract = {The enormous burden placed on populations worldwide by mosquito-borne diseases, most notably malaria and dengue, is currently being tackled by the use of insecticides sprayed in residences or applied to bednets, and in the case of dengue vectors through reduction of larval breeding sites or larviciding with insecticides thereof. However, these methods are under threat from, amongst other issues, the development of insecticide resistance and the practical difficulty of maintaining long-term community-wide efforts. The sterile insect technique (SIT), whose success hinges on having a good understanding of the biology and behaviour of the male mosquito, is an additional weapon in the limited arsenal against mosquito vectors. The successful production and release of sterile males, which is the mechanism of population suppression by SIT, relies on the release of mass-reared sterile males able to confer sterility in the target population by mating with wild females. A five year Joint FAO/IAEA Coordinated Research Project brought together researchers from around the world to investigate the pre-mating conditions of male mosquitoes (physiology and behaviour, resource acquisition and allocation, and dispersal), the mosquito mating systems and the contribution of molecular or chemical approaches to the understanding of male mosquito mating behaviour. A summary of the existing knowledge and the main novel findings of this group is reviewed here, and further presented in the reviews and research articles that form this Acta Tropica special issue.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5721,

title = {Use of folk tests to detect ciguateric fish: a scientific evaluation of their effectiveness in Raivavae Island (Australes, French Polynesia).},

author = {H T Darius and O Drescher and D Ponton and R Pawlowiez and D Laurent and E Dewailly and M Chinain},

year  = {2013},

date = {2013-01-01},

journal = {Food Additives and Contaminants},

volume = {30},

pages = {550-6},

abstract = {Ciguatera Fish Poisoning is a seafood intoxication commonly afflicting island communities in the Pacific. These populations, strongly dependent on fish resources, have developed over centuries various strategies to decrease the risk of intoxication, including the use of folk tests to detect ciguateric fish. This study aims at evaluating the effectiveness of two folk tests commonly used in Raivavae Island (Australes): the rigor mortis test (RMT) and the bleeding test (BT).A total of 107 fishes were collected in Raivavae lagoon, among which 80 were tested by five testers using the RMT vs. 107 tested by four testers using BT. First, the performance between testers was compared. Second, the efficiency of these tests was compared to toxicity data obtained via the Receptor Binding Assay (RBA) by assessing various parameters values such as sensitivity (Se), specificity (Sp), positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV). Comparisons of outcomes between folk tests and RBA analyses were considered: tests used separately, or in a parallel versus series approach by each tester. The overall efficiency of the RMT and BT tests was also evaluated when the judgment of all testers were “pooled”.

Our results demonstrate that efficiencies varied between testers with one of them showing the best scores in detecting toxic fish: 55% with RMT and 69.2% with BT. BT gave the best results in detecting toxic fish as compared to RMT, giving also better agreement between testers. If high NPV and Se values were to be privileged, our data also suggest that the best way to limit cases of intoxication would be to use RMT and BT tests in a parallel approach.

The use of traditional knowledge and a good knowledge of risky vs. healthy fishing areas may help reduce the risk of intoxication among communities where CFP is highly prevalent.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5738,

title = {A Multicenter Evaluation of Diagnostic Tools to Define Endpoints for Programs to Eliminate Bancroftian Filariasis.},

author = {K Gass and M V E Beau de Rochars and D Boakye and M Bradley and P U Fischer and J Gyapong and M Itoh and N Ituaso-Conway and H Joseph and D Kyelem and S J Laney and A M Legrand and T S Liyanage and W Melrose and K Mohammed and N Pilotte and E A Ottesen and Plichart},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {Plos Neg Trop Dis},

volume = {6},

pages = {e1479},

abstract = {Successful mass drug administration (MDA) campaigns have brought several countries near the point of Lymphatic Filariasis (LF) elimination. A diagnostic tool is needed to determine when the prevalence levels have decreased to a point that MDA campaigns can be discontinued without the threat of recrudescence. A six-country study was conducted assessing the performance of seven diagnostic tests, including tests for microfilariae (blood smear, PCR), parasite antigen (ICT, Og4C3) and antifilarial antibody (Bm14, PanLF, Urine SXP). One community survey and one school survey were performed in each country. A total of 8,513 people from the six countries participated in the study, 6,443 through community surveys and 2,070 through school surveys. Specimens from these participants were used to conduct 49,585 diagnostic tests. Each test was seen to have both positive and negative attributes, but overall, the ICT test was found to be 76% sensitive at detecting microfilaremia and 93% specific at identifying individuals negative for both microfilariae and antifilarial antibody; the Og4C3 test was 87% sensitive and 95% specific. We conclude, however, that the ICT should be the primary tool recommended for decision-making about stopping MDAs. As a point-of-care diagnostic, the ICT is relatively inexpensive, requires no laboratory equipment, has satisfactory sensitivity and specificity and can be processed in 10 minutesqualities consistent with programmatic use. Og4C3 provides a satisfactory laboratory-based diagnostic alternative.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5747,

title = {Development of semi-quantitative PCR assays for the detection and enumeration of Gambierdiscus species (Gonyaulacales, Dinophyceae)},

author = {M W Vandersea and S R Kibler and W C Holland and P A Tester and T F Schultz and M A Faust and M J Holmes and M Chinain and R W Litaker},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {J Phycol},

volume = {48},

pages = {902-15},

abstract = {Ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) is a serious health problem in tropical regions and is caused by the bioaccumulation of lipophilic toxins produced by dinoflagellates in the genus Gambierdiscus. Gambierdiscus species are morphologically similar and are difficult to distinguish from one another even when using scanning electron microscopy. Improved identification and detection methods that are sensitive and rapid are needed to identify toxic species and investigate potential distribution and abundance patterns in relation to incidences of CFP. This study presents the first species-specific, semi-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays that can be used to address these questions. These assays are specific for five Gambierdiscus species and one undescribed ribotype. The assays utilized a SYBR green format and targeted unique sequences found within the SSU, ITS, and the D1. D3 LSU ribosomal domains. Standard curves were constructed using known concentrations of cultured cells and 10-fold serial dilutions of rDNA PCR amplicons containing the target sequence for each specific assay. Assay sensitivity and accuracy were tested using DNA extracts purified from known concentrations of multiple Gambierdiscus species. The qPCR assays were used to assess Gambierdiscus species diversity and abundance in samples collected from nearshore areas adjacent to Ft. Pierce and Jupiter, Florida USA. The results indicated that the practical limit of detection for each assay was 10 cells per sample. Most interestingly, the qPCR analysis revealed that as many as four species of Gambierdiscus were present in a single macrophyte sample.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5743,

title = {Diagnostic biologique de la dengue.},

author = {D Musso and V M Cao-Lormeau},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {RFL},

volume = {447},

pages = {53-62},

abstract = {La dengue est un problème de santé publique majeur dans l’ensemble des régions tropicales et intertropicales du globe. Le nombre de demandes de diagnostic spécifique est en augmentation dans les laboratoires de France métropolitaine. Aucun signe clinique de la dengue n’est spécifique et son évolution est imprévisible. Différentes techniques sont disponibles, dépendant du stade clinique de la maladie. De nos jours, les trois techniques utilisées en routine sont la biologie moléculaire, la recherche de l’antigène NS1 et le diagnostic indirect sérologique. Dans de nombreuses zones d’endémie, l’accès aux techniques de pointe est restreint. La biologie moléculaire par RT-PCR en temps réel sur prélèvement précoce a peu à peu remplacé l’isolement viral comme technique diagnostique de référence. La recherche de l’Ag NS1 permet aussi le diagnostic en phase aigue. Les anticorps spécifiques sont absents en phase aigue. Le choix des tests à utiliser est crucial et doit prendre en compte la situation épidémiologique, la durée d’évolution de la pathologie, la disponibilité et le coût des tests.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5739,

title = {Distribution of Aedes albopictus (Diptera, Culicidae) in southwestern Pacific countries, withfirst report from theKingdom of Tonga.},

author = {L Guillaumot and R 'Ofanoa and L Swillen and N Singh and H C Bossin and F Schaffner},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {Parasite Vectors},

volume = {5},

pages = {247},

abstract = {BackgroundAedes (Stegomyia) albopictus is currently one of the most notorious globally invasive mosquito species. Its medical importance is well documented, and its fast expansion throughout most continents is monitored with concern. It is generally assumed that its expansion through the Western Pacific island countries has not progressed since its establishment in Fiji in 1989. However, the current status of Ae. albopictus in the Pacific region is largely unknown.

Findings

According to literature data and our observations, Ae. albopictus is currently present in the following countries of the southern Pacific region: Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Fiji, and the Kingdom of Tonga, where it was first detected in July 2011. It is absent from New Caledonia and French Polynesia where routine entomological surveillance is carried out, and was not detected during entomological work in 2007 neither on the Cook Islands nor on the Wallis and Futuna Islands. The species was not reported from American Samoa in 2004, but it is mentioned as probably present in Vanuatu. This is the first report of Ae. albopictus in Tonga.

Conclusions

The introduction and establishment of Ae. albopictus in Tonga was expected due to the geographical proximity of this country to Fiji where the species is strongly established. The pathway of introduction is unknown. The expansion of Ae. albopictus in the Pacific region poses an increasing threat to public health given the role this mosquito plays as primary vector of emerging infectious diseases such as Chikungunya fever.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5742,

title = {Estimation of Population Size and Dispersal of Aedes polynesiensis on Toamaro motu, French Polynesia.},

author = {D R Mercer and J Marie and H C Bossin and M Faaruia and A Tetuanui and M Cheong Sang and S L Dobson},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {J Med Entomol},

volume = {49},

pages = {971-80},

abstract = {Mark-release-recapture methods were used to compare Aedes polynesiensis Marks adult numbers and dispersal between dry and wet seasons in a closed population on a small island (motu) in French Polynesia. Females were more than three times more common during wet (December 2008) than dry (May 2007) season samplings although high numbers of vectors were collected during both seasons. Lincoln-Petersen estimates for Ae. polynesiensis females on the motu were 6,055 per hectare for the dry season and 18,860 per hectare for the wet season. Marked females dispersed rapidly to all parts of the motu and survived until recaptures on days 1-5 after release. Males were not adequately sampled using human sentinels or Biogent Sentinel traps.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5748,

title = {Molecular characterization of the diversity and potential toxicity of cyanobacterial mats in two tropical lagoons in the South Pacific Ocean.},

author = {A Villeneurve and D Laurent and M Chinain and M Gigger and J F Humbert},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {J Phycol},

volume = {48},

pages = {275-84},

abstract = {Marine benthic cyanobacteria in tropical areas have recently been associated with several human poisoning events. To enhance the characterization of these microorganisms and their potential toxicity, benthic cyanobacterial communities were sampled in the lagoons of two islands (Raivavae and Rurutu) located in French Polynesia where human poisoning events by seafood had been reported. The morphological appearance of the mats was used to identify four types of cyanobacterial mat. By a 16S rRNA sequencing approach, it appeared that these mats were usually dominated by a restricted number of operational taxonomic units (OTUs), which were closely related to Leptolyngbya, Oscillatoria, Hydrocoleum, and Anabaena sequences, as previously reported in other tropical lagoons. Interestingly, we determined that these dominant filamentous OTUs were associated in the mats with other cyanobacteria, including unicellular species. By using a population genetic approach based on the sequencing of the internally transcribed spacer (ITS) of the rRNA operon, we found a very restricted genetic diversity in the most common OTU, which displayed a high sequence similarity with Leptolyngbya sp. In addition, there was no geographic differentiation at various spatial scales in the distribution of the different genotypes, suggesting that this species is able to spread over large distances. Finally, PCR screening of genes involved in the biosynthesis of known cyanotoxins revealed the presence of the saxitoxin gene (stxG) in two mats containing a mix of filamentous and unicellular cyanobacterial species.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5741,

title = {Monitoring temporal abundance and spatial distribution of Aedes polynesiensis using BG-Sentinel® traps in neighboring habitats on Raiatea, Society Archipelago, French Polynesia.},

author = {D R Mercer and H C Bossin and M Cheong Sang and L O'Connor and S L Dobson},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {J Med Entomol},

volume = {49},

pages = {51-60},

abstract = {Adult numbers and sizes of mosquitoes were monitored for 2 yr in neighboring habitats on the western coast of Raiatea (Society Archipelago) in anticipation of testing new vector control technologies. Aedes polynesiensis Marks females comprised the overwhelming majority (approximately 99%) of the three species of mosquitoes captured in Biogent Sentinel traps placed at fixed sites on three small satellite islands (motus) of the western lagoon and on the shoreline of Raiatea. Aedes polynesiensis males, Aedes aegypti (L.), and Culex quinquefasciatus Say rarely were collected. Numbers of Ae. polynesiensis females per collection differed among trapping dates and locations, with the majority of females captured on two motus, Horea and Toamaro. Shoreline and Horea females had significantly longer mean wing lengths than females from Tiano and Toamaro. Thus, wing lengths were influenced more by local developmental conditions than overall numbers of adults. Significantly more females were captured during the wet season than the dry season. Nonetheless, at least on the two highly productive motus, dry-season females had larger wing lengths than their wet season counterparts. Local weather patterns predicted about half the variation in mosquito numbers. Differences in vector abundance observed when comparing neighboring motus are likely because of differences in human activity and mosquito suppression.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5745,

title = {Open release of male mosquitoes infected with a Wolbachia biopesticide: Field performance and infection containment.},

author = {L O'Connor and C Plichart and M Cheong Sang and C L Breslfoard and H C Bossin and S L Dobson},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {Plos Neg Trop Dis},

volume = {6},

pages = {e1797},

abstract = {BackgroundLymphatic filariasis (LF) is a globally significant disease, with 1.3 billion persons in 83 countries at risk. A coordinated effort of administering annual macrofilaricidal prophylactics to the entire at-risk population has succeeded in impacting and eliminating LF transmission in multiple regions. However, some areas in the South Pacific are predicted to persist as transmission sites, due in part to the biology of the mosquito vector, which has led to a call for additional tools to augment drug treatments. Autocidal strategies against mosquitoes are resurging in the effort against invasive mosquitoes and vector borne disease, with examples that include field trials of genetically modified mosquitoes and Wolbachia population replacement. However, critical questions must be addressed in anticipation of full field trials, including assessments of field competitiveness of transfected males and the risk of unintended population replacement.

Methodology/Principal Findings

We report the outcome of field experiments testing a strategy that employs Wolbachia as a biopesticide. The strategy is based upon Wolbachia-induced conditional sterility, known as cytoplasmic incompatibility, and the repeated release of incompatible males to suppress a population. A criticism of the Wolbachia biopesticide approach is that unintended female release or horizontal Wolbachia transmission can result in population replacement instead of suppression. We present the outcome of laboratory and field experiments assessing the competitiveness of transfected males and their ability to transmit Wolbachia via horizontal transmission.

Conclusions/Significance

The results demonstrate that Wolbachia-transfected Aedes polynesiensis males are competitive under field conditions during a thirty-week open release period, as indicated by mark, release, recapture and brood-hatch failure among females at the release site. Experiments demonstrate the males to be dead end hosts’ for Wolbachia and that methods were adequate to prevent population replacement at the field site. The findings encourage the continued development and extension of a Wolbachia autocidal approach to additional medically important mosquito species.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5746,

title = {Protective effect of Heliotropium foertherianum (Boraginaceae) folk remedy and its active compound, rosmarinic acid, against a Pacific ciguatoxin.},

author = {F Rossi and V Jullian and R Pawlowiez and M Haddad and H T Darius and N Gaertner-Mazouni and M Chinain and D Laurent},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {J Ethnopharmacol},

volume = {143},

pages = {33-40},

abstract = {Ethnopharmacological relevance: Senescent leaves of Heliotropium foertherianum Diane & Hilger (Boraginaceae) are traditionally used in the Pacific region to treat Ciguatera Fish Poisoning. This plant contains rosmarinic acid that is known for its multiple biological activities. In the present study, H. foertherianum aqueous extract, rosmarinic acid and its derivatives were evaluated for their capacity to reduce the effect of ciguatoxins.Materials and methods: Aqueous extract of H. foertherianum leaves was prepared and studied for its effects against a Pacific ciguatoxin (P-CTX-1B) in the neuroblastoma cell assay and the receptor binding assay. Rosmarinic acid and six derivatives were also evaluated by means of these bioassays. For this purpose, we have developed an improved synthetic route for caffeic acid 3,4-dihydroxy-phenethyl ester (CADPE).

Results: Both the aqueous extract of H. foertherianum leaves and rosmarinic acid showed inhibitory activities against a Pacific ciguatoxin in the above bioassays. Among all the molecules that were evaluated, rosmarinic acid was the most active compound.

Conclusion: These results confirm further the potential of H. foertherianum in the treatment of Ciguatera Fish Poisoning.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5744,

title = {Predictive value of the eosinophil counts in the biological diagnosis of lymphatic filariasis in French Polynesia.},

author = {D Musso and V Vialette},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {Med Mal Infect},

volume = {42},

pages = {585-90},

abstract = {Settings. Lymphatic filariasis is common in many tropical and subtropical areas and is a major public health issue in south Pacific islands. In endemic areas, most infected individuals are asymptomatic but may harbor microfilariae or filarial antigens in their peripheral blood. Microscopyremains the reference diagnostic tool for the identification of microfilariae but is weakly sensitive. The diagnosis of Wuchereria bancrofti infection was dramatically altered by the development of filarial antigen tests, which are easy to perform but expensive for routine use. Lymphatic filariasis

is responsible for acquired eosinophilia and blood eosinophil count is commonly used as a screening tool in endemic areas.

Method. We retrospectively analyzed all the results of eosinophil counts, antigen and microfilariae detection performed in our laboratory over a 24-month period. We calculated the prevalence of antigenemia for various eosinophilic cut offs.

Results. The prevalence of antigenemia was estimated at 25.78% with eosinophilia defined as a count eosinophilic PMN above 500 per mm3.

Discussion. Our prevention strategy against lymphatic filariasis is based on annual mass drug administration, vector control, and systematic treatment of antigenemic and microfilaremic patients. Antigenemic and microfilaremic detection cannot be routinely performed because of their cost. Current treatments used for lymphatic filariasis are safe and cheaper than antigenic detection. A possible additional strategy to decrease the prevalence of antigenemia would be the systematic treatment of patients with hypereosinophilia.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5737,

title = {Use of serum and blood samples on filter paper to improve the surveillance of dengue in Pacific Island Countries.},

author = {M Aubry and C Roche and M Dupont-Rouzeyrol and J Aaskov and J Viallon and M Marfel and P Lalita and S Elbourne-Duituturaga and S Chanteau and D Musso and B I Pavlin and D Harrison and V M Cao-Lormeau},

year  = {2012},

date = {2012-01-01},

journal = {J Clin Virol},

volume = {55},

pages = {23-9},

abstract = {Background: In Pacific Island Countries (PICs) the epidemiology of dengue is characterized by long-term transmission of a single dengue virus (DENV) serotype. The emergence of a new serotype in one island country often indicates major outbreaks with this serotype will follow in other PICs. Objectives: Filter paper (FP) cards on which whole blood or serum from dengue suspected patients had been dried was evaluated as a method for transportation of this material by standard mail delivery throughout the Pacific. Study design: Twenty-two FP-dried whole blood samples collected from patients in New Caledonia and Wallis & Futuna Islands, during DENV-1 and DENV-4 transmission, and 76 FP-dried sera collected from patients in Yap State, Majuro (Republic of Marshall Islands), Tonga and Fiji, before and during outbreaks of DENV-2 in Yap State and DENV-4 in Majuro, were tested for the presence of DENV RNA, by serotype specific RT-PCR, at the Institut Louis Malardé in French Polynesia. Results: The serotype of DENV could be determined, by a variety of RT-PCR procedures, in the FP-dried samples after more than three weeks of transport at ambient temperatures. In most cases, the sequencing of the envelope gene to genotype the viruses also was possible. Conclusions: The serotype and genotype of DENV can be determined from FP-dried serum or whole blood samples transported over thousands of kilometers at ambient, tropical, temperatures. This simple and low-cost approach to virus identification should be evaluated in isolated and resource poor settings for surveillance for a range of significant viral diseases.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{6397,

title = {Aromatic plants of French Polynesia. V. Chemical composition of essential oils of leaves of Psidium guajava L. and Psidium cattleyanum Sabine.},

author = {F Adam and I Vahirua-Lechat and E Deslandes and C Menut},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {J Essent Oil Res},

volume = {23},

pages = {98-101},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5754,

title = {A Review of Traditional Remedies of Ciguatera Fish Poisoning in the Pacific.},

author = {S Kumar-Roine and H T Darius and M Matsui and N Fabre and M Haddad and M Chinain and S Pauillac and D Laurent},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Phytother Res},

volume = {25},

pages = {947-58},

abstract = {Ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) is an illness caused by eating tropical coral !sh contaminated with ciguatoxins (CTXs). The clinical management of patients with CFP is generally supportive and symptomatic in nature as no antidote exists. Of the many drugs prescribed, several have been claimed to be ef!cient in small, uncontrolled studies, but the outcomes of treatments with these medicines are often contradictory. In New Caledonia, traditional remedies are commonly employed in the treatment of CFP and of the 90 plant species catalogued as useful in CFP, the most popular herbal remedy by far is a decoction prepared from the leaves of Heliotropium foertherianum Diane & Hilger (Boraginaceae). Other important plants used in the treatment of CFP include Euphorbia hirta L. (Euphorbiaceae) and Vitex L. sp. (Lamiaceae). This review focuses on the evidence for efficacy of these species and pharmacological studies which support their use. Other plants used in CFP and the conventional treatment of CFP are also discussed briefly.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5749,

title = {Epidemiology and genetic evolution of dengue viruses in the French Pacific Territories.},

author = {M Aubry and M Dupont-Rouzeyrol and O O'Connor and C Roce and S Lastere and S Chanteau and J Aaskov and V M Cao-Lormeau},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {BMC Proceedings},

volume = {5},

pages = {45},

abstract = {During the last decades, whole chains of dengue epidemics emerged in the South Pacific region. In contrast with the situation in hyper endemic continental countries and in the Caribbean, the epidemiology of dengue in the South Pacific islands Countries (SPICs) is characterized by the non-persistent co-circulation of multiple serotypes and the long-term predominance, with local re-emergences, of a single genotype. Local specificities in the epidemiological profile of dengue can also been observed between the SPICs, probably related to differences in the geographical situation, the eco-biological context (climate, endemic mosquito species), the demography and the population flew. In the present study, by focusing on the past DEN31989-96 and the recent DEN12001-10 and DEN42007-10 circulation periods, we addressed the question of the circulation of dengue viruses between the French Pacific Territories and the impact of the “local context” on viral genetic evolution. Hundreds of viral strains collected during both epidemic and endemic periods in French Polynesia (FP), New Caledonia (NC) and Wallis & Futuna (WF) were sequenced on the complete E gene. The phylogenetic analysis corroborates the previous observations on the predominant circulation of a single genotype. Within each serotype/genotype, the viral strains collected in the SPICs formed a “Pacific clade”. Within this clade, the strains from the French Pacific Territories formed a unique lineage during the early epidemic/endemic circulation periods but diverged in distinct lineages when the virus re-emerged. By analyzing the in time/in space fixations of genetic mutations on the E gene, we observed that some mutations are shared by the French Pacific Territories but differ from the other SPICs. Moreover, although the majority of the mutations acquired in FP are also found on NC and WF strains, some seem to be specific to the Territory. Our results support the hypothesis of an impact of both the regional and local contexts on the genetic evolution of dengue viruses.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5753,

title = {First Evidence of Palytoxin and 42-Hydroxy-palytoxin in the Marine Cyanobacterium Trichodesmium.},

author = {A S Kerbrat and Z Amzil and R Pawlowiez and S Golubic and M Sibat and H T Darius and M Chinain and D Laurent},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Mar Drugs},

volume = {9},

pages = {543-60},

abstract = {Marine pelagic diazotrophic cyanobacteria of the genus Trichodesmium (Oscillatoriales) are widespread throughout the tropics and subtropics, and are particularly common in the waters of New Caledonia. Blooms of Trichodesmium are suspected to be a potential source of toxins in the ciguatera food chain and were previously reported to contain several types of paralyzing toxins. The toxicity of water-soluble extracts of Trichodesmium spp. were analyzed by mouse bioassay and Neuroblastoma assay and their toxic compounds characterized using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry techniques. Here, we report the first identification of palytoxin and one of its derivatives, 42-hydroxy-palytoxin, in field samples of Trichodesmium collected in the New Caledonian lagoon. The possible role played by Trichodesmium blooms in the development of clupeotoxism, this human intoxication following the ingestion of plankton-eating fish and classically associated with Ostreopsis blooms, is also discussed.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5755,

title = {Influence of mercury exposure on blood pressure, resting heart rate and heart rate variability in French Polynesians: a cross-sectional study.},

author = {Dewailly B E Valera and P Poirier and E Counil and E Suhas},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Environ Health},

volume = {10},

pages = {99},

abstract = {Background: Populations which diet is mainly based on seafood usually present high levels of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) such as Docosahexaenoic (DHA) and Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Marine n-3 PUFAs have shown a beneficial effect on cardiovascular risk factors such as blood pressure (BP), resting heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV). However, these populations generally present high mercury levels which could counteract the beneficial effect of n-3 PUFAs. Objective: To assess the influence of n-3 PUFAs on blood pressure (BP), resting heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) among French Polynesians while considering mercury and other potential confounders. Methods: Data were collected among 180 adults = 18 years old residing in Tubuai, which is a community with a traditional lifestyle or Papeete, which has a modern lifestyle. HRV was measured using a 2-hour ambulatory electrocardiogram (Holter). BP was measured using a standardised protocol. The association between n-3 PUFAs and the dependent variables was studied using simple and multiple linear regressions. Results: Means of DHA and EPA were 6.42 (SD: 1.4) and 0.77 (SD: 1.6) % fatty acids in red blood cell membranes, respectively. DHA was associated with resting HR (b= -2.56},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5752,

title = {Male Mating Competitiveness of a Wolbachia-Introgressed Aedes polynesiensis Strain under Semi-Field Conditions.},

author = {E W Chambers and L Hapairai and B A Peel and H C Bossin and S L Dobson},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Plos Neg Trop Dis},

volume = {5},

pages = {e1271},

abstract = {BackgroundLymphatic filariasis (LF), a global public health problem affecting approximately 120 million people worldwide,

is a leading cause of disability in the developing world including the South Pacific. Despite decades of ongoing mass drug administration (MDA) in the region, some island nations have not yet achieved the threshold levels of microfilaremia established by the World Health Organization for eliminating transmission. Previously, the generation of a novel Aedes polynesiensis strain (CP) infected with an exogenous type of Wolbachia has been described. The CP mosquito is cytoplasmically incompatible (i.e., effectively sterile) when mated with wildtype mosquitoes, and a strategy was proposed for the control of A. polynesiensis populations by repeated, inundative releases of CP males to disrupt fertility of wild females. Such a strategy could lead to suppression of the vector population and subsequently lead to a reduction in the transmission of filarial worms.

Methodology/Principal Findings

CP males and F1 male offspring from wild-caught A. polynesiensis females exhibit near equal mating competitiveness with F1 females under semi-field conditions.

Conclusions/Significance

While laboratory experiments are important, prior projects have demonstrated the need for additional testing under semi-field conditions in order to recognize problems before field implementation. The results reported here from semi-field experiments encourage forward progression toward small-scale field releases.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5750,

title = {Recent emergence of dengue virus serotype 4 in French Polynesia results from multiple introductions from other South Pacific Islands.},

author = {V M Cao-Lormeau and C Roche and M Aubry and A Teissier and S Lastere and E Daudens and H P Mallet and D Musso and J Aaskov},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {PLOS One},

volume = {6},

pages = {e29555},

abstract = {BackgroundInfection by dengue virus (DENV) is a major public health concern in hundreds of tropical and subtropical countries. French Polynesia (FP) regularly experiences epidemics that initiate, or are consecutive to, DENV circulation in other South Pacific Island Countries (SPICs). In January 2009, after a decade of serotype 1 (DENV-1) circulation, the first cases of DENV-4 infection were reported in FP. Two months later a new epidemic emerged, occurring about 20 years after the previous circulation of DENV-4 in FP. In this study, we investigated the epidemiological and molecular characteristics of the introduction, spread and genetic microevolution of DENV-4 in FP.

Methodology/Principal findings

Epidemiological data suggested that recent transmission of DENV-4 in FP started in the Leeward Islands and this serotype quickly displaced DENV-1 throughout FP. Phylogenetic analyses of the nucleotide sequences of the envelope (E) gene of 64 DENV-4 strains collected in FP in the 1980s and in 2009-2010, and some additional strains from other SPICs showed that DENV-4 strains from the SPICs were distributed into genotypes IIa and IIb. Recent FP strains were distributed into two clusters, each comprising viruses from other but distinct SPICs, suggesting that emergence of DENV-4 in FP in 2009 resulted from multiple introductions. Otherwise, we observed that almost all strains collected in the SPICs in the 1980s exhibit an amino acid (aa) substitution V287I within domain I of the E protein, and all recent South Pacific strains exhibit a T365I substitution within domain III.

Conclusions/Significance

This study confirmed the cyclic re-emergence and displacement of DENV serotypes in FP. Otherwise, our results showed that specific aa substitutions on the E protein were present on all DENV-4 strains circulating in SPICs. These substitutions probably acquired and subsequently conserved could reflect a founder effect to be associated with epidemiological, geographical, eco-biological and social specificities in SPICs.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5751,

title = {Worldwide patterns of genetic differentiation imply multiple 'domestications' of Aedes aegypti, a major vector of human diseases.},

author = {J E Brown and C S McBride and P Johnson and S Ritchie and C Paupy and H C Bossin and J Lutomiah and I Fernandez-Salas and A Ponlawat and A J Cornel and W C Black IV and N Gorrochotegui-Escalante and L Urdaneta-Marquez and M Sylla and M Slotman and K O Murray and Wa},

year  = {2011},

date = {2011-01-01},

journal = {Proc Roy Soc Biological Sci},

volume = {278},

pages = {2446-54},

abstract = {Understanding the processes by which species colonize and adapt to human habitats is particularly important in the case of disease-vectoring arthropods. The mosquito species Aedes aegypti, a major vector of dengue and yellow fever viruses, probably originated as a wild, zoophilic species in sub-Saharan Africa, where some populations still breed in tree holes in forested habitats. Many populations of the species, however, have evolved to thrive in human habitats and to bite humans.This includes some populationswithin Africa aswell as almost all those outside Africa. It is not clearwhether all domestic populations are genetically related and represent a single 
‘domestication’ event, or whether association with human habitats has developedmultiple times independently within the species.To test the hypotheses above,we screened 24worldwide population samples ofAe. aegypti at 12 polymorphic microsatellite loci. We identified two distinct genetic clusters: one included all domestic populations outside of Africa and the other included both domestic and forest populations within Africa. This suggests that human association in Africa occurred independently from that in domestic populations across the rest of the world. Additionally, measures of genetic diversity support Ae. aegypti in Africa as the ancestral form of the species. Individuals from domestic populations outside Africa can reliably be assigned back to their population of origin, which will help determine the origins of new introductions of Ae. aegypti.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{6405,

title = {Aromatic plants of French Polynesia. IV. Composition and chemical variations of the essential oils of leaves of Etlingera cevuga (Seeman) R. E. Smith.},

author = {I Vahirua-Lechat and Y Mitermite and C Menut},

year  = {2010},

date = {2010-01-01},

journal = {J Essent Oil Res},

volume = {22},

pages = {407-9},

abstract = {The chemical variation of the essential oils of leaves of Etlingera cevuga collected in three locations of the island of Tahiti were studied by capillary gas chromatography and combined GC/MS. The chemical profile of the oils remains relatively constant where methyl eugenol (40.9–45.7%), (E)-methyl isoeugenol (8.6–16.5%), (Z)-methyl isoeugenol (0.8–1.5%) and eugenol (3.6–8.4%) accounted together for more than 55% of the oil.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5758,

title = {Ciguatera risk management in French Polynesia: The case study of Raivavae Island (Australes Archipelago).},

author = {M Chinain and H T Darius and A Ung and M Tchou Fouc and T Revel and P Cruchet and S Pauillac and D Laurent},

year  = {2010},

date = {2010-01-01},

journal = {Toxicon},

volume = {56},

pages = {674-90},

abstract = {Based on epidemiological data available through long-term monitoring surveys conducted by both the Public Health Directorate and the Louis Malardé Institute, ciguatera is highly endemic in French Polynesia, most notably in Raivavae (Australes) which appears as a hot spot of ciguatera with an average incidence rate of 140 cases/10,000 population for the period 20072008. In order to document the ciguatera risk associated with Raivavae lagoon, algal and toxin-based field monitoring programs were conducted in this island from April 2007 to May 2008. Practically, the distribution, abundance and toxicity of Gambierdiscus populations, along with the toxicity levels in 160 fish distributed within 25 distinct species, were assessed in various sampling locations. Herbivores such as Scarids (parrotfish) and Acanthurids (unicornfish) were rated as high-risk species based on receptor-binding assay toxicity data. A map of the risk stratification within the Raivavae lagoon was also produced, which indicates that locations where both natural and man-made disturbances have occurred remained the most susceptible to CFP incidents. Our findings also suggest that, locally, the traditional knowledge about ciguatera may not be scientifically complete but is functionally correct. Community education resulted in self-regulating behaviour towards avoidance of high-risk fish species and fishing locations.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5763,

title = {Detection of ciguatoxin-like and paralysing toxins in Trichodesmimum spp. from New Caledonia lagoon.},

author = {A S Kerbrat and H T Darius and S Pauillac and M Chinain and D Laurent},

year  = {2010},

date = {2010-01-01},

journal = {Marine Pollution Bulletin},

volume = {61},

pages = {360-6},

abstract = {Marine pelagic cyanobacteria Trichodesmimum are widespread in the New Caledonia lagoon. Blooms of these Oscillatoriales are suspected to be a potential source of toxins in the ciguatera food chain and were previously reported to contain certain types of paralysing toxins. In the present study, toxicity experiments were conducted on lipd- ans water-soluble extracts of freeze-dried samples of these cyanobacteria. Lipid-soluble fractions revealed a ciguatoxin-like activity in both in vivo (mouse bioassay) and in vitro (mouse neuroblastoma cells assay and receptor binding assay using tritiated brevetoxin-3) assays. The water-soluble fractions tested on mice exhibited neurotoxicity with paralytic symptoms. These toxicities have also been observed with benthic filamentous cyanobacteria within the Oscillatoriales order, also collected in New Caledonia. This study provides an unprecedented evidence of the toxicity of Trichodesmimum species from the New Caledonia lagoon. This survey also demonstrates the possible role of these cyanobacteria fish poisoning.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5766,

title = {First identification of the neurotoxin homoanatoxin-a from mats of Hydrocoleum lyngbyaceum (marine cyanobacteria) possibly linked to giant clam poisoning in New Caledonia.},

author = {A Méjean and C Peyraud-Thomas and A S Kerbrat and S Golubic and S Pauillac and M Chinain and D Laurent},

year  = {2010},

date = {2010-01-01},

journal = {Toxicon},

volume = {56},

pages = {829-35},

abstract = {We report the first identification of homoanatoxin-a from benthic marine cyanobacteria (Hydrocoleum lyngbyaceum) samples collected in Lifou (Loyalty Islands, New Caledonia), where cases of giant clams (Tridacna maxima) intoxications were recorded during a severe ciguatera fish poisoning outbreak. Homoanatoxin-a was also detected in extracts of giant clams harvested in the surroundings of the contaminated area suggesting the possible link between these poisoning events and the occurrence of potentially neurotoxic Hydrocoleum.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5764,

title = {Global Distribution of Ciguatera Causing Dinoflagellates in the Genus Gambierdiscus.},

author = {R W Litaker and M W Vandersea and M A Faust and S R Kibler and A Nau and M Chinain and M J Holmes and W C Holland and P A Tester},

year  = {2010},

date = {2010-01-01},

journal = {Toxicon},

volume = {56},

pages = {711-30},

abstract = {Dinoflagellates in the genus Gambierdiscus produce toxins that bioaccumulate in tropical and subtropical fishes causing ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP). Little is known about the diversity and distribution of Gambierdiscus species, the degree to which individual species vary in toxicity, and the role each plays in causing CFP. This paper presents the first global distribution for specific Gambierdiscus species. Current sampling indicates five species endemic to the Atlantic (including the Caribbean/West Indies and Gulf of Mexico), five species specific to the tropical Pacific, and two globally distributed species, G. carpenteri and G. caribaeus. The regional species distributions correlate with differences in the ciguatoxins recovered from Atlantic and Pacific fishes indicating that Atlantic and Pacific Gambierdiscus spp. may produce different suites of toxins. A literature survey indicated that among-species toxicities varied by >100 fold compared to environmentally induced variations in toxicity of 2-9 fold. These data suggest that inherent between-species differences in toxicity may influence CFP occurrence more than does environmental up regulation of toxin production. How variations in within-species toxicity affect CFP incidence rates is unknown. The degree to which toxicity varies among species or strains has profound implications for developing a cost-effective early warning system for CFP.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5757,

title = {Growth and toxin production in the ciguatera-causing dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus polynesiensis (Dinophyceae) in culture.},

author = {M Chinain and H T Darius and A Ung and P Cruchet and Z Wang and D Ponton and D Laurent and S Pauillac},

year  = {2010},

date = {2010-01-01},

journal = {Toxicon},

volume = {56},

pages = {739-50},

abstract = {The growth and toxin production in a clonal strain of Gambierdiscus polynesiensis, TB-92, was examined in batch culture conditions. The mean growth rate at exponential phase was (0.13±0.03)division day-1. Regardless of the age of cultures, all mice injected with dichloromethanolic and methanolic extracts showed symptoms specific to ciguatoxin (CTX) and maitotoxin (MTX) bioactivity, respectively. The highest total toxicity assessed in TB-92 cultures was 10.4×10-4 mouse unit cell-1. The toxin production pattern reveals an enhanced cellular toxin content with the age of the culture. CTX- and MTX-like compounds each accounted for approx. 50% of the total toxicity of TB-92 cultures, except in aged cells where CTXs were dominant. The high ciguatoxic activity of TB-92 was further confirmed in dichloromethanolic extracts by means of the receptor-binding assay. The highest CTX level monitored at late stationary phase was (11.9±0.4)pg P-CTX-3C equiv cell-1. Further HPLC and LC-MS analysis revealed the presence of five CTXs congeners in lipid-soluble extracts, i.e. CTX-3C, -3B, -4A, -4B and M-seco-CTX-3C, and of new CTX congeners. Toxin composition comparison between two G. polynesiensis strains suggests that the toxin profile is a stable characteristic in this species. G. polynesiensis clones also proved inherently more toxic than other Gambierdiscus species isolated from other geographical areas.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5762,

title = {Homology of complete genome sequences for dengue virus type-1, from dengue-fever- and dengue-haemorrhagic-fever-associated epidemics in Hawaii and French Polynesia.},

author = {Imrie A. and Roche C. and Zhao Z. and Bennett S. and Laille M. and Effler P. and Cao-Lormeau V.M.},

year  = {2010},

date = {2010-01-01},

journal = {Ann Trop Med Parasitol},

volume = {104},

pages = {225-35},

abstract = {Dengue epidemic virulence is thought to be conferred by various factors, including the genotype of the virus involved. Increased or decreased epidemic virulence has been associated not only with the introduction of type-2 (DENV-2) strains into the South Pacific, the Caribbean and South America, but also with newly emergent DENV-3 genotypes in Sri Lanka, and the year-to-year variation in the DENV-4 strains circulating in Puerto Rico. These observations indicate that there are inherent differences among viral genotypes in their capacity to induce severe disease, that is, their virulence potential. The present study involved a comparison of the complete genome sequences of DENV-1 viruses that had been isolated from cases of dengue fever (DF) or dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) that occurred in French Polynesia or Hawaii in 2001, when a virulent DHF-associated dengue epidemic was occurring throughout the Pacific region. Previous studies have identified putative virulence-associated motifs and substitutions in the DENV-2 genome, and the main aim of the present study was to identify similar changes in DENV-1 that may be associated with viral virulence. As no virulence determinants were seen, however, in any gene or untranslated region, it appears that genotype is not the sole determinant of virulence in DENV-1. Further studies, to compare DF- and DHF-associated strains of DENV-1 isolated from epidemics of variable virulence, in the same eco-biological context, are needed.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5760,

title = {Influenza A(H1N1)2009 in the French Pacific territories: assessment of the epidemic wave during the austral winter.},

author = {Epidemiological Task Group Overseas French Territories for of the Pacific and P Barboza and C Baudon and L Chérié-Challine and M Gastellu-Etchegorry and J Gueguen and G La Ruche and J P Grangeon and S Laumond-Barny and M Noël and A Pfannstiel and A Chee-Ayee and Daude},

year  = {2010},

date = {2010-01-01},

journal = {Clin Microbiol Infect},

volume = {16},

pages = {304-8},

abstract = {The three French territories in the Pacific (New Caledonia [NC], French Polynesia [FP] and Wallis and Futuna [WF]) have been affected by an outbreak of influenza A(H1N1)2009 during the austral winter of 2009. This wave of influenza-like illness was characterized by a short duration (approximately 8 weeks) and high attack rates: 16-18% in NC and FP, 28% in Wallis and 38% in Futuna. The number of infected patients requiring hospitalization in critical care services and the number of deaths were, respectively, 21 and 10 in NC and 13 and 7 in FP (none in WF). Diabetes, cardiac and pulmonary diseases, obesity in adults, neuromuscular diseases in children, and Oceanic origin were frequently observed among severe cases and deaths. A significant proportion of the population remains susceptible to A(H1N1)2009, making the occurrence of a second wave likely. A state of preparedness and control efforts must be implemented, based on preventive measures (immunization), as well as combined clinical and virological surveillance and health organization.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5759,

title = {La transition alimentaire en Polynésie francaise : dimensions générationnelle, géographique et sociale.},

author = {E Counil and A Ferland and E Suhas and R Teyssou and E Dewailly},

year  = {2010},

date = {2010-01-01},

journal = {Rev Epidemiol Sante Publ},

volume = {58},

pages = {S67},

abstract = {Dans le cadre d’une étude transversale multicentrique sur la transition alimentaire et sanitaire en Polynésie franc¸aise, notre objectif était de : (i) développer un score synthétique permettant de mesurer le degré de transition alimentaire, (ii) relier ce score à des profils nutritionnels et (iii) à des facteurs tels que le coût et la disponibilité des aliments.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5761,

title = {Marine toxic cyanobacteria: Diversity, environmental responses and hazards.},

author = {S Golubic and R M M Abed and K Palinska and S Pauillac and M Chinain and D Laurent},

year  = {2010},

date = {2010-01-01},

journal = {Toxicon},

volume = {56},

abstract = {Toxic cyanobacterial blooms have been a primary concern predominantly in the plankton of freshwater bodies. Recently, however, the toxicity of benthic cyanobacteria is increasingly attracting attention of the scientific community and environmental agencies. The occurrence of toxic strains in benthic cyanobacteria is intimately linked to our understanding of the diversity and ecological responses of these organisms under field conditions. To that effect, we are engaged in combined morphotypic and genotypic characterization (polyphasic) of benthic natural populations of cyanobacteria in tropical lagoons and coral reefs, with the objective to provide a reliable reference for further comparative work. The methods of identification based on phenotypic properties and those based on molecular tools for genotypic identification are correlated. The approach is based on identifying the occurrences of cyanobacterial benthic blooms, tested for purity and analyzed by application of molecular tools. The questions addressed include the distinction between marine and freshwater taxa, between populations in geographically separate regions as well as between their potential vs. expressed toxicity.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5765,

title = {Pacific ciguatoxin 1B-induced modulation of inflammatory mediators in a murine macrophage cell line.},

author = {M Matsui and S Kumar-Roine and H T Darius and M Chinain and D Laurent and S Pauillac},

year  = {2010},

date = {2010-01-01},

journal = {Toxicon},

volume = {56},

pages = {776-84},

abstract = {Ciguatoxins, potent marine neurotoxins responsible for ciguatera, exert their numerous damaging effects through primary binding to the voltage-sensitive sodium channels of excitable cells. Using RAW 264.7 murine macrophages, we report the first experimental study presenting evidence that P-CTX-1B (the most potent congener from the Pacific) could modulate mRNA expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines as well as of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). P-CTX-1B, unlike other less potent marine polyether toxins, P-CTX-3C and PbTx-3, induced the overexpression of interleukin (IL)-1â, IL-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor-á and iNOS with different magnitude and kinetic profiles, as compared to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Unlike LPS, P-CTX-1B did not modulate IL-11 expression. In this report, we provide new evidence of the P-CTX-1B iNOS- and cytokines-inducing ability and shed new light on host response to potent neurotoxins.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5767,

title = {Special issue on Ciguatera and related biotoxins.},

author = {J Molgo and D Laurent and S Pauillac and M Chinain and B Yeeting},

year  = {2010},

date = {2010-01-01},

journal = {Toxicon},

volume = {56},

pages = {653-5},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5756,

title = {Update on the methodologies available for ciguatoxin determination. A perspective to confront the onset of Ciguatera Fish Poisoning in Europe.},

author = {A Caillaud and P de la Iglesia and H T Darius and S Pauillac and K Aligizaki and S Fraga and M Chinain and J Diogene},

year  = {2010},

date = {2010-01-01},

journal = {Mar Drugs},

volume = {8},

pages = {1838-1907},

abstract = {Ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) is a human food borne intoxication mainly due to the consumption of finfish contaminated with ciguatoxins (CTXs). Complexity and variability of such compounds have made difficult the development of reliable methods for their determination with the specificity and sensitivity required to be suitable for routine monitoring of CFP. The present review aims to describe the methodologies available for CTX detection including those based on toxicological, biochemical and chemical as well as pharmaceutical properties of CTXs. Selecting any of these methodological approaches in a routine monitoring of ciguatera may be dependent on the applicability of the method. However, identifying a reference validated method for CTXs is a critical and urgent issue, and is dependent on the availability of CTXs certified standards and coordinated action among laboratories. Reports of CFP cases of intoxication in European hospitals have been described in several countries, mostly due to travel to CFP areas. Additionally, the recent detection of the tropical genus Gambierdiscus in the eastern Atlantic Ocean in the northern hemisphere and in the Mediterranean Sea, as well as the confirmation of CFP in the Canary Islands, and possibly in Madeira, constitute additional reasons to study the onset of CFP in Europe]. The question of the possible contribution of climate change on the distribution of toxin-producing microalgae and ciguateric fish is raised. Regarding European Union regulations on marine toxins in seafood products, the impact of ciguatera onset on EU policies will be discussed; critical analysis and availability of current methodologies for CTX determination is required in order to rapidly respond to suspected cases of CFP and to conduct sound work on CFP risk analysis.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{6396,

title = {Aromatic plants of French Polynesia. III. Constituents of the essential oil of leaves of Ocimum basilicum.},

author = {F Adam and I Vahirua-Lechat and E Deslandes and J M Bessiere and C Menut},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {J Essent Oil Res},

volume = {31},

pages = {237-40},

abstract = {Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), one of the most popular aromatic plants, shows great variation in both morphology and essential oil components. In this study, the essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from the leaves of the three samples of basil of French Polynesia were investigated for the first time. The main constituents of the oil were (E)-methyl cinnamate (43.4-62.3%) and (Z)-methyl cinnamate (8.1-8.6%).},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5779,

title = {Ability of certain plant extracts traditionally used to treat ciguatera fish poisoning to inhibit nitric oxide production in RAW264.7 macrophages.},

author = {S Kumar-Roine and M Matsui and K Reybier and H T Darius and M Chinain and S Pauillac and D Laurent},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {J Ethnopharmacol},

volume = {123},

pages = {369-77},

abstract = {Aim of the study: Ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) is an intertropical ichthyosarcotoxism that manifests in complex assortment of symptoms in humans. Ciguatoxins (CTXs), issued from Gambierdicus spp., are causative agents of this intoxication. We have recently demonstrated that a Pacific CTX (P-CTX- 1B) strongly modulated iNOS expression, leading to overproduction of nitric oxide (NO) in RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cells. NO produced in large amounts is involved in a wide range of pathophysiological processes. Many traditional remedies are commonly used in the Pacific against CFP. In this context, bioassay-guided screening was carried out to study NO inhibiting capacity of 28 selected plant extracts. Materials and methods: We prepared aqueous extracts of plants used in New Caledonia in the treatment of CFP and screened their NO inhibitory activity in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Results: Among 28 plants tested, Euphorbia hirta (Euphorbiaceae), Syzygium malaccense (Myrtaceae), Schinus terebenthifolius (Anacardiaceae), Punica granatum (Punicaceae), Cerbera manghas (Apocynaceae), Vitex trifolia (Labiateae) and Ximenia americana (Olacaceae) showed inhibitory activity, validating their use as traditional remedies in CFP, and the potential for use in the treatment of conditions accompanied by NO overproduction. Conclusion: These plants are promising candidates for further screening of their activecompounds through activity-guided fractionation.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5785,

title = {Ciguatéra et polyradiculonévrite aiguë à propos de deux cas en Polynésie française : hypothèse immuno-allergique ?},

author = {C M Gatti and A M Legrand and F Ghawche},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Med Trop},

volume = {69},

pages = {75-7},

abstract = {La ciguatéra est une forme d’intoxication alimentaire par produits de la mer que l'on retrouve au niveau des zones coralliennes tropicales et subtropicales. Les cas de ciguatéra en Polynésie française, d’après les chiffres officiels de la Direction de la Santé, sont estimés entre 240 et 400 cas pour 100 000 habitants. Se déclinant sous un ensemble de signes gastro-intestinaux, cardio-vasculaires, nerveux et généraux, la ciguatéra estmajoritairement rencontrée sous sa forme bénigne, bien que certains cas nécessitent une hospitalisation. Nous rapportons ici deux cas de déficit neurologique périphérique de type syndrome de Guillain-Barré développés au septième jour d’une intoxication ciguatérique sévère consécutive à la consommation de murène. L’hypothèse immuno-allergique est soulevée d’autant que l’état de santé d’un des patients s’est amélioré suite à un traitement par immunoglobulines polyvalentes.Ciguatera is a foodborne poisoning caused by eating seafood from tropical and subtropical reef areas.According to official data from the local health department, cases of ciguatera in French Polynesia are estimated to involve 240 to 400 persons per 100 000 inhabitants.Associated with a wide spectrum of gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, nervous, and general signs, ciguatera is usually benign although some forms can lead to hospitalization. The purpose of this report is to describe two unusual cases involving patients who developed acute polyradiculoneuritis with Guillain-Barré-syndrome-like peripheral nervous systemdeficits on the seventh day of ciguatera after ingestion ofmoray eel. The hypothesis of an immune-allergic reaction is raised especially in the light of rapid improvement of the patient who received polyvalent immunoglobulin treatment.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5783,

title = {Characterisation of the anti-inflammatory potential of Vitex trifolia L. (Labiatae), a multipurpose plant of the Pacific traditional medicine.},

author = {M Matsui and S Kumar-Roine and H T Darius and M Chinain and D Laurent and S Pauillac},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {J Ethnopharmacol},

volume = {126},

pages = {427-33},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5768,

title = {Colonisation and mass rearing: learning from others.},

author = {M Q Benedict and B G J Knols and H C Bossin and P T Howell and E Mialhe and C Caceres and A S Robinson},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Malaria J},

volume = {8},

pages = {S4},

abstract = {Mosquitoes, just as other insects produced for the sterile insect technique (SIT), are subjected to several unnatural processes including laboratory colonisation and large-scale factory production. After these processes, sterile male mosquitoes must perform the natural task of locating and mating with wild females. Therefore, the colonisation and production processes must preserve characters necessary for these functions. Fortunately, in contrast to natural selection which favours a suite of characteristics that improve overall fitness, colonisation and production practices for SIT strive to maximize only the few qualities that are necessary to effectively control populations. However, there is considerable uncertainty about some of the appropriate characteristics due to the lack of data. Development of biological products for other applications suggest that it is possible to identify and modify competitiveness characteristics in order to produce competitive mass produced sterile mosquitoes. This goal has been pursued - and sometimes achieved - by mosquito colonisation, production, and studies that have linked these characteristics to field performance. Parallels are drawn to studies in other insect SIT programmes and aquaculture which serve as vital technical reference points for mass-production of mosquitoes, most of whose development occurs- and characteristics of which are determined - in an aquatic environment. Poorly understood areas that require further study are numerous: diet, mass handling and genetic and physiological factors that influence mating competitiveness. Compromises in such traits due to demands to increase numbers or reduce costs, should be carefully considered in light of the desired field performance.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5775,

title = {Dengue 1 diversity and microevolution, French polynesia 2001-2006: connection with epidemiology and clinics.},

author = {E Descloux and Cao-Lormeau V.M. and Roche C. and X De Lamballerie},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Plos Neg Trop Dis},

volume = {3},

pages = {e493},

abstract = {BACKGROUNDDengue fever (DF) is an emerging infectious disease in the tropics and subtropics. Determinants of DF epidemiology and factors involved in severe cases-dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) and dengue shock syndrome (DSS)-remain imperfectly characterized. Since 2000, serotype 1 (DENV-1) has predominated in the South Pacific. The aim of this study was (i) to determine the origin and (ii) to study the evolutionary relationships of DENV-1 viruses that have circulated in French Polynesia (FP) from the severe 2001 outbreak to the recent 2006 epidemic, and (iii) to analyse the viral intra-host genetic diversity according to clinical presentation.

Methodology/principal findings

Sequences of 181 envelope gene and 12 complete polyproteins of DENV-1 viruses obtained from human sera in FP during the 2001-2006 period were generated. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all DENV-1 FP strains belonged to genotype IV-"South Pacific" and derived from a single introduction event from South-East Asia followed by a 6-year in situ evolution. Although the ratio of nonsynonymous/synonymous substitutions per site indicated strong negative selection, a mutation in the envelope glycoprotein (S222T) appeared in 2002 and was subsequently fixed. It was noted that genetic diversification was very significant during the 2002-2005 period of endemic DENV-1 circulation. For nine DF sera and eight DHF/DSS sera, approximately 40 clones/serum of partial envelope gene were sequenced. Importantly, analysis revealed that the intra-host genetic diversity was significantly lower in severe cases than in classical DF.

Conclusions/significance

First, this study showed that DENV-1 epidemiology in FP was different from that described in other South-Pacific islands, characterized by a long sustained viral circulation and the absence of new viral introduction over a 6-year period. Second, a significant part of DENV-1 evolution was observed during the endemic period characterized by the rapid fixation of S222T in the envelope protein that may reflect genetic drift or adaptation to the mosquito vector. Third, for the first time, it is suggested that clinical outcome may be correlated with intra-host genetic diversity.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5769,

title = {Dengue viruses binding proteins from Aedes aegypti and Aedes polynesiensis salivary glands.},

author = {Cao-Lormeau V.M.},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {Biomed Central},

volume = {6},

abstract = {Dengue virus (DENV), the etiological agent of dengue fever, is transmitted to the human host during blood uptake by an infective mosquito. Infection of vector salivary glands and further injection of infectious saliva into the human host are key events of the DENV transmission cycle. However, the molecular mechanisms of DENV entry into the mosquito salivary glands have not been clearly identified. Otherwise, although it was demonstrated for other vector-transmitted pathogens that insect salivary components may interact with host immune agents and impact the establishment of infection, the role of mosquito saliva on DENV infection in human has been only poorly documented. To identify salivary gland molecules which might interact with DENV at these key steps of transmission cycle, we investigated the presence of proteins able to bind DENV in salivary gland extracts (SGE) from two mosquito species. Using virus overlay protein binding assay, we detected several proteins able to bind DENV in SGE from Aedes aegypti (L.) and Aedes polynesiensis (Marks). The present findings pave the way for the identification of proteins mediating DENV attachment or entry into mosquito salivary glands, and of saliva-secreted proteins those might be bound to the virus at the earliest step of human infection. The present findings might contribute to the identification of new targets for anti-dengue strategies.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5784,

title = {Evaluation de la prévalence de la filariose lymphatique en 2008 en Polynésie francaise.},

author = {Y Mou and C Plichart and A M Legrand and H P Mallet and N Cerf and N L Nguyen},

year  = {2009},

date = {2009-01-01},

journal = {BEH},

volume = {48-49-50},

pages = {504-7},

abstract = {Introduction Le programme régional d’élimination de la filariose lymphatique dans le Pacifique (PacELF) a été mis en place en Polynésie française en 2000. Il était nécessaire de mesurer son impact en 2008 sur tout le territoire pour décider de la suite à lui donner. Méthodes Enquête transversale sur un échantillon stratifié en grappes à deux degrés, représentatif de la population âgée de 2 ans et plus de la Polynésie française, sur la base d’un questionnaire standardisé administréen mode face à face et d’un prélèvement veineux pour le diagnostic de l’infection filarienne.

Résultats L’étude a mis en évidence une prévalence de 11,3% d’antigénémie positive (AD12) par immunochromatographie (ICT). Dix pour cent d’entre eux étaient microfilarémiques. La morbidité filarienne est de 0,5%.

Conclusion Aucune des strates étudiées ne présentait une prévalence d’infection inférieure à 1% (par ICT) correspondant au seuil d’élimination de la filariose lymphatique défini par le programme PacELF. Ces résultats confirment que l’endémie filarienne reste bien présente en Polynésie française.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}