@article{5577,

title = {Yellow fever: the Pacific should be prepared.},

author = {D Musso and P Parola and D Raoult},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Lancet},

volume = {392},

pages = {2347},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5587,

title = {Zika Virus Infection during Pregnancy and Effects on Early Childhood Development, French Polynesia, 2013-2016.},

author = {L Subissi and T Dub and M Besnard and T Mariteragi-Helle and T Nhan and D Lutringer-Magnin and P Barboza and C Gurry and E Nilles and D Baud and A Merianos and D Musso and J Glynn and G Dupuis and V M Cao-Lormeau and M Giard and H P Mallet},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Emerg Infect Dis},

volume = {24},

pages = {1850-8},

abstract = {Congenital Zika virus syndrome consists of a large spectrum of neurologic abnormalities seen in infants infected with Zika virus in utero. However, little is known about the effects of Zika virus intrauterine infection on the neurocognitive development of children born without birth defects. Using a case-control study design, we investigated the temporal association of a cluster of congenital defects with Zika virus infection. In a nested study, we also assessed the early childhood development of children recruited in the initial study as controls who were born without known birth defects,. We found evidence for an association of congenital defects with both maternal Zika virus seropositivity (time of infection unknown) and symptomatic Zika virus infection during pregnancy. Although the early childhood development assessment found no excess burden of developmental delay associated with maternal Zika virus infection, larger, longer-term studies are needed.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5579,

title = {Zika Virus in French Polynesia, 2013-2014: anatomy of a completed outbreak (review paper).},

author = {D Musso and H C Bossin and H P Mallet and M Besnard and J Broult and L Baudouin and J E Levi and E C Sabino and F Ghawche and M C Lanteri and D Baud},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Lancet Infect Dis},

volume = {18},

pages = {2172-e182},

abstract = {The Zika virus crisis exemplified the risk associated with emerging pathogens and was a reminder that preparedness for the worst-case scenario, although challenging, is needed. Herein, we review all data reported during the unexpected emergence of Zika virus in French Polynesia in late 2013. We focus on the new findings reported during this outbreak, especially the first description of severe neurological complications in adults and the retrospective description of CNS malformations in neonates, the isolation of Zika virus in semen, the potential for blood-transfusion transmission, mother-to-child transmission, and the development of new diagnostic assays. We describe the effect of this outbreak on health systems, the implementation of vector-borne control strategies, and the line of communication used to alert the international community of the new risk associated with Zika virus. This outbreak highlighted the need for careful monitoring of all unexpected events that occur during an emergence, to implement surveillance and research programmes in parallel to management of cases, and to be prepared to the worst-case scenario.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5571,

title = {Zika virus, vaccines, and antiviral strategies.},

author = {S Masmejan and D Baud and D Musso and A Panchaud},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther},

volume = {16},

pages = {471-83},

abstract = {Zika virus (ZIKV) recently emerged as a global public health emergency of international concern. ZIKV is responsible for severe neurological complications in adults and infection during pregnancy and can lead to congenital Zika syndrome. There is no licensed vaccine or drug to prevent or treat ZIKV infection. Areas covered: The aim of this article is to provide an overview and update of the progress of research on anti-ZIKV vaccine and medications until the end of 2017, with a special emphasis on drugs that can be used during pregnancy. Expert commentary: Development of new vaccines and drugs is challenging and several points particular to ZIKV infections augment this difficulty: (1) Cross-reactions between ZIKV and other flaviviruses, the impact of ZIKV vaccination on subsequent flavivirus infections, and vice-versa, is unknown, (2) Drugs against ZIKV should be safe in pregnant women, and (3) Evaluation of the efficacy of vaccine and drugs against ZIKV in clinical trials phase II-IV will be complicated due to the decline of ZIKV circulation.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5561,

title = {Zika virus outbreak in the Pacific: Vector competence of regional vectors.},

author = {E Calvez and L Mousson and M Vazeille and O O'Connor and V M Cao-Lormeau and F Mathieu-Daudé and N Pocquet and A B Failloux and M Dupont-Rouzeyrol},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Plos Neg Trop Dis},

volume = {12},

pages = {e0006637},

abstract = {BackgroundIn 2013, Zika virus (ZIKV) emerged in French Polynesia and spread through the Pacific region between 2013 and 2017. Several potential Aedes mosquitoes may have contributed to the ZIKV transmission including Aedes aegypti, the main arbovirus vector in the region, and Aedes polynesiensis, vector of lymphatic filariasis and secondary vector of dengue virus. The aim of this study was to analyze the ability of these two Pacific vectors to transmit ZIKV at a regional scale, through the evaluation and comparison of the vector competence of wild Ae. aegypti and Ae. polynesiensis populations from different Pacific islands for a ZIKV strain which circulated in this region during the 2013-2017 outbreak.

Methodology/Principal findings

Field Ae. aegypti (three populations) and Ae. polynesiensis (two populations) from the Pacific region were collected for this study. Female mosquitoes were orally exposed to ZIKV (107 TCID50/mL) isolated in the region in 2014. At 6, 9, 14 and 21 days post-infection, mosquito bodies (thorax and abdomen), heads and saliva were analyzed to measure infection, dissemination, transmission rates and transmission efficiency, respectively. According to our results, ZIKV infection rates were heterogeneous between the Ae. aegypti populations, but the dissemination rates were moderate and more homogenous between these populations. For Ae. polynesiensis, infection rates were less heterogeneous between the two populations tested. The transmission rate and efficiency results revealed a low vector competence for ZIKV of the different Aedes vector populations under study.

Conclusion/Significance Our results indicated a low ZIKV transmission by Ae. aegypti and Ae. polynesiensis tested from the Pacific region. These results were unexpected and suggest the importance of other factors especially the vector density, the mosquito lifespan or the large immunologically naive fraction of the population that may have contributed to the rapid spread of the ZIKV in the Pacific region during the 2013-2017 outbreak.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5621,

title = {Acquittal of Culex quinquefasciatus in transmitting Zika virus during the French Polynesian outbreak.},

author = {V Richard and T Paoaafaite and V M Cao-Lormeau},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Acta Trop},

volume = {173},

pages = {200-1},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5612,

title = {Axl Mediates ZIKA Virus Entry in Human Glial Cells and Modulates Innate Immune Responses.},

author = {L Meertens and A Labeau and O Dejarnac and S Cipriani and L Sinigaglia and L Bonnet-Madin and T Le Charpentier and M Lamine Hafirassou and A Zamborlini and V M Cao-Lormeau and M Coulpier and D Missé and N Jouvenet and R Tabibiazar and P Gressens and O Schwartz and Amara},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Cell Reports},

volume = {18},

pages = {324-33},

abstract = {ZIKA virus (ZIKV) is an emerging pathogen responsible for neurological disorders and congenital microcephaly. However, the molecular basis for ZIKV neurotropism remains poorly understood. Here, we show that Axl is expressed in human microglia and astrocytes in the developing brain and thatitmediates ZIKV infection of glial cells. Axl-mediated ZIKV entry requires the Axl ligand Gas6, which bridges ZIKV particles to glial cells. Following binding, ZIKV is internalized through clathrin-mediated endocytosis and traffics to Rab5+ endosomes to establish productive infection. During entry, the ZIKV/Gas6 complex activates Axl kinase activity, which downmodulates interferon signaling and facilitates infection. ZIKV infection of human glial cells is inhibited by MYD1, an engineered Axl decoy receptor, and by the Axl kinase inhibitor R428. Our results highlight the dual role of Axl during ZIKV infection ofglial cells: promoting viral entry and modulating innate immune responses. Therefore, inhibiting Axl function may represent a potential target for future antiviral therapies.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5609,

title = {Amustaline (S-303) Treatment Inactivates High Levels of Zika Virus in Red Blood Cell Components.},

author = {A Laughhunn and F Santa Maria and J Broult and M C Lanteri and A Stassinopoulos and D Musso and M Aubry},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Transfusion},

volume = {57},

pages = {779-89},

abstract = {BackgroundThe potential for Zika virus (ZIKV) transfusion-transmission (TT) has been demonstrated in French Polynesia and Brazil. Pathogen inactivation (PI) of blood products is a proactive strategy to inactivate TT pathogens including arboviruses. Inactivation of West Nile, dengue, Zika, and chikungunya viruses was previously demonstrated by photochemical treatment with amotosalen and ultraviolet A (UVA) illumination. In this study, we evaluated ZIKV inactivation in red blood cell (RBC) components by a chemical approach that uses amustaline (S-303) and glutathione (GSH).

Study design and methods

RBC components were spiked with a high titer of ZIKV. Viral titers (infectivity) and ZIKV RNA loads (reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction) were measured in spiked RBCs before and after S-303 and GSH treatment and confirmed using repetitive passages in cell culture. A mock-treated arm validated the approach by demonstrating stability of the virus (infectivity and RNA load) during the process.

Results

The mean ZIKV infectivity titer and RNA load in RBCs were 5.99 ± 0.2 log 50% tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50 )/mL and 7.75 ± 0.16 log genomic equivalents/mL before inactivation. No infectivity was detected immediately after S-303 and GSH treatment and after five serial passages in cell culture.

Conclusion

Complete ZIKV inactivation of more than 5.99 log TCID50 /mL in RBCs was achieved using S-303 and GSH at levels higher than those found in asymptomatic ZIKV-infected blood donors. Therefore, the S-303 and GSH PI system is promising for mitigating the risk of ZIKV TT.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5595,

title = {An update on Zika virus infection.},

author = {D Baud and D J Gubler and B Schaub and M C Lanteri and D Musso},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Lancet},

volume = {390},

pages = {2099-2109},

abstract = {The epidemic history of Zika virus began in 2007, with its emergence in Yap Island in the western Pacific, followed in 2013-14 by a larger epidemic in French Polynesia, south Pacific, where the first severe complications and non-vector-borne transmission of the virus were reported. Zika virus emerged in Brazil in 2015 and was declared a national public health emergency after local researchers and physicians reported an increase in microcephaly cases. In 2016, WHO declared the recent cluster of microcephaly cases and other neurological disorders reported in Brazil a global public health emergency. Similar clusters of microcephaly cases were also observed retrospectively in French Polynesia in 2014. In 2015-16, Zika virus continued its spread to cause outbreaks in the Americas and the Pacific, and the first outbreaks were reported in continental USA, Africa, and southeast Asia. Non-vector-borne transmission was confirmed and Zika virus was established as a cause of severe neurological complications in fetuses, neonates, and adults. This Review focuses on important updates and gaps in the knowledge of Zika virus as of early 2017.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5602,

title = {Cytotoxic effects of environmental toxins on human glial cells.},

author = {F D'Mello and N Braidy and H Mareal and G Guillemin and F Rossi and M Chinain and D Laurent and C Teo and B A Neilan},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Neurotox Res},

volume = {31},

pages = {245-258},

abstract = {Toxins produced by cyanobacteria and dinoflagellates have increasingly become a public health concern due to their degenerative effects on mammalian tissue and cells. In particular, emerging evidence has called attention to the neurodegenerative effects of the cyanobacterial toxin ß-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA). Other toxins such as the neurotoxins saxitoxin and ciguatoxin, as well as the hepatotoxic microcystin, have been previously shown to have a range of effects upon the nervous system. However, the capacity of these toxins to cause neurodegeneration in human cells has not, to our knowledge, been previously investigated. This study aimed to examine the cytotoxic effects of BMAA, microcystin-LR (MC-LR), saxitoxin (STX) and ciguatoxin (CTX-1B) on primary adult human astrocytes. We also demonstrated that a-lipoate attenuated MC-LR toxicity in primary astrocytes and characterised changes in gene expression which could potentially be caused by these toxins in primary astrocytes. Herein, we are the first to show that all of these toxins are capable of causing physiological changes consistent with neurodegeneration in glial cells, via oxidative stress and excitotoxicity, leading to a reduction in cell proliferation culminating in cell death. In addition, MC-LR toxicity was reduced significantly in astrocytes-treated a-lipoic acid. While there were no significant changes in gene expression, many of the probes that were altered were associated with neurodegenerative disease pathogenesis. Overall, this is important in advancing our current understanding of the mechanism of toxicity of MC-LR on human brain function in vitro, particularly in the context of neurodegeneration.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5601,

title = {Ciguatéra: connaissances d’antan, connaissances moderns.},

author = {M Chinain},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Bulletin de la société des études océaniennes},

volume = {339},

pages = {52-70},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5617,

title = {Detection of ZIKV RNA in semen of asymptomatic blood donors.},

author = {D Musso and V Richard and A Teissier and M Stone and M C Lanteri and G Latoni and J Alsina and R Reik and Recipient Epidemiology M P * for the Busch and Donor Evaluation Study REDS-III ZIKV Study Group},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Clin Microbiol Infect},

volume = {23},

pages = {1001.e1-1001.e3},

abstract = {ObjectivesZika virus (ZIKV) transmission through semen donation has never been reported but the risk is supported by the detection of ZIKV in semen and the demonstration of ZIKV sexual transmission. The potential impact of ZIKV on assisted reproductive procedures should be evaluated.

Methods

We tested longitudinally collected semen samples provided by asymptomatic blood donors who tested positive for ZIKV RNA in plasma during ZIKV outbreaks in Puerto Rico and Florida in 2016.

Results

Five of the 14 (35.7%) asymptomatic blood donors provided semen samples that tested positive for ZIKV RNA, with ZIKV RNA loads ranging from 8.03x103 to 2.55x106 copies/mL. Plasma collected at the same time as the semen tested negative for ZIKV RNA for most ZIKV RNA-positive semen collections; all corresponding plasma samples tested positive or equivocal for anti ZIKV IgG antibodies and all except one tested positive for ZIKV IgM antibodies. The rate of detection of ZIKV RNA in semen in asymptomatic donors is not significantly different from the rate previously reported for symptomatic patients.

Conclusions

Our results that show a high percentage of detection of ZIKV RNA in the semen of asymptomatic men confirm that ZIKV is a new threat for reproductive medicine and should have important implications for assisted reproductive technology. We recommend that semen donations from men at risk for ZIKV infection should be tested for ZIKV RNA, regardless of symptoms of ZIKV infection.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5618,

title = {Diversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis lineages in French Polynesia.},

author = {D A Osman and M Phelippeau and M Drancourt and D Musso},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {J Microbiol Immunol Infect},

volume = {50},

pages = {199-206},

abstract = {Background/purposeFrench Polynesia is an overseas territory located in the South Pacific. The incidence of tuberculosis in French Polynesia has been stable since 2000 with an average of 20 cases/y/100,000 inhabitants. Molecular epidemiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in French Polynesia is unknown because M. tuberculosis isolates have not been routinely genotyped.

Methods

From 2009 to 2012, 34 isolates collected from 32 French Polynesian patients were identified as M. tuberculosis by probe hybridization. These isolates were genotyped using spoligotyping and 24-loci mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units (MIRUs)-variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR). Spoligotype patterns obtained using commercial kits were compared with the online international database SITVIT. MIRU-VNTR genotyping was performed using an in-house protocol based on capillary electrophoresis sizing for 24-loci MIRU-VNTR genotyping.

Results

The results of the spoligotyping method revealed that 25 isolates grouped into six previously described spoligotypes [H1, H3, U likely (S), T1, Manu, and Beijing] and nine isolates grouped into six new spoligotypes. Comparison with the international database MIRU-VNTRplus distributed 30 isolates into five lineages (Haarlem, Latin American Mediterranean, S, X, and Beijing) and four as unassigned isolates.

Conclusion

Genotyping identified four phylogenetic lineages belonging to the modern Euro-American subgroup, one Beijing genotype responsible for worldwide pandemics, including remote islands in the South Pacific, and one Manu genotype of the ancestral lineage of M. tuberculosis.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5600,

title = {Dengue-1 virus and vector competence of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) populations from New Caledonia.},

author = {E Calvez and L Guillaumot and D Girault and V Richard and O O'Connor and T Paoaafaite and M Teurlai and N Pocquet and V M Cao-Lormeau and M Dupont-Rouzeyrol},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Parasite Vectors},

volume = {10},

pages = {381},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5614,

title = {Emergence of Zika virus: where does it come from and where is it going to?},

author = {D Musso and M C Lanteri},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Lancet Infect Dis},

volume = {17},

pages = {255},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5610,

title = {Full-genome dengue virus sequencing in mosquito saliva shows lack of convergent positive selection during transmission by Aedes aegypti.},

author = {S Lequime and V Richard and V M Cao-Lormeau and L Lambrechts},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Virus Evol},

volume = {3},

pages = {vex031},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5607,

title = {History and emergence of Zika virus.},

author = {D J Gubler and N Vasilakis and D Musso},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {J Infect Dis},

volume = {216},

pages = {S860-7},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5597,

title = {Harmful algal blooms in benthic systems: Recent progress and future research.},

author = {E Berdalet and P A Tester and M Chinain and S Fraga and R Lemee and R W Litaker and A Penna and G Usup and M Vila and A Zingone},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Oceanography},

volume = {30},

pages = {36-45},

abstract = {Shallow, well-illuminated coastal waters from tropical to temperate latitudes are attractive environments for humans. Beaches and coral reefs have provided lodging and food to coastal communities for centuries. Unfortunately, tropical regions traditionally have been threatened by outbreaks of the toxic benthic dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus, which is associated with ciguatera fish poisoning. The ciguatoxins produced by Gambierdiscus bioaccumulate in reef fishes and are responsible for the most common algal toxin-related illnesses, globally affecting the greatest number of victims and often with significant long-term health effects. Recently, Gambierdiscus has been documented in subtropical and temperate latitudes. Blooms of another benthic and toxic dinoflagellate, Ostreopsis, have become more frequent and intense, especially in temperate waters. Ostreopsis produces palytoxins and analogues, and some outbreaks have been associated with massive benthic faunal damage and respiratory irritations in humans exposed to aerosols. The increased frequency of harmful events and the biogeographic extension of benthic microalgae incentivized the launch of the Global Ecology and Oceanography of Harmful Algal Blooms (GEOHAB) Core Research Project on “Benthic Harmful Algal Blooms” in 2010. This article summarizes the main scientific advances and gaps in related knowledge as well as advances the project has made toward managing and mitigating the impacts of benthic HABs on human illnesses and marine resource losses.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5594,

title = {High risk of dengue type 2 outbreak in French Polynesia, 2017.},

author = {M Aubry and Y Teissier and M Mapotoeke and A Teissier and M Giard and D Musso and V M Cao-Lormeau},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Eurosurveillance},

volume = {22},

pages = {pii: 30505},

abstract = {In French Polynesia, the four serotypes of dengue virus (DENV-1 to -4) have caused 14 epidemics since the mid-1940s. From the end of 2016, an increasing number of Pacific Island Countries and Territories have reported DENV-2 outbreaks and in February 2017, DENV-2 infection was detected in French Polynesia in three travellers from Vanuatu. As DENV-2 has not been circulating in French Polynesia since December 2000, there is high risk for an outbreak to occur.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5622,

title = {Inactivation of Zika virus in platelet components using amotosalen and ultraviolet A illumination.},

author = {F Santa Maria and M C Lanteri and M Aubry and D Musso and A Stassinopoulos},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Transfusion},

volume = {57},

pages = {2016-25},

abstract = {BackgroundConcerned over the risk of Zika virus (ZIKV) transfusion transmission, public health agencies recommended the implementation of mitigation strategies for its prevention. Those strategies included the use of pathogen inactivation for the treatment of plasma and platelets. The efficacy of amotosalen/ultraviolet A to inactivate ZIKV in plasma had been previously demonstrated, and the efficacy of inactivation in platelets with the same technology was assumed. These studies quantify ZIKV inactivation in platelet components using amotosalen/ultraviolet A.

Study Design And Methods

Platelet components were spiked with ZIKV, and ZIKV infectious titers and RNA loads were measured by cell culture-based assays and real-time polymerase chain reaction in spiked platelet components before and after photochemical treatment using amotosalen/ultraviolet A.

Results

The mean ZIKV infectivity titers and RNA loads in platelet components before inactivation were either 4.9 log10 plaque forming units per milliliter, or 4.4 log10 50% tissue culture infective dose per milliliter and 7.5 log10 genome equivalents per milliliter, respectively. No infectivity was detected immediately after amotosalen/ultraviolet A treatment. No replicative virus remained after treatment, as demonstrated by multiple passages on Vero cell cultures; and ZIKV RNA was not detected from the first passage after inactivation. Additional experiments in this study demonstrated efficient inactivation to the limit of detection in platelets manufactured in 65% platelet additive solution, 35% plasma, or 100% plasma.

Conclusion

As previously demonstrated for plasma, robust levels of ZIKV inactivation were achieved in platelet components. With inactivation of higher levels of ZIKV than those reported in asymptomatic, RNA-reactive blood donors, the pathogen-inactivation system using amotosalen/ultraviolet A offers the potential to mitigate the risk of ZIKV transmission by plasma and platelet transfusion.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5599,

title = {Inactivation and removal of Zika virus during manufacture of plasma derived medicinal products.},

author = {J Blumel and D Musso and S Teitz and T Miyabayashi and K Boller and B S Schnierle and S A Baylis},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Transfusion},

volume = {57},

pages = {790-6},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5611,

title = {LSU rDNA based RFLP assays for the routine identification of Gambierdiscus species.},

author = {Y Lyu and M L Richlen and T R Sehein and M Chinain and M Adachi and T Nishimura and Y Xu and M L Parsons and T B Smith and T Zheng and D M Anderson},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Harmful Algae},

volume = {66},

pages = {20-8},

abstract = {The Gambierdiscus genus is a group of benthic dinoflagellates commonly associated with ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP), which is generally found in tropical or sub-tropical regions around the world. Morphologically similar species within the genus can vary in toxicity; however, species identifications are difficult or sometimes impossible using light microscopy. DNA sequencing of ribosomal RNA genes (rDNA) is thus often used to identify and describe Gambierdiscus species and ribotypes, but the expense and time can be prohibitive for routine culture screening and/or large-scale monitoring programs. This study describes a restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) typing method based on analysis of the large subunit rDNA that can successfully identify at least nine of the described Gambierdiscus species and two Fukuyoa species. The software programs DNAMAN 6.0 and Restriction Enzyme Picker were used to identify a set of restriction enzymes (SpeI, HpyCH4IV, and TaqaI) capable of distinguishing most of the known Gambierdiscus species for which DNA sequences were available. This assay was tested using in silico analysis and cultured isolates, and species identifications of isolates assigned by RFLP typing were confirmed by DNA sequencing. To verify the assay and assess intra-specific heterogeneity in RFLP patterns, identifications of 63 Gambierdiscus isolates comprising ten Gambierdiscus species, one ribotype, and two Fukuyoa species were confirmed using RFLP typing, and this method was subsequently employed in the routine identification of isolates collected from the Caribbean Sea. The RFLP assay presented here reduces the time and cost associated with morphological identification via scanning electron microscopy and/or DNA sequencing, and provides a phylogenetically sensitive method for routine Gambierdiscus species assignment.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5606,

title = {Leptospira diversity in animals and humans in Tahiti, French Polynesia.},

author = {V Guernier and V Richard and T Nhan and E Rouault and A Teissier and D Musso},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Plos Neg Trop Dis},

volume = {11},

pages = {e0005676},

abstract = {BackgroundLeptospirosis is a highly endemic bacterial zoonosis in French Polynesia (FP). Nevertheless, data on the epidemiology of leptospirosis in FP are scarce. We conducted molecular studies on Leptospira isolated from humans and the potential main animal reservoirs in order to identify the most likely sources for human infection.

Methodology/Principal Findings

Wild rats (n = 113), farm pigs (n = 181) and domestic dogs (n = 4) were screened for Leptospira infection in Tahiti, the most populated island in FP. Positive samples were genotyped and compared to Leptospira isolated from human cases throughout FP (n = 51), using secY, 16S and LipL32 sequencing, and MLST analysis. Leptospira DNA was detected in 20.4% of rats and 26.5% of pigs. We identified two Leptospira species and three sequence types (STs) in animals and humans: Leptospira interrogans ST140 in pigs only and L. interrogans ST17 and Leptospira borgpetersenii ST149 in humans and rats. Overall, L. interrogans was the dominant species and grouped into four clades: one clade including a human case only, two clades including human cases and dogs, and one clade including human cases and rats. All except one pig sample showed a unique L. interrogans (secY) genotype distinct from those isolated from humans, rats and dogs. Moreover, LipL32 sequencing allowed the detection of an additional Leptospira genotype in pigs, clearly distinct from the previous ones.

Conclusions/Significance

Our data confirm rats as a major potential source for human leptospirosis in FP. By contrast to what was expected, farm pigs did not seem to be a major reservoir for the Leptospira genotypes identified in human patients. Thus, further investigations will be required to determine their significance in leptospirosis transmission in FP.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5605,

title = {Letter re: Acute Zika infection with concurrent onset of Guillain-BarrÉ syndrome.},

author = {P Gerardin and V M Cao-Lormeau and P Tournebize and T Cerny},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Neurology},

volume = {88},

pages = {1874},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5620,

title = {Mycobacterium massilipolynesiensis sp. nov., a rapidly-growing mycobacterium of medical interest related to Mycobacterium phlei.},

author = {M Phelippeau and S Asmar and D A Osman and M Sassi and C Robert and D Musso and M Drancourt},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Sci Rep},

volume = {7},

pages = {40443},

abstract = {In French Polynesia, respiratory tract clinical isolate M26, displayed unusual phenotype and contradictory phylogenetic affiliations, suggesting a hitherto unidentified rapidly-growing Mycobacterium species. The phenotype of strain M26 was further characterized and its genome sequenced. Strain M26 genome consists in a 5,732,017-bp circular chromosome with a G?+?C% of 67.54%, comprising 5,500 protein-coding genes and 52 RNA genes (including two copies of the 16?S rRNA gene). One region coding for a putative prophage was also predicted. An intriguing characteristic of strain M26's genome is the large number of genes encoding polyketide synthases and nonribosomal peptide synthases. Phylogenomic analysis showed that strain M26's genome is closest to the Mycobacterium phlei genome with a 76.6% average nucleotide identity. Comparative genomics of 33 Mycobacterium genomes yielded 361 genes unique to M26 strain which functional annotation revealed 84.21% of unknown function and 3.88% encoding lipid transport and metabolism; while 48.87% of genes absent in M26 strain have unknown function, 9.5% are implicated in transcription and 19% are implicated in transport and metabolism. Strain M26's unique phenotypic and genomic characteristics indicate it is representative of a new species named "Mycobacterium massilipolynesiensis". Looking for mycobacteria in remote areas allows for the discovery of new Mycobacterium species.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5796,

title = {Neurologic signs of ciguatera disease : evidence of their persistence.},

author = {M L Chateau-Degat and A Beuter and G Vauterin and N L Nguyen and M Chinain and H T Darius and A M Legrand and R Chansin and E Dewailly},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Am J Trop Med Hyg},

volume = {77},

pages = {1170-5},

abstract = {Ciguatoxins exert their effect on the voltage-sensitive sodium channel of the cellular membranes of all excitable tissues. This effect confers to ciguatera disease (CD) its neurologic hallmarks. A prospective study among French Polynesian adults over a two-month period was conducted to characterize and determine the persistence of neurologic symptoms of CD. We compared 47 patients with CD with 125 controls. In the acute phase of the disease, patients had mainly sensory disturbances as detected by an hypoesthesia on the palm of the hand and poorer sway performance compared with controls. Follow-up two months showed improvement of sway performance that eventually reaching control levels. However, for light-touch threshold, even if we observed a decrease threshold towards normal values, more than 50% of patients did not reach normal values 60 days after disease onset. Our results support the existence of neurologic impairments of CD and suggest their persistence for at least two months after onset.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5608,

title = {New evidence for endemic circulation of Ross River Virus in the Pacific Islands and potential for emergence.},

author = {C Lau and M Aubry and D Musso and A Teissier and S Paulous and P Despres and X De Lamballerie and B Pastorino and V M Cao-Lormeau and P Weinstein},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Int J Infect Dis},

volume = {57},

pages = {73-6},

abstract = {ObjectivesAn epidemic of Ross River virus (RRV) occurred in the South Pacific in 1979-1980, but RRV has not been thought to occur endemically outside Australia and Papua New Guinea. A seroprevalence study was conducted to determine whether RRV has circulated in American Samoa since 1980.

Methods

RRV ELISA IgG was performed on 200 serum samples collected in American Samoa in 2010; seroneutralization tests were performed on 60 representative samples.

Results

Of 196 available ELISA IgG results, 145 (74%, 95% confidence interval 67-80%) were seropositive. Of the 60 samples subjected to seroneutralization testing, none of the 15 ELISA IgG-negative and 16 of the 45 ELISA IgG-positive samples neutralized RRV. ELISA IgG seroprevalence was higher in persons born before/during the 1979-1980 RRV outbreak (78.3%), but was also high (63.0%) in people born after the outbreak who had lived their entire lives in American Samoa.

Conclusions

This study provides serological evidence that RRV circulation is likely to have occurred in American Samoa after 1980. Considering there are no marsupials in American Samoa, this finding implies that other species are capable of acting as reservoir hosts and indicates the potential for RRV to circulate in a much wider area than those currently recognized.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5619,

title = {Ocean-lagoon water and plankton exchanges in a semi-closed pearl farming atoll lagoon (Ahe, Tuamotu archipelago, French Polynesia).},

author = {M Pagano and M Rodier and C Guillaumot and Y Thomas and K Henry and S Andrefouet},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science},

volume = {191},

pages = {60-73},

abstract = {In atoll lagoons, plankton richness is highly dependent on water exchange with the ocean through the atoll rim. However, the dynamics of the physical and biological fluxes at the lagoon-ocean interface remain poorly characterized. Here, we studied the combined effects of lagoon-ocean water exchanges and local environmental conditions on the phyto- and zooplankton abundance and community structure across the atoll lagoon rim of Ahe (Tuamotu Archipelago, French Polynesia). Plankton and environmental variables were monitored in May 2013 (i) at several stations inside and outside the lagoon and (ii) during time-series corresponding to ebb-flood tidal cycles in the two types of channels connecting the lagoon to the ocean: at the passage (300 m long and about 11 m deep) and in hoa (i.e reef-flat less than 50 cm depth). Our results highlight tidally-driven selective plankton exchanges between the lagoon and external ocean. Phytoplankton (chlorophyll-a) and zooplankton biomass were respectively 4 times and 7 times higher in the lagoon than at stations outside the atoll lagoon. Copepoda was the dominant zooplanlcton group at the oceanic station (>75% abundance) whereas meroplankton (with bivalve larvae most common) was dominant at the lagoon stations (54%), in the passage (55-82%) and in hoa (>80%). These differences between sites suggest a loss of bivalve larvae through export to the ocean and retention and/or increased production of copepods in the lagoon. The daily export of bivalve larvae represents a low percentage of the lagoon stock, in agreement with previously published larval dispersal numerical models. The retention of copepods could constitute a significant input of nutrients and organic matter (through excretion, feces release, decomposition, and remineralization) into the lagoon.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5613,

title = {Prevention of transfusion-transmitted Zika virus in French Polynesia, nucleic acid testing versus pathogen inactivation.},

author = {D Musso and J Broult and D Bierlaire and M C Lanteri and M Aubry},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {ISBT Science Series},

volume = {12},

pages = {254-9},

abstract = {Background and Objectives

French Polynesia (FP) experienced a large Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreak in 20132014. Flavivirus transfusion-transmission infections (TTIs) had been previously reported. We evaluated several mitigating strategies to prevent ZIKV TTIs in FP.

Material and Methods

Mitigation strategies consisted of pre/postdonation symptom reporting, donor deferral, importation of plasma units from non-endemic areas, quarantine of blood components, blood screening using a laboratory-developed nucleic acid testing (NAT) assay and platelet pathogen inactivation (PI) using the INTERCEPT Blood Systems. The pros and cons of NAT versus PI to prevent ZIKV TTIs were determined.

Results

Donor interview, deferral and component quarantine strategies were not sensitive enough to prevent subsequent detection of ZIKV RNA NAT-positive donations. A 12-week delay between the onset of outbreak and NAT implementation allowed for 30 blood products collected from 30 asymptomatic blood donors who retrospectively tested positive for ZIKV RNA by NAT to be transfused while platelet PI which was in routine use since 2010 in FP potentially prevented several cases of ZIKV TTIs.

Conclusion

Nucleic acid testing and PI were used in FP to prevent ZIKV TTIs. NAT was an effective measure once implemented but is not a proactive solution. PI is a proactive solution but with only systems approved for platelets and plasma. Based on the FP experience, there is an urgent need for approved whole blood and/or red blood cell PI systems and to develop multiplex NAT to maintain the availability of the blood supply in remote areas during arbovirus epidemics.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5591,

title = {Pathogen inactivation of Dengue virus in red blood cells using amustaline and glutathione.},

author = {M Aubry and A Laughhunn and F Santa Maria and M C Lanteri and A Stassinopoulos and D Musso},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Transfusion},

volume = {57},

pages = {2888-96},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5624,

title = {Revising rates of asymptomatic Zika virus infections based on sentinel surveillance data from French Overseas Territories.},

author = {L Subissi and E Daudens-Vaysse and S Cassadou and M Ledrans and P Bompard and J Gustave and M Aubry and V M Cao-Lormeau and H P Mallet},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Int J Infect Dis},

volume = {65},

pages = {116-8},

abstract = {French Polynesia and the French Territories of the Americas (FTAs) have experienced outbreaks of Zika virus (ZIKV) infection. These territories used similar sentinel syndromic surveillance to follow the epidemics. However, the surveillance system only takes into account consulting patients diagnosed with ZIKV disease, while non-consulting cases, as well as asymptomatic cases, are not taken into account. In the French territories under study, the ratio of consulting to non-consulting patients was found to likely be as low as 1/3 to 1/4, and rough estimates of the ZIKV asymptomatic infections indicated a lower rate than previously reported (i.e., not more than half).},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5623,

title = {Relative analytical sensitivity of donor nucleic acid amplification technology screening and diagnostic real-time polymerase chain reaction assays for detection of Zika virus RNA.},

author = {M Stone and M C Lanteri and S Bakkour and X Deng and S Galel and J Linnen and J Munoz-Jordan and R Lanciotti and M Rios and P Gallian and D Musso and J Leci and M Bush},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Transfusion},

volume = {57},

pages = {737-47},

abstract = {BackgroundZika virus (ZIKV) has spread rapidly in the Pacific and throughout the Americas and is associated with severe congenital and adult neurologic outcomes. Nucleic acid amplification technology (NAT) assays were developed for diagnostic applications and for blood donor screening on high-throughput NAT systems. We distributed blinded panels to compare the analytical performance of blood screening relative to diagnostic NAT assays.

Study design and methods

A 25-member, coded panel (11 half-log dilutions of a 2013 French Polynesia ZIKV isolate and 2015 Brazilian donor plasma implicated in transfusion transmission, and 3 negative controls) was sent to 11 laboratories that performed 17 assays with 2 to 12 replicates per panel member. Results were analyzed for the percentage reactivity at each dilution and by probit analysis to estimate the 50% and 95% limits of detection (LOD50 and LOD95 , respectively).

Results

Donor-screening NAT assays that process approximately 500 µL of plasma into amplification reactions were comparable in sensitivity (LOD50 and LOD95, 2.5 and 15-18 copies/mL) and were approximately 10-fold to 100-fold more sensitive than research laboratory-developed and diagnostic reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction tests that process from 10 to 30 µL of plasma per amplification. Increasing sample input volume assayed with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assays increased the LODs by 10-fold to 30-fold.

Conclusions

Blood donor-screening ZIKV NAT assays demonstrate similar excellent sensitivities to assays currently used for screening for transfusion-transmitted viruses and are substantially more sensitive than most other laboratory-developed and diagnostic ZIKV reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assays. Enhancing sensitivities of laboratory-developed and diagnostic assays may be achievable by increasing sample input.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5592,

title = {Ross River virus seroprevalence, French Polynesia, 2014-2015.},

author = {M Aubry and A Teissier and M Huart and S Merceron and J Vanhomwegen and C Roche and A L Vial and S Teururai and S Sicard and S Paulous and P Despres and J C Manuguerra and H P Mallet and D Musso and X Deparis and V M Cao-Lormeau},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Emerg Infect Dis},

volume = {23},

pages = {1751-3},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5590,

title = {Real-time assessment of healthcare requirements during the Zika virus epidemic in Martinique.},

author = {A Andronico and F Dorléans and J L Fergé and H Salje and F Ghawche and A Signate and E Daudens-Vaysse and L Baudouin and T Dub and M Aubry and V M Cao-Lormeau and M Ledrans and H Noel and H P Mallet and A Fontanet and A Cabie and S Cauchemez},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Am J Epidemiol},

volume = {186},

pages = {1194-1203},

abstract = {The spread of Zika virus in the Americas has been associated with a surge in Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) cases. Given the severity of GBS, territories affected by Zika virus need to plan health-care resources to manage GBS patients. To inform such planning in Martinique, we analyzed Zika virus surveillance and GBS data from Martinique in real time with a modeling framework that captured dynamics of the Zika virus epidemic, the risk of GBS in Zika virus-infected persons, and the clinical management of GBS cases. We compared our estimates with those from the 2013-2014 Zika virus epidemic in French Polynesia. We were able to predict just a few weeks into the epidemic that, due to lower transmission potential and lower probability of developing GBS following infection in Martinique, the total number of GBS cases in Martinique would be substantially lower than suggested by simple extrapolations from French Polynesia. We correctly predicted that 8 intensive-care beds and 7 ventilators would be sufficient to treat GBS cases. This study showcased the contribution of modeling to inform local health-care planning during an outbreak. Timely studies that estimate the proportion of infected persons that seek care are needed to improve the predictive power of such approaches.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5625,

title = {Zika virus: are we going too far ?},

author = {M Vouga and D Musso and B Shaub and A Panchaud and D Baud},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Lancet},

volume = {389},

pages = {151},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5616,

title = {Zika virus: new emergencies, potential for severe complications, and prevention of transfusion-transmitted Zika fever in the context of arboviruses co-circulation.},

author = {D Musso and M Aubry and J Broult and A Stassinopoulos and J Green},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Blood Transfusion},

volume = {15},

pages = {272-3},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5615,

title = {Zika virus in Singapore: unanswered questions.},

author = {D Musso and M C Lanteri},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Lancet Infect Dis},

volume = {17},

pages = {782-3},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5603,

title = {Zika virus evolution in the edges of the Pacific Ocean.},

author = {M Dupont-Rouzeyrol and L Diancourt and E Calvez and M Vandenbogaert and O O'Connor and A Teissier and M Pol and M Aubry and O Faye and D Tou and V M Cao-Lormeau and V Caro},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Emerg Microbes Infect},

volume = {6},

pages = {e111},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5604,

title = {Zika rash and increased risk of congenital brain abnormalities.},

author = {P Gerardin and V M Cao-Lormeau and D Musso and P Despres and M Besnard},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Lancet},

volume = {389},

pages = {151-2},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5598,

title = {Zika virus and blood transfusion, the experience of French Polynesia.},

author = {D Bierlaire and S Mauguin and J Broult and D Musso},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Transfusion},

volume = {57},

pages = {729-33},

abstract = {BackgroundBetween October 2013 and March 2014, French Polynesia experienced the largest Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreak ever described before the emergence of ZIKV in the Americas in 2015. As arbovirus transfusion-transmitted (TT) infections have been previously reported, we hypothesized that transfusion of blood products could also transmit ZIKV.

Study design and methods

Mitigation strategies to prevent ZIKV-TT infections included nonspecific measures and the implementation of a laboratory developed ZIKV-specific nucleic acid testing (NAT) assay. Donor sera were tested in pools of 3 and constitutive sera of ZIKV-reactive pools were tested individually. Donor sera were tested prospectively and retrospectively. A posttransfusion follow-up of a patient transfused with ZIKV RNA-reactive blood products was implemented.

Results

NAT detected 42 blood donor sera as ZIKV RNA reactive of 1505 tested (2.8%). Thirty ZIKV RNA-reactive blood products collected before the implementation of NAT were transfused to 26 recipients. Posttransfusion investigations were conducted by the hemovigilance unit and data were available for 12 recipients. Symptomatic ZIKV-TT infections were not reported.

Conclusion

Predonation screening of blood donors, postdonation information, products discard, and quarantine of blood products were not effective enough to prevent transfusion of ZIKV RNA-reactive blood products. ZIKV NAT was an effective measure once implemented to prevent transfusion of ZIKV RNA-reactive blood products but it is difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of this measure to prevent ZIKV-TT infection, which is a rare event.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5596,

title = {Zika virus: a new threat to human reproduction.},

author = {D Baud and D Musso and M Vouga and M P Alves and N ulliemoz},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {American Journal of Reproductive Immunology},

volume = {77},

pages = {doi:0.1111/aji.12614.},

abstract = {Zika virus (ZIKV) was first isolated in 1947 in a rhesus monkey from the Zika forest of Uganda. Until 2007, only 14 human cases were reported. The first large human outbreak occurred in 2007 (Yap Island, Federated States of Micronesia, Pacific) followed by French Polynesia in 2013 and Brazil in 2015. The virus is mainly transmitted through Aedes mosquito bites, but sexual and post-transfusion transmissions have been reported. Symptoms include low-grade fever, maculopapular rash, conjunctivitis, myalgia, arthralgia, and asthenia. During the recent outbreaks in French Polynesia and Brazil, ZIKV infection has been associated with two major complications: microcephaly and Guillain-Barré syndrome. Since fetal infection includes other birth defects, congenital Zika syndrome has been used to define in utero infection. The majority of sexual transmission occurred from a symptomatic male to a female, but female-to-male and male-to-male transmission have been reported. Asymptomatic male-to-female transmission has also been described. Importantly, ZIKV RNA can persist at least 6 months in semen. The male urogenital tract may therefore act as a reservoir for the virus. ZIKV RNA was detected in a cervical swab of a patient 3 days after presenting the classic symptoms suggesting a potential tropism for the female genital tract. Long-lasting presence of ZIKV RNA might not indicate that the individual is infectious but makes recommendation for couples potentially exposed to the virus and willing to conceive difficult. It will also be important to determine whether genital ZIKV infection might have a deleterious effect on male and female fertility.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5593,

title = {Zika virus seroprevalence, French Polynesia, 2014-2015.},

author = {M Aubry and A Teissier and M Huart and S Merceron and J Vanhomwegen and C Roche and A L Vial and S Teururai and S Sicard and S Paulous and P Despres and J C Manuguerra and H P Mallet and D Musso and X Deparis and V M Cao-Lormeau},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Emerg Infect Dis},

volume = {23},

pages = {669-672},

abstract = {During 2013-2014, French Polynesia experienced an outbreak of Zika virus infection. Serosurveys conducted at the end of the outbreak and 18 months later showed lower than expected disease prevalence rates (49%) and asymptomatic:symptomatic case ratios (1:1) in the general population but significantly different prevalence rates (66%) and asymptomatic:symptomatic ratios (1:2) in schoolchildren.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5634,

title = {The impact of insecticide treated cloth targets on the survival of Aedes polynesiensis under laboratory and semi-field conditions in French Polynesia.},

author = {E W Chambers and H C Bossin and S A Scott and R C Russell and S L Dobson},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Med Vet Entomol},

volume = {30},

pages = {247-52},

abstract = {The impact of deltamethrin-impregnated cloth targets on Stegomyia polynesiensis (=?Aedes polynesiensis) (Marks) (Diptera: Culicidae) was assessed under laboratory and semi-field settings in French Polynesia. Stegomyia polynesiensis females were released into small laboratory cages and large field cages containing either a deltamethrin-treated or an untreated navy blue cloth, and mosquito knock-down and mortality were assessed. The 24-h mortality rate in mosquitoes exposed to the insecticide-treated target in small cages was 98.0%. These mosquitoes also demonstrated significantly higher levels of knock-down than those exposed to the untreated target. Mortality in field cages was assessed at 24 and 48?h. The 24-h mortality rate in mosquitoes exposed to the control target was 31.2%, whereas that in those exposed to the deltamethrin-treated target was 54.3%. The 48-h mortality rate was also elevated in mosquitoes exposed to the deltamethrin-treated target, but this result did not differ significantly from that observed in mosquitoes exposed to the control target. The significant suppression of female S.?polynesiensis by deltamethrin-treated resting targets in this study indicates that these targets could play a role in the control of an important disease vector in the South Pacific region.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5632,

title = {Tropical Islands as New Hubs for Emerging Arboviruses.},

author = {V M Cao-Lormeau},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Emerg Infect Dis},

volume = {22},

pages = {913-5},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5653,

title = {Uncommon presentation of Zika fever or co-infection?},

author = {D Musso and J J De Pina and T Nhan and X Deparis},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Lancet},

volume = {387},

pages = {1812-3},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5670,

title = {Virus Zika: de la recherche au vaccin.},

author = {M Vouga and M P Alves and I Eperon and G Eperon and L Rochat and R Sahli and D Musso and D Baud},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Revue Medicale Suisse},

volume = {12},

pages = {1-4},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5666,

title = {Vector Competence of Aedes aegypti and Aedes polynesiensis Populations from French Polynesia for Chikungunya Virus.},

author = {V Richard and T Paoaafaite and V M Cao-Lormeau},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Plos Neg Trop Dis},

volume = {10},

pages = {e0004694},

abstract = {BackgroundFrom October 2014 to March 2015, French Polynesia experienced for the first time a chikungunya outbreak. Two Aedes mosquitoes may have contributed to chikungunya virus (CHIKV) transmission in French Polynesia: the worldwide distributed Ae. aegypti and the Polynesian islands-endemic Ae. polynesiensis mosquito.

Methods

To investigate the vector competence of French Polynesian populations of Ae. aegypti and Ae. polynesiensis for CHIKV, mosquitoes were exposed per os at viral titers of 7 logs tissue culture infectious dose 50%. At 2, 6, 9, 14 and 21 days post-infection (dpi), saliva was collected from each mosquito and inoculated onto C6/36 mosquito cells to check for the presence of CHIKV infectious particles. Legs and body (thorax and abdomen) of each mosquito were also collected at the different dpi and submitted separately to viral RNA extraction and CHIKV real-time RT-PCR.

Results

CHIKV infection rate, dissemination and transmission efficiencies ranged from 7-90%, 18-78% and 5-53% respectively for Ae. aegypti and from 39-41%, 3-17% and 0-14% respectively for Ae. polynesiensis, depending on the dpi. Infectious saliva was found as early as 2 dpi for Ae. aegypti and from 6 dpi for Ae. polynesiensis. Our laboratory results confirm that the French Polynesian population of Ae. aegypti is highly competent for CHIKV and they provide clear evidence for Ae. polynesiensis to act as an efficient CHIKV vector.

Conclusion

As supported by our findings, the presence of two CHIKV competent vectors in French Polynesia certainly contributed to enabling this virus to quickly disseminate from the urban/peri-urban areas colonized by Ae. aegypti to the most remote atolls where Ae. polynesiensis is predominating. Ae. polynesiensis was probably involved in the recent chikungunya outbreaks in Samoa and the Cook Islands. Moreover, this vector may contribute to the risk for CHIKV to emerge in other Polynesian islands like Fiji, and more particularly Wallis where there is no Ae. aegypti.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5665,

title = {Vector Competence of French Polynesian Aedes aegypti and Aedes polynesiensis for Zika Virus.},

author = {V Richard and T Paoaafaite and V M Cao-Lormeau},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Plos Neg Trop Dis},

volume = {10},

pages = {e0005024},

abstract = {BackgroundIn 20132014, French Polynesia experienced for the first time a Zika outbreak. Two Aedes mosquitoes may have contributed to Zika virus (ZIKV) transmission in French Polynesia: the worldwide distributed Ae. aegypti and the Polynesian islands-endemic Ae. polynesiensis mosquito.

Methodology/Principal Findings

To evaluate their vector competence for ZIKV, mosquitoes were infected per os at viral titers of 7 logs tissue culture infectious dose 50%. At several days post-infection (dpi), saliva was collected from each mosquito and inoculated onto C6/36 mosquito cells to check for the presence of ZIKV infectious particles. Legs and body of each mosquito were also collected and submitted separately to RNA extraction and ZIKV RT-PCR. In Ae. aegypti the infection rate was high as early as 6 dpi and the dissemination efficiency get substantial from 9 dpi while the both rates remained quite low in Ae. polynesiensis. The transmission efficiency was poor in Ae. aegypti until 14 dpi and no infectious saliva was found in Ae. polynesiensis at the time points studied.

Conclusions/Significance

In our experimental conditions, the late ability of the French Polynesian Ae. aegypti to transmit ZIKV added by the poor competence of Ae. polynesiensis for this virus suggest the possible contribution of another vector for the propagation of ZIKV during the outbreak, in particular in remote islands where Ae. polynesiensis is predominating.

Author Summary

From 2007, Zika virus has caused several outbreaks in the Pacific including French Polynesia. Aedes aegypti mosquito which is present in almost all Pacific Island Countries is reasonably expected to have been involved in the Zika outbreaks. In addition endemic Aedes mosquito species may have sustained Zika virus transmission in the less urbanized and most remote islands. In the present study we provide for the first time data about the vector competence of the endemic Ae. polynesiensis species for Zika virus. We found under experimental conditions a weak competence of Ae. polynesiensis for the virus. Furthermore we demonstrated a late ability of the French Polynesian population of Ae. aegypti to transmit Zika virus. These findings raise questions about the potential involvement of other vector(s) in Zika virus transmission in place or together with the Aedes mosquitoes. In a context where innovative vector control strategies are mostly focused on targeting the mosquito species considered as the main arbovirus vectors, the potential for others vector species to take the lead in transmitting such arboviruses should not be neglected.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5669,

title = {Zika, Dengue and Chikungunya Co-Infection in a Pregnant Woman from Colombia.},

author = {W E Villamil-Gomez and A J Rodriguez-Morales and A M Uribe-Garcia and E Gonzalez-Arismendy and J E Castellanos and E P Calvo and M Alvarez-Mon and D Musso},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Int J Infect Dis},

volume = {51},

pages = {135-8},

abstract = {We describe the clinical findings of a pregnant woman from Colombia with triple co-infection caused by dengue, chikungunya and Zika viruses. Weekly obstetric ultrasounds from 14.6 until 29 weeks of gestation were normal. She remains under follow-up and management according standard guidelines for management of ZIKV infected pregnant women.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5658,

title = {Zika virus, a new challenge in for blood transfusion.},

author = {D Musso and S L Stramer and M P Bush},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Lancet},

volume = {387},

pages = {1993-4},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5655,

title = {Zika virus.},

author = {D Musso and D J Gubler},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Clin Microbiol Reviews},

volume = {29},

pages = {487-524},

abstract = {Zika virus (ZIKV) is an arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) in the genus Flavivirus and the family Flaviviridae. ZIKV was first isolated from a nonhuman primate in 1947 and from mosquitoes in 1948 in Africa, and ZIKV infections in humans were sporadic for half a century before emerging in the Pacific and the Americas. ZIKV is usually transmitted by the bite of infected mosquitoes. The clinical presentation of Zika fever is nonspecific and can be misdiagnosed as other infectious diseases, especially those due to arboviruses such as dengue and chikungunya. ZIKV infection was associated with only mild illness prior to the large French Polynesian outbreak in 2013 and 2014, when severe neurological complications were reported, and the emergence in Brazil of a dramatic increase in severe congenital malformations (microcephaly) suspected to be associated with ZIKV. Laboratory diagnosis of Zika fever relies on virus isolation or detection of ZIKV-specific RNA. Serological diagnosis is complicated by cross-reactivity among members of the Flavivirus genus. The adaptation of ZIKV to an urban cycle involving humans and domestic mosquito vectors in tropical areas where dengue is endemic suggests that the incidence of ZIKV infections may be underestimated. There is a high potential for ZIKV emergence in urban centers in the tropics that are infested with competent mosquito vectors such as Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5651,

title = {Zika virus, what do we know ?},

author = {D Musso and D Baud and D J Gubler},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Clin Microbiol Infect},

volume = {22},

pages = {494-6},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5652,

title = {Zika virus and blood transfusion, experiences from French Polynesia.},

author = {D Musso and J Broult and M Aubry},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Vox Sanguinis},

volume = {111},

pages = {306-322},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5649,

title = {Zika virus: time to move from case reports to case control.},

author = {D Musso and D Baud},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Lancet Infect Dis},

volume = {16},

pages = {620-1},

abstract = {Until the French Polynesian outbreak in 201314, Zika virus disease was thought to be only a mild disease. During this outbreak, the incidence of Guillain-Barré syndrome was 20 times higher than expected.1 Similarly, the emergence of Zika virus in the Americas since 2015 has been associated with a dramatic increase of reported cases of microcephaly.2 As for Zika virus and Guillain-Barré syndrome in French Polynesia, the temporal association between Zika virus outbreaks and microcephaly in Brazil strongly suggests that Zika virus infection during pregnancy might cause severe neurological damage in neonates.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5643,

title = {Zika virus: A new threat to the safety of the blood supply with worldwide impact and implications.},

author = {M C Lanteri and S Kleinlan and S Glynn and D Musso and K Hoots and B Custer and E Sabino and M Bush},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Transfusion},

volume = {56},

pages = {1907-14},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5662,

title = {An international registry for women exposed to Zika virus during pregnancy: time for answers.},

author = {A Panchaud and M Vouga and D Musso and D Baudemail},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Lancet Infect Dis},

volume = {16},

pages = {995-6},

abstract = {Barreto and colleagues1 proposed in their Comment in The Lancet a strategic plan of action, at the government level, to manage the present Zika virus epidemic and to increase knowledge about the infection. However, an international collaboration is needed because of the magnitude of situation. Since first suspicion in 2015, evidence suggests that Zika virus should be considered as a teratogenic agent, similarly to the toxoplasmosis, others (syphilis, varicella zoster), rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex (TORCH) agents, until proven otherwise.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5645,

title = {Absence of Serological Evidence of Rickettsia spp., Bartonella spp., Ehrlichia spp.and Coxiella burnetii nfections in American Samoa.},

author = {C Lau and D Musso and E Fournier and P Parola and P Weinstein},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Tick and Tick-Borne Diseases},

volume = {7},

pages = {703-5},

abstract = {Little is known about the epidemiology of zoonotic diseases in American Samoa (Pacific). A review of literature did not identify any published information on human Rickettsia spp., Bartonella spp., Ehrlichia spp. or Coxiella burnetii infections in this country. To determine the presence of these diseases, we conducted a serosurvey of American Samoans. The presence of immunoglobulin G antibodies against Rickettsia felis, Rickettsia typhi, Rickettsia conorii, C. burnetii, Bartonella henselae, Bartonella quintana, and Ehrlichia chaffeensis was evaluated by indirect immunofluorescence assay in sera from 197 American Samoan adults. None of the samples had antibodies at a significant level against Rickettsia spp., Bartonella spp., Ehrlichia spp. or C. burnetii (seroprevalence 0%; one-tailed 95% CI 0-1.86%). We cannot conclude that these pathogens are absent in American Samoa but, if present, their prevalence is probably very low. Q fever has been reported worldwide except in New Zealand and French Polynesia; these new data suggest that the prevalence of Q fever is likely to be very low in the Pacific Islands.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5644,

title = {A novel Ehrlichial agent detected in tick in French Polynesia.},

author = {M Laroche and J Marie and O Mediannikov and L Almeras and J M Berenger and D Musso and P Parola},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Tick and Tick-Borne Diseases},

volume = {7},

pages = {1203-8},

abstract = {Ticks are hematophageous arthropods that are known to host and transmit miscellaneous pathogens including zoonotic bacteria. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of tick-associated microorganisms in Tahiti, French Polynesia with molecular tools. A total of 658 ticks from two species including Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. and Rh. annulatus were collected with forceps on dogs and cattle respectively, or with a flag on pasture in several locations of Tahiti in 2013. Two Rickettsia belonging to the spotted fever group different from R. conorii and R. massiliae were detected by qPCR in two Rh. sanguineus s.l. ticks, but sequencing failed. A Rh. annulatus tick was found positive for a new ehrlichial agent characterized by amplification and sequencing of fragments of the Anaplasmataceae 23S and Ehrlichia 16S genes. Phylogenetic analyses based on the 23S and 16S sequences reveals that this bacterium is a new genotype, genetically close to Ehrlichia minasensis, a recently described Ehrlichia sp. close to Ehrlichia canis.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5640,

title = {Association between Guillain-Barré syndrome and Zika virus infection - Authors' reply.},

author = {A Fontanet and V M Cao-Lormeau and T Dub and H P Mallet and F Ghawche},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Lancet},

volume = {387},

pages = {2600},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5646,

title = {Bilan de l’épidémie à virus Zika survenue en Polynésie française entre octobre 2013 et mars 2014.},

author = {H P Mallet and A L Vial and D Musso},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {BEH},

volume = {20-21},

pages = {367-73},

abstract = {Dans le contexte actuel d'émergence globale du virus Zika, nous rapportons les données épidémio-cliniques de l'épidémie survenue en Polynésie française (région Pacifique) entre octobre 2013 et mars 2014. Les données de surveillance sentinelle syndromique, utilisant une définition de cas originale, couplées au diagnostic par biologie moléculaire ont permis la surveillance de l'épidémie et la description des cas cliniques confirmés. Les premiers clusters de syndromes éruptifs ont été détectés début octobre 2013 et l'identification du virus Zika a été faite par l'Institut Louis Malardé le 30 octobre 2013. Durant les six mois d'épidémie, il a été estimé qu'un total de 32 000 cas suspects avait consulté (11,5% de la population), avec un pic atteint dès la 8e semaine. Les signes cliniques les plus fréquemment rapportés pour les 297 cas confirmés et investigués étaient : éruption maculo-papuleuse (93%), asthénie (78%), fièvre ressentie (72%), arthralgies (65%), hyperhémie conjonctivale (63%). La durée moyenne de l'épisode aigu était de six jours. Des complications neurologiques ou auto-immunes suspectées d'être liées à l'infection par le virus Zika ont été observées pendant l'épidémie. En particulier, 42 cas de syndromes de Guillain-Barré ont été décrits, pour lesquels le lien de causalité a été prouvé a posteriori. Cette épidémie a été la première épidémie de Zika d'importance décrite de manière exhaustive et à l'origine de formes sévères. La souche de virus Zika qui a émergé en Polynésie française a gagné en 2014 le reste du Pacifique et est probablement celle qui circule dans les Amériques depuis 2015.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5672,

title = {Clinical management of pregnant women exposed to Zika virus: an update.},

author = {M Vouga and D Musso and A Panchaud and D Baud},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Lancet Infect Dis},

volume = {16},

pages = {773},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5671,

title = {CDC guidelines for pregnant womenduring the Zika virus outbreak.},

author = {M Vouga and D Musso and T V Mieghem and D Baud},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Lancet},

volume = {387},

pages = {843-4},

abstract = {Zika virus is attracting worldwide attention and everyone fears its potential dramatic effects on the fetal brain. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) have recently published interim guidelines on management of pregnant women exposed to Zika virus.1 We do, however, have some comments on these recommendations.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5661,

title = {Chikungunya Virus Uveitis during French Polynesia Outbreak, 2014-2015.},

author = {T Nhan and T Fallevoz and J J De Pina and V Richard and D Musso},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Clinical Case Reports},

volume = {6},

abstract = {Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an emerging arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) of the genus Alphavirus in the family Togaviridae. CHIKV is transmitted by the bite of infected mosquitoes; materno-foetal transmission and transmission via corneal graft have been reported. During the poast decade, the status of chikungunya has changed, from a relatively uncommon and poorly documented disease, to an emerging disease, and now to a global public health concern. CHIKV now circulates in all inhabited continents. From 2011, CHIKV merged in the Pacific region and was responsible for a massive outbreak in French Polynesia in 2014-2015 affecting about 25% of the population in a context of co-circulation with dengue virus (DENV). CHIKV mainly causes acute fever and severe and persistent polyarthralgia. Ocular involvement has been described during chikungunya fever but few were well-documented. We herein report a laboratory-confirmed case of CHIKV-associated uveitis during the French Polynesia outbreak.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5647,

title = {Ciguatera fish poisoning: Incidence, health costs and risk perception on Moorea Island (Society archipelago, French Polynesia).},

author = {E Morin and C M Gatti and T Bambridge and M Chinain},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Harmful Algae},

volume = {60},

pages = {1-10},

abstract = {Ciguatera Fish Poisoning (CFP) is a non-bacterial seafood poisoning well characterized in the remote archipelagos of French Polynesia, yet poorly documented in the Society archipelago, most notably on Moorea, the second most populated island in French Polynesia, which counts a high proportion of fishermen fishing on a regular basis. To address this knowledge gap, a holistic study of the ciguatera issue was conducted on Moorea. First, ciguatera risk was analysed in terms of incidence rate, fish species most commonly involved and risk stratification in Moorea lagoon based on 20072013 epidemiological data. A mean incidence rate of 8 cases per 10,000 inhabitants for the study period and an average under-reporting rate of 54% were found. Taking into account hospitalization and medication fees, and loss of productive days, the health-related costs due to CFP were estimated to be USD $1613 and $749 for each reported and unreported case, respectively, with an overall cost of USD $241,847 for the study period. Comparison of the present status of CFP on Moorea with a risk map established in the late 1970’s showed that the spatial distribution of the risk has stayed relatively stable in time, with the north shore of the island remaining the most prone to ciguatera. Evaluation of the current knowledge on CFP among different populations groups, i.e. fishermen, residents and visitors, was also conducted through direct and indirect interviews. About half of the fishermen interviewed were actually able to identify risky fishing areas. While, overall, the CFP risk perception in the fishing community of Moorea seemed accurate, although not scientifically complete, it was sufficient for the safe practice of their fishing activities. This may be due in part to adaptive responses adopted by 36% of the fishermen interviewed, such as the avoidance of either high-risk fishing sites or toxic species. At the residents and visitors’ level, the study points out a striking lack of awareness of the CFP issue among visitors, as compared to local residents. Indeed, less than 25% of Moorea visitors vs. an average of 98% in residents were aware of CFP or of its presence on the island. Interestingly, evaluation of the fish consumption preferences showed that 70% of visitors do not consume lagoon fish during their stay, not for fear of CFP, but mainly due to the lack of availability of these species in recreational facilities or because they have nutritional preference for pelagic fish. This lack of awareness, along with the report by several CFP patients of the consumption of fish species yet banned for sale, stress the need for improved communication efforts on this critical issue among both residents and visitors on Moorea. The implementation of a public outreach strategy is proposed, based on both existing information networks and low-cost communication actions through information displays at various strategic locations, e.g. Tahiti-Faa’a international airport, the ferry boat station, recreational facilities, as well as the major trading points on Moorea Island.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5642,

title = {Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.},

author = {J C Lagier and S Khelaifia and A M Tidjani and S Ndongo and N Dione and P Hugon and A Caputo and F Cadoret and S Traore and E H Seck and G Dubourg and G Durand and G Mourembou and E Guilhot and A Togo and S Bellali and D Bachar and N Cassir and F Bittar and J and Delerce},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Nature Microbiol},

volume = {1},

pages = {doi: 10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.203.},

abstract = {Metagenomics revolutionized the understanding of the relations among the human microbiome, health and diseases, but generated a countless number of sequences that have not been assigned to a known microorganism1. The pure culture of prokaryotes, neglected in recent decades, remains essential to elucidating the role of these organisms2. We recently introduced microbial culturomics, a culturing approach that uses multiple culture conditions and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight and 16S rRNA for identification2. Here, we have selected the best culture conditions to increase the number of studied samples and have applied new protocols (fresh-sample inoculation; detection of microcolonies and specific cultures of Proteobacteria and microaerophilic and halophilic prokaryotes) to address the weaknesses of the previous studies3-5. We identified 1,057 prokaryotic species, thereby adding 531 species to the human gut repertoire: 146 bacteria known in humans but not in the gut, 187 bacteria and 1 archaea not previously isolated in humans, and 197 potentially new species. Genome sequencing was performed on the new species. By comparing the results of the metagenomic and culturomic analyses, we show that the use of culturomics allows the culture of organisms corresponding to sequences previously not assigned. Altogether, culturomics doubles the number of species isolated at least once from the human gut.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5629,

title = {Clinical management of pregnant women exposed to zika virus.},

author = {D Baud and T V Mieghem and D Musso and A C Truttmann and A Panchaud and M Vouga},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Lancet Infect Dis},

volume = {16},

pages = {523},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5628,

title = {Congenital Zika syndrome: time to harness shared data centralized in an international registry.},

author = {D Baud and P Gerardin and A Merriam and M P Alves and D Musso and B Genton and A Panchaud},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {BMJ},

volume = {354},

abstract = {ObjectivesTo provide contemporary estimates of the prevalence of microcephaly in Europe, determine if the diagnosis of microcephaly is consistent across Europe, and evaluate whether changes in prevalence would be detected using the current European surveillance performed by EUROCAT (the European Surveillance of Congenital Anomalies).

Design Questionnaire and population based observational study.

Setting 24 EUROCAT registries covering 570 000 births annually in 15 countries.

Participants Cases of microcephaly not associated with a genetic condition among live births, fetal deaths from 20 weeks’ gestation, and terminations of pregnancy for fetal anomaly at any gestation.

Main outcome measures Prevalence of microcephaly (1 Jan 2003-31 Dec 2012) analysed with random effects Poisson regression models to account for heterogeneity across registries.

Results

16 registries responded to the questionnaire, of which 44% (7/16) used the EUROCAT definition of microcephaly (a reduction in the size of the brain with a skull circumference more than 3 SD below the mean for sex, age, and ethnic origin), 19% (3/16) used a 2 SD cut off, 31% (5/16) were reliant on the criteria used by individual clinicians, and one changed criteria between 2003 and 2012. Prevalence of microcephaly in Europe was 1.53 (95% confidence interval 1.16 to 1.96) per 10 000 births, with registries varying from 0.4 (0.2 to 0.7) to 4.3 (3.6 to 5.0) per 10 000 (?2=338},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5659,

title = {Detection of chikungunya virus in saliva and urine},

author = {D Musso and A Teissier and E Rouault and S Teururai and J J De Pina},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Virol J},

volume = {13},

pages = {102},

abstract = {BackgroundSaliva and urine have been used for arthropod-borne viruses molecular detection but not yet for chikungunya virus (CHIKV). We investigated the use of saliva and urine for molecular detection of CHIKV during the French Polynesian outbreak.

Methods

During the French Polynesian chikungunya outbreak (20142015), we collected the same day blood and saliva samples from 60 patients with probable chikungunya (47 during the 1st week post symptoms onset and 13 after), urine was available for 39 of them. All samples were tested using a CHIKV reverse-transcription PCR.

Results

Forty eight patients had confirmed chikungunya. For confirmed chikungunya presenting during the 1st week post symptoms onset, CHIKV RNA was detected from 86.1 % (31/36) of blood, 58.3 % (21/36) of saliva and 8.3 % (2/24) of urine. Detection rate of CHIKV RNA was significantly higher in blood compared to saliva. For confirmed chikungunya presenting after the 1st week post symptoms onset, CHIKV RNA was detected from 8.3 % (1/12) of blood, 8.3 % (1/12) of saliva and 0 % (0/8) of urine.

Conclusions

In contrast to Zika virus (ZIKV), saliva did not increased the detection rate of CHIKV RNA during the 1st week post symptoms onset. In contrast to ZIKV, dengue virus and West Nile virus, urine did not enlarged the window of detection of CHIKV RNA after the 1st week post symptoms onset. Saliva can be used for molecular detection of CHIKV during the 1st week post symptoms onset only if blood is impossible to collect but with a lower sensitivity compared to blood.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5654,

title = {Documentation of transfusion-transmitted arbovirus infections in endemic areas.},

author = {D Musso and E Gould and M C Lanteri},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Transfusion},

volume = {56},

pages = {3143-4},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5639,

title = {Dengue virus sero-cross-reactivity drives antibody-dependent enhancement of infection with zika virus.},

author = {D Dejnirattisai and P Supasa and W Wongwiwat and A Rouvinski and G Barba-Spaeth and T Duangchinda and A Sakuntabhai and V M Cao-Lormeau and P Malasit and F A Rey and J Mongkolsapaya and G R Screaton},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Nature Immunology},

volume = {17},

pages = {1102-8},

abstract = {Zika virus (ZIKV) was discovered in 1947 and was thought to lead to relatively mild disease. The recent explosive outbreak of ZIKV in South America has led to widespread concern, with reports of neurological sequelae ranging from Guillain Barré syndrome to microcephaly. ZIKV infection has occurred in areas previously exposed to dengue virus (DENV), a flavivirus closely related to ZIKV. Here we investigated the serological cross-reaction between the two viruses. Plasma immune to DENV showed substantial cross-reaction to ZIKV and was able to drive antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of ZIKV infection. Using a panel of human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to DENV, we showed that most antibodies that reacted to DENV envelope protein also reacted to ZIKV. Antibodies to linear epitopes, including the immunodominant fusion-loop epitope, were able to bind ZIKV but were unable to neutralize the virus and instead promoted ADE. Our data indicate that immunity to DENV might drive greater ZIKV replication and have clear implications for disease pathogenesis and future vaccine programs for ZIKV and DENV.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5667,

title = {Evidence of the bioaccumulation of ciguatoxins in giant clams (Tridacna maxima) exposed to Gambierdiscus spp. Cells.},

author = {M Roué and H T Darius and S Picot and A Ung and J Viallon and N Gaertner-Mazouni and M Sibat and Z Amzil and M Chinain},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Harmful Algae},

volume = {57},

pages = {78-87},

abstract = {Ciguatera Fish Poisoning (CFP) is a foodborne disease classically related to the consumption of tropical coral reef fishes contaminated with ciguatoxins (CTXs), neurotoxins produced by dinoflagellates of the Gambierdiscus genus. Severe atypical ciguatera-like incidents involving giant clams, a marine resource highly consumed in the South Pacific, are also frequently reported in many Pacific Islands Countries and Territories. The present study was designed to assess the ability of giant clams to accumulate CTXs in their tissues and highlight the potential health risks associated with their consumption. Since giant clams are likely to be exposed to both free-swimming Gambierdiscus cells and dissolved CTXs in natural environment, ex situ contamination experiments were conducted as follows: giant clams were exposed to live or lyzed cells of TB92, a highly toxic strain of G. polynesiensis containing 5.83 ± 0.85 pg P-CTX-3C equiv. cell-1vs. HIT0, a weakly toxic strain of G. toxicus containing only (2.05 ± 1.16) × 10-3 pg P-CTX-3C equiv. cell-1, administered over a 48 h period at a concentration of 150 cells mL-1. The presence of CTXs in giant clams tissues was further assessed using the mouse neuroblastoma cell-based assay (CBA-N2a). Results showed that giant clams exposed to either lyzed or live cells of TB92 were able to bioaccumulate CTXs at concentrations well above the safety limit recommended for human consumption, i.e. 3.28 ± 1.37 and 2.92 ± 1.03 ng P-CTX-3C equiv. g-1 flesh (wet weight), respectively, which represented approximately 3% of the total toxin load administered to the animals. In contrast, giant clams exposed to live or lyzed cells of HIT0 were found to be free of toxins, suggesting that in the nature, the risk of contamination of these bivalves is established only in the presence of highly toxic blooms of Gambierdiscus. Liquid chromatographymass spectrometry (LCMS/MS) analyses confirmed CBA-N2a results and also revealed that P-CTX-3B was the major CTX congener retained in the tissues of giant clams fed with TB92 cells. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to provide evidence of the bioaccumulation of Gambierdiscus CTXs in giant clams and confirms that these bivalve molluscs can actually constitute another pathway in ciguatera poisonings. While most monitoring programs currently focus on fish toxicity, these findings stress the importance of a concomitant surveillance of these marine invertebrates in applicable locations for an accurate assessment of ciguatera risk.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5648,

title = {Emergence du virus Zika: ne pas confondre détection d'anticorps lors d'études anciennes et circulation actuelle.},

author = {D Musso},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Virologie},

volume = {20},

pages = {145-6},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5660,

title = {Fatal leptospirosis and chikungunya co-infection: do not forget leptospirosis during chinkungunya outbreaks.},

author = {T Nhan and E Bonnieux and J J De Pina and D Musso},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {IDCases},

volume = {5},

abstract = {In endemic areas, leptospirosis can be missed by erroneous clinical or laboratory diagnosis of arboviroses or co-infections with arboviruses and an increase in mortality due to leptospirosis has already been reported during arboviruses outbreaks. During the French Polynesian chikungunya virus outbreak in 2014-2015, two leptospirosis and chikungunya co-infections were reported, one of which was fatal. Diagnosis of leptospiroses was delayed in the context of chikungunya outbreak. In the context of arbovirus outbreak, the risk of misdiagnosis of leptospirosis is maximum and clinicians should initiate early antibiotic therapy if leptospirosis is suspected. A delayed diagnosis of leptospirosis can be responsible for fatal outcome. Leptospirosis should be considered even if dengue or chikungunya virus infections are confirmed by reference molecular testing.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5641,

title = {Fluorescent receptor binding assay for detecting ciguatoxins in fish.},

author = {D R Hardison and W C Holland and J R McCall and A J Bourdelais and D G Baden and H T Darius and M Chinain and P A Tester and D Shea and Jr. J A Morris and R W Litaker},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {PLOS One},

volume = {11},

pages = {e0153348},

abstract = {Ciguatera fish poisoning is an illness suffered by > 50,000 people yearly after consumption of fish containing ciguatoxins (CTXs). One of the current methodologies to detect ciguatoxins in fish is a radiolabeled receptor binding assay (RBA(R)). However, the license requirements and regulations pertaining to radioisotope utilization can limit the applicability of the RBA(R) in certain labs. A fluorescence based receptor binding assay (RBA(F)) was developed to provide an alternative method of screening fish samples for CTXs in facilities not certified to use radioisotopes. The new assay is based on competition binding between CTXs and fluorescently labeled brevetoxin-2 (BODIPY®- PbTx-2) for voltage-gated sodium channel receptors at site 5 instead of a radiolabeled brevetoxin. Responses were linear in fish tissues spiked from 0.1 to 1.0 ppb with Pacific ciguatoxin-3C (P-CTX-3C) with a detection limit of 0.075 ppb. Carribean ciguatoxins were confirmed in Caribbean fish by LC-MS/MS analysis of the regional biomarker (C-CTX-1). Fish (N = 61) of six different species were screened using the RBA(F). Results for corresponding samples analyzed using the neuroblastoma cell-based assay (CBA-N2a) correlated well (R2 = 0.71) with those of the RBA(F), given the low levels of CTX present in positive fish. Data analyses also showed the resulting toxicity levels of P-CTX-3C equivalents determined by CBA-N2a were consistently lower than the RBA(F) affinities expressed as % binding equivalents, indicating that a given amount of toxin bound to the site 5 receptors translates into corresponding lower cytotoxicity. Consequently, the RBA(F), which takes approximately two hours to perform, provides a generous estimate relative to the widely used CBA-N2a which requires 2.5 days to complete. Other RBA(F) advantages include the long-term (> 5 years) stability of the BODIPY®- PbTx-2 and having similar results as the commonly used RBA(R). The RBA(F) is cost-effective, allows high sample throughput, and is well-suited for routine CTX monitoring programs.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5668,

title = {Genome sequence of a candidate World Health Organization reference strain for Zika virus for nucleic acid testing.},

author = {J H Trosemeier and D Musso and J Bluemel and J Thézé and O Pybus and S Baylis},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Genome Announcement},

volume = {4},

pages = {pii: e00917-16},

abstract = {We report here the sequence of a candidate reference strain of Zika virus (ZIKV) developed on behalf of the World Health Organization (WHO). The ZIKV reference strain is intended for use in nucleic acid amplification (NAT)-based assays for the detection and quantification of ZIKV RNA.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5637,

title = {Genome sequence and description of Actinomyces polynesiensis str. MS2 sp. nov. isolated from the human gut.},

author = {T Cimmino and S Metidji and N Labas and S Le Page and D Musso and D Raoult},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {New Microbes New Infections},

volume = {12},

pages = {1-5},

abstract = {Actinomyces polynesiensis strain MS2 gen. nov., sp. nov. is a newly proposed genus within the family Actinomycetaceae, isolated from the stools of a healthy individual in Raiatea Island (French Polynesia, South Pacific). Actinomyces massiliensis is an anaerobic, Gram-positive organism. Here we describe the features of this organism, together with the complete genome sequence and annotation-2 943 271 bp with a 70.80% G+C content, assembled into 15 scaffolds and containing 2080 genes.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5633,

title = {Guillain-Barré Syndrome outbreak associated with Zika virus infection in French Polynesia: a case-control study.},

author = {V M Cao-Lormeau and V M Blake and S Mons and S Lastere and C Roche and J Vanhomwegen and T Dub and L Baudouin and A Teissier and P Larre and A L Vial and C Decam and V Choumet and S K Halstead and H J Willison and L Musset and J C Manuguerra and P Despres and Fournie},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Lancet},

volume = {387},

pages = {1531-9},

abstract = {BackgroundBetween October, 2013, and April, 2014, French Polynesia experienced the largest Zika virus outbreak ever described at that time. During the same period, an increase in Guillain-Barré syndrome was reported, suggesting a possible association between Zika virus and Guillain-Barré syndrome. We aimed to assess the role of Zika virus and dengue virus infection in developing Guillain-Barré syndrome.

Methods

In this case-control study, cases were patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome diagnosed at the Centre Hospitalier de Polynésie Française (Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia) during the outbreak period. Controls were age-matched, sex-matched, and residence-matched patients who presented at the hospital with a non-febrile illness (control group 1; n=98) and age-matched patients with acute Zika virus disease and no neurological symptoms (control group 2; n=70). Virological investigations included RT-PCR for Zika virus, and both microsphere immunofluorescent and seroneutralisation assays for Zika virus and dengue virus. Anti-glycolipid reactivity was studied in patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome using both ELISA and combinatorial microarrays.

Findings

42 patients were diagnosed with Guillain-Barré syndrome during the study period. 41 (98%) patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome had anti-Zika virus IgM or IgG, and all (100%) had neutralising antibodies against Zika virus compared with 54 (56%) of 98 in control group 1 (p<0·0001). 39 (93%) patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome had Zika virus IgM and 37 (88%) had experienced a transient illness in a median of 6 days (IQR 410) before the onset of neurological symptoms, suggesting recent Zika virus infection. Patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome had electrophysiological findings compatible with acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN) type, and had rapid evolution of disease (median duration of the installation and plateau phases was 6 [IQR 49] and 4 days [310], respectively). 12 (29%) patients required respiratory assistance. No patients died. Anti-glycolipid antibody activity was found in 13 (31%) patients, and notably against GA1 in eight (19%) patients, by ELISA and 19 (46%) of 41 by glycoarray at admission. The typical AMAN-associated anti-ganglioside antibodies were rarely present. Past dengue virus history did not differ significantly between patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome and those in the two control groups (95%, 89%, and 83%, respectively).

Interpretation

This is the first study providing evidence for Zika virus infection causing Guillain-Barré syndrome. Because Zika virus is spreading rapidly across the Americas, at risk countries need to prepare for adequate intensive care beds capacity to manage patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome.

Funding

Labex Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases, EU 7th framework program PREDEMICS. and Wellcome Trust.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5631,

title = {Genetic Diversity and Phylogeny of Aedes aegypti, the Main Arbovirus Vector in the Pacific.},

author = {E Calvez and L Guillaumot and L Millet and J Marie and H C Bossin and V Rama and A Faamoe and S Kilama and M Teurlai and F Mathieu-Daudé and M Dupont-Rouzeyrol},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Plos Neg Trop Dis},

volume = {10},

pages = {e0004374},

abstract = {The Pacific region is an area unique in the world, composed of thousands of islands with differing climates and environments. The spreading and establishment of the mosquito Aedes aegypti in these islands might be linked to human migration. Ae. aegypti is the major vector of arboviruses (dengue, chikungunya and Zika viruses) in the region. The intense circulation of these viruses in the Pacific during the last decade led to an increase of vector control measures by local health authorities. The aim of this study is to analyze the genetic relationships among Ae. aegypti populations in this region.Methodology/Principal Finding

We studied the genetic variability and population genetics of 270 Ae. aegypti, sampled from 9 locations in New Caledonia, Fiji, Tonga and French Polynesia by analyzing nine microsatellites and two mitochondrial DNA regions (CO1 and ND4). Microsatellite markers revealed heterogeneity in the genetic structure between the western, central and eastern Pacific island countries. The microsatellite markers indicate a statistically moderate differentiation (FST = 0.136; P < = 0.001) in relation to island isolation. A high degree of mixed ancestry can be observed in the most important towns (e.g. Noumea, Suva and Papeete) compared with the most isolated islands (e.g. Ouvea and Vaitahu). Phylogenetic analysis indicated that most of samples are related to Asian and American specimens.

Conclusions/Significance

Our results suggest a link between human migrations in the Pacific region and the origin of Ae. aegypti populations. The genetic pattern observed might be linked to the island isolation and to the different environmental conditions or ecosystems.

Author Summary

Aedes aegypti is the major arbovirus vector in the Pacific region. The spread of this mosquito in the different islands seems to be linked to human activities at the beginning of the twentieth century. Since 2010, occurrence of arbovirus outbreaks increased in this region, with the co-circulation of dengue, chikungunya and Zika viruses. The lack of vaccines and treatments for these pathogens led the health authorities to implement vector control measures. In this study, we present the genetic structure and the phylogenetic data obtained from the analysis of 270 Ae. aegypti collected in the Pacific region. The infestation of the islands seems to have American and Asian origins. The genetic structure of the vector populations indicates a differentiation of the mosquitoes between the western, central and eastern Pacific island countries and the specific island isolation context. This differentiation could be related to the different environmental conditions in each island country.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5664,

title = {How did Zika virus emerge in the Pacific islands and Latin America?},

author = {J H Pettersson and V Eldholm and S J Seligman and A Lundvist and A K Falconar and M W Gaunt and D Musso and A Nougairede and R Charel and E A Gould and X De Lamballerie},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {MBio},

volume = {7},

pages = {pii: e01239-16},

abstract = {The unexpected emergence of Zika virus (ZIKV) in the Pacific Islands and Latin America and its association with congenital Zika virus syndrome (CZVS) (which includes microcephaly) and Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) have stimulated wide-ranging research. High densities of susceptible Aedes spp., immunologically naive human populations, global population growth with increased urbanization, and escalation of global transportation of humans and commercial goods carrying vectors and ZIKV undoubtedly enhanced the emergence of ZIKV. However, flavivirus mutations accumulate with time, increasing the likelihood that genetic viral differences are determinants of change in viral phenotype. Based on comparative ZIKV complete genome phylogenetic analyses and temporal estimates, we identify amino acid substitutions that may be associated with increased viral epidemicity, CZVS, and GBS. Reverse genetics, vector competence, and seroepidemiological studies will test our hypothesis that these amino acid substitutions are determinants of epidemic and neurotropic ZIKV emergence.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5630,

title = {Inactivation and removal of Zika virus during manufacture of plasma derived medicinal products.},

author = {J Blumel and D Musso and T Miyabayashi and K Boller and B S Schnierle and S A Baylis},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Transfusion},

volume = {57},

pages = {790-6},

abstract = {BackgroundZika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging mosquito-borne Flavivirus of major public health concern. The potential for ZIKV transmission by blood transfusion has been demonstrated; however, inactivation or removal of ZIKV during the manufacture of plasma-derived medicinal products has not been specifically investigated.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Inactivation of ZIKV by pasteurization and solvent/detergent (S/D) treatment was investigated by spiking high-titer ZIKV stocks into human serum albumin and applying either heat or adding different mixtures of S/D reagents and assaying for infectious virus particles. Removal of ZIKV was evaluated using filters of differing pore sizes (75, 40, 35, and 19 nm), assaying for infectious virus and RNA. Electron microscopy was performed to determine the size of ZIKV particles. Neutralization of virus infectivity by immunoglobulins was investigated.

Results

ZIKV was effectively and rapidly inactivated by liquid heat treatment as well as by various mixtures of S/D reagents with reduction factors more than 4 log, in each case. Effective reduction of ZIKV infectivity was demonstrated for virus filtration for filters with average pore sizes of not more than 40 nm, although a significant proportion of virus RNA was detected in the 40- to 35-nm filtrates likely due to the presence of subviral particles observed by electron microscopy. None of the immunoglobulin preparations investigated neutralized ZIKV infectivity.

Conclusions

Pasteurization and S/D treatment very rapidly inactivated ZIKV and filters with a pore size of not more than 40 nm removed all infectious ZIKV, demonstrating the effectiveness of these virus reduction strategies used during the manufacture of plasma-derived medicinal products.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5626,

title = {Inactivation of Zika virus in plasma with amotosalen and ultraviolet A illumination.},

author = {M Aubry and V Richard and J Green and J Broult and D Musso},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Transfusion},

volume = {56},

pages = {33-40},

abstract = {Background(ZIKV) is an arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) transmitted by mosquitoes. The potential for ZIKV transmission through blood transfusion was demonstrated during the ZIKV outbreak that occurred in French Polynesia from October 2013 to April 2014. Pathogen inactivation of blood products is a proactive strategy that provides the potential to reduce transfusion-transmitted diseases. Inactivation of arboviruses by amotosalen and ultraviolet A (UVA) illumination was previously demonstrated for chikungunya, West Nile, and dengue viruses. We report here the efficiency of this process for ZIKV inactivation of human plasma.

Study design and methods

Plasma units were spiked with ZIKV. Viral titers and RNA loads were measured in plasma before and after amotosalen and UVA photochemical treatment.

Results

The mean ZIKV titers and RNA loads in plasma before inactivation were respectively 6.57 log TCID50 /mL and 10.25 log copies/mL. After inactivation, the mean ZIKV RNA loads was 9.51 log copies/mL, but cell cultures inoculated with inactivated plasma did not result in infected cells and did not produce any replicative virus after one passage, nor detectable viral RNA from the second passage.

Conclusion

In this study we demonstrate that amotosalen combined with UVA light inactivates ZIKV in fresh-frozen plasma. This inactivation process is of particular interest to prevent plasma transfusion-transmitted ZIKV infections in areas such as French Polynesia, where several arboviruses are cocirculating.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5657,

title = {Molecular detection of Zika virus in blood and RNA load determination during the French Polynesian outbreak.},

author = {D Musso and E Rouault and A Teissier and M C Lanteri and K Zisou and J Broult and E Grange and T Nhan and M Aubry},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {J Med Virol},

volume = {89},

pages = {1505-10},

abstract = {BackgroundZika virus (ZIKV) viremia is reported as low and transient, however, these estimates rely on limited data. We report RNA loads in sera collected from symptomatic patients during the 2013-2014 French Polynesian ZIKV outbreak.

Methods

We performed molecular detection of ZIKV RNA in sera from 747 patients presenting with suspected acute phase ZIKV infection. Among patients with confirmed infection, we analyzed the duration of viremia, assessed viral RNA loads and recorded the main clinical symptoms.

Results

A total of 210/747 (28.1%) sera tested positive using a ZIKV-specific RT-PCR. Viral RNA loads in symptomatic patients that ranged from 5 to 3.7 × 106 copies/mL (mean 9.9 × 104 copies/mL) were not related to a particular clinical presentation, and were significantly lower than those previously obtained from asymptomatic ZIKV infected blood donors.

Conclusions

The rate of detection of ZIKV RNA in sera from suspected cases of acute phase ZIKV infection was low. ZIKV RNA loads were lower in symptomatic patients compared to asymptomatic blood donors and were lower than RNA loads usually reported in dengue infections. As there is no abrupt onset of symptoms in ZIKV infections, we suggest that infected patients sought for medical attention when viremia was already decreasing or had resolved.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5663,

title = {Rickettsia felis: the next mosquito-borne outbreak ?},

author = {P Parola and D Musso and D Raoult},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Lancet Infect Dis},

volume = {16},

pages = {1112-3},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5650,

title = {Should testing of donors be restricted to active Zika virus areas?},

author = {D Musso and D Baud and D Freedman},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Lancet},

volume = {16},

pages = {1108-9},

abstract = {Jean Michel Mansuy and colleagues1 report the detection of Zika virus in the semen of a patient returning from a non-epidemic area, even while usual recommendations limit testing to only those returning from epidemic areas.1 However, categorisation of Zika-virus-affected countries by WHO, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), and others differ and are often discordant and their update cycles for recommendations for those exposed in endemic and epidemic areas vary in timeliness (appendix).},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5638,

title = {Simulating social-ecological systems: the Island Digital Ecosystem Avatars (IDEA) consortium.},

author = {N Davies and D Field and D Gavaghan and S J Holbrook and S Planes and M Troyer and M Bonsall and J Claudet and G Roderick and R J Schmitt and L A Zettler and V Berteaux and H C Bossin and C Cabasse and A Collin and J Deck and T Dell and J Dunne and Gates and M and Harfoot},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {GigaSciences},

volume = {5},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5636,

title = {Studies on the benthic genus Sinophysis (Dinophysales, Dinophyceae) II. S. canaliculata from Rapa Island (French Polynesia).},

author = {N Chomerat and C M Gatti and E Nezan and M Chinain},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Phycologia},

volume = {56},

pages = {193-203},

abstract = {The poorly known dinoflagellate Sinophysis canaliculata, which was originally described from the Indian Ocean, was abundant in a collection from 2015 from Rapa Iti, a small, remote island of French Polynesia. Since the taxonomic description of this species was incomplete, a detailed morphological study was carried out. The theca was studied with epifluorescence microscopy using Solophenyl Flavine 7GFE500, a fluorescent dye specific to cellulose. This fluorophore was used successfully for the first time with a thecate dinoflagellate. It has the advantage of using blue excitation light and avoids the fading of fluorescence encountered with other dyes with long excitation time. Using this technique and high-resolution field emission scanning electron microscopy, the thecal plate pattern was clarified, and the epitheca had six major plates, 4E and 2A. A conspicuous apical pore was present on the left side of the epitheca. A smaller pore was located on the ventral left side of the apical pore. The apical plates A1 and A2 formed prominent projections which encircled and partly covered the pores. This thecal pattern agreed with the recent emended description of the genus. Two additional platelets, visible only from inside the cell, were possibly present in contact with the pores. In addition, the 
‘canal' cut on the left hypothecal plate H2 had a slit at its base. Seen from the inside, the slit was actually a sieve-like area comprising several small pores with a diameter of 80100 nm. We hypothesise that this novel structure functions in the extrusion of mucus threads.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5635,

title = {Structure in the variability of the basic reproductive number (R0) for Zika epidemics in the Pacific islands.},

author = {C Champagne and D G Salthouse and R Paul and V M Cao-Lormeau and B Roche and B Cazelles},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Elife},

volume = {5},

pages = {e19874},

abstract = {Before the outbreak that reached the Americas in 2015, Zika virus (ZIKV) circulated in Asia and the Pacific: these past epidemics can be highly informative on the key parameters driving virus transmission, such as the basic reproduction number (R0). We compare two compartmental models with different mosquito representations, using surveillance and seroprevalence data for several ZIKV outbreaks in Pacific islands (Yap, Micronesia 2007, Tahiti and Moorea, French Polynesia 2013-2014, New Caledonia 2014). Models are estimated in a stochastic framework with recent Bayesian techniques. R0 for the Pacific ZIKV epidemics is estimated between 1.5 and 4.1, the smallest islands displaying higher and more variable values. This relatively low range of R0 suggests that intervention strategies developed for other flaviviruses should enable as, if not more effective control of ZIKV. Our study also highlights the importance of seroprevalence data for precise quantitative analysis of pathogen propagation, to design prevention and control strategies.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5627,

title = {Structural basis of potent Zikadengue virus antibody cross-neutralization.},

author = {G Barba-Spaeth and W Dejnirattisai and A Rouvinski and M C Vaney and I Medits and A Sharma and E Simon-Loriere and A Sakuntabhai and V M Cao-Lormeau and A Haouz and P England and K Stiasny and J Mongkolsapaya and F X Heinz and G R Screaton and F A Rey},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Nature},

volume = {536},

pages = {48-53},

abstract = {Zika virus is a member of the Flavivirus genus that had not been associated with severe disease in humans until the recent outbreaks, when it was linked to microcephaly in newborns in Brazil and to Guillain-Barré syndrome in adults in French Polynesia. Zika virus is related to dengue virus, and here we report that a subset of antibodies targeting a conformational epitope isolated from patients with dengue virus also potently neutralize Zika virus. The crystal structure of two of these antibodies in complex with the envelope protein of Zika virus reveals the details of a conserved epitope, which is also the site of interaction of the envelope protein dimer with the precursor membrane (prM) protein during virus maturation. Comparison of the Zika and dengue virus immunocomplexes provides a lead for rational, epitope-focused design of a universal vaccine capable of eliciting potent cross-neutralizing antibodies to protect simultaneously against both Zika and dengue virus infections.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5656,

title = {Thoughts around the Zika virus crisis.},

author = {D Musso and M C Lanteri},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Current Infectious Diseases Reports},

volume = {18},

pages = {46},

abstract = {As a lot of reviews are available on Zika virus (ZIKV), in this short commentary, we will focus on the recent advances and gaps in knowledge regarding our understanding of ZIKV infections and on the reaction to the "ZIKV crisis."},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5675,

title = {Amotosalen and ultraviolet a light inactivate Zika virus in plasma.},

author = {M Aubry and V Richard and J Green and J Broult and D Musso},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Vox Sanguinis},

volume = {109},

pages = {309-10},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5681,

title = {Biology of Zika virus infection in human skin cells.},

author = {R Hamel and O Dejarnac and S Wichit and P Ekchariyawat and A Neyret and L Natthanej and M Perera-Lecoin and P Surasombatpattana and L Talignani and F Thomas and V M Cao-Lormeau and V Choumet and L Briant and P Despres and A Amara and H Yssel and D Missé},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {J Virol Methods},

volume = {89},

pages = {8880-96},

abstract = {Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging arbovirus of the Flaviviridae family, which includes dengue, West Nile, yellow fever, and Japanese encephalitis viruses, that causes a mosquito-borne disease transmitted by the Aedes genus, with recent outbreaks in the South Pacific. Here we examine the importance of human skin in the entry of ZIKV and its contribution to the induction of antiviral immune responses. We show that human dermal fibroblasts, epidermal keratinocytes, and immature dendritic cells are permissive to the most recent ZIKV isolate, responsible for the epidemic in French Polynesia. Several entry and/or adhesion factors, including DC-SIGN, AXL, Tyro3, and, to a lesser extent, TIM-1, permitted ZIKV entry, with a major role for the TAM receptor AXL. The ZIKV permissiveness of human skin fibroblasts was confirmed by the use of a neutralizing antibody and specific RNA silencing. ZIKV induced the transcription of Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), RIG-I, and MDA5, as well as several interferon-stimulated genes, including OAS2, ISG15, and MX1, characterized by strongly enhanced beta interferon gene expression. ZIKV was found to be sensitive to the antiviral effects of both type I and type II interferons. Finally, infection of skin fibroblasts resulted in the formation of autophagosomes, whose presence was associated with enhanced viral replication, as shown by the use of Torin 1, a chemical inducer of autophagy, and the specific autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine. The results presented herein permit us to gain further insight into the biology of ZIKV and to devise strategies aiming to interfere with the pathology caused by this emerging flavivirus.Importance

Zika virus (ZIKV) is an arbovirus belonging to the Flaviviridae family. Vector-mediated transmission of ZIKV is initiated when a blood-feeding female Aedes mosquito injects the virus into the skin of its mammalian host, followed by infection of permissive cells via specific receptors. Indeed, skin immune cells, including dermal fibroblasts, epidermal keratinocytes, and immature dendritic cells, were all found to be permissive to ZIKV infection. The results also show a major role for the phosphatidylserine receptor AXL as a ZIKV entry receptor and for cellular autophagy in enhancing ZIKV replication in permissive cells. ZIKV replication leads to activation of an antiviral innate immune response and the production of type I interferons in infected cells. Taken together, these results provide the first general insights into the interaction between ZIKV and its mammalian host.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5685,

title = {Clostridium polynesiense sp. nov., a new member of the human gut microbiota in French Polynesia.},

author = {S Metidji and J C Lagier and S Khelaifia and N Labas and D Musso and D Raoult and S A Sankar and P E Fournier},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Anaerobe},

volume = {36},

pages = {79-87},

abstract = {Strain MS1, a Gram-positive, obligately anaerobic, motile and spore-forming rod belonging to the Clostridium genus, was isolated from the feces of a healthy Polynesian male living in French Polynesia. The temperature range for growth was 30-45 °C. We sequenced its complete genome and studied its phenotypic characteristics. The 3,560,738-bp long genome (one chromosome, no plasmid, G + C content 34%) contained 3535 protein-coding and 70 RNA genes. Strain MS1 exhibited a 98.24% 16S rRNA similarity with Clostridium amylolyticum, the phylogenetically closest species. When compared with other Clostridium species with standing in nomenclature, it had an average genomic similarity of 68.8-70%, a unique MALDI-TOF spectrum, and differed in nitrate reduction, motility and L-arabinose and D-lactose metabolism with most of the closest species. Therefore, strain MS1 is sufficiently distinct from type strains of the genus Clostridium to represent a novel species within this genus, for which the name Clostridium polynesiense sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of C. polynesiense is MS1(T) (= CSUR P630 = DSM 27072).},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5676,

title = {Chikungunya outbreak, French Polynesia, 2014.},

author = {M Aubry and A Teissier and C Roche and V Richard and A Shan Yan and K Zisou and E Rouault and V Maria and S Lastere and V M Cao-Lormeau and D Musso},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Emerg Infect Dis},

volume = {21},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5693,

title = {Draft Genome Sequence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Strain MT43, a Representative of the Manu2 Genotype.},

author = {D A Osman and M Phelippeau and D Musso and C Robert and C Michelle and O Croce and M Drancourt},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Genome Announcement},

volume = {3},

pages = {e00579-15.},

abstract = {We announce the draft genome sequence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain MT43, isolated from a pulmonary form of tuberculosis in French Polynesia. Analyzing its 4,145,007-bp, 65.17% G+C chromosome confirmed a fully antibiotic-susceptible Manu2 spoligotype.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5694,

title = {Draft Genome Sequence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain MT11 representative of a new lineage.},

author = {D A Osman and M Phelippeau and D Musso and C Robert and C Michelle and O Croce and M Drancourt},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Genome Announcement},

volume = {3},

pages = {e00573-15},

abstract = {We sequenced the genome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain MT11, which exhibits a specific 16S rRNA gene mutation found in 6% of French Polynesian M. tuberculosis isolates. It comprises a 4,110,293-bp chromosome with 65.15% G+C content, and it encodes 3,949 proteins and contains 85 predicted RNA genes. The TbD1 region is absent in strain MT11 as in modern M.tuberculosis strains.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5689,

title = {Detection of Zika virus in saliva.},

author = {D Musso and C Roche and T Nhan and E Robin and A Teissier and V M Cao-Lormeau},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {J Clin Virol},

volume = {68},

pages = {53-5},

abstract = {BackgroundDuring the largest Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreak ever reported that occurred from October 2013 to March 2014 in French Polynesia, we observed that several patients presenting the symptoms of acute phase Zika fever were tested negative in blood by ZIKV real-time PCR (RT-PCR).

Objectives

As we have previously detected ZIKV RNA in the saliva of a young child, we investigated the use of saliva as an alternative sample for routine ZIKV RNA detection.

Study design

Over a 6 month period, 1,067 samples collected from 855 patients presenting symptoms of Zika fever (saliva only, blood only or both samples) were tested using a specific ZIKV RT-PCR. A medical questionnaire was available for most of the patients.

Results

ZIKV was more frequently detected in saliva compared to blood. For the 182 patients with both samples collected, tests were positive for 35 (19.2%) in saliva while negative in blood and tests were positive for 16 (8.8%) in blood while negative in saliva; the difference in mean days after symptoms onset and the percentage of the main symptoms of Zika fever for patients only positive in saliva or in blood was not significant.

Conclusion

The use of saliva sample increased the rate of molecular detection of ZIKV at the acute phase of the disease but did not enlarge the window of detection of ZIKV RNA. Saliva was of particular interest when blood was difficult to collect (children and neonates especially).},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5678,

title = {Distribution of rickettsioses in Oceania: past patterns and implications for the future.},

author = {B Dernie and P Weinstein and D Musso and C Lau},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Acta Trop},

volume = {143C},

pages = {121-33},

abstract = {Rickettsioses present a threat to human health worldwide, but relatively little is known on their epidemiology and ecology in Oceania. These bacteria are the cause of potentially fatal febrile illnesses in humans (categorized into scrub typhus, typhus group and spotted fever group rickettsioses). They are transmitted by arthropod vectors such as ticks, mites, fleas and lice, which are associated with vertebrate host animals including rodents and companion animals. We conducted a search in the scientific and grey literature of Rickettsia spp. and Orientia tsutsugamushi within the Oceania region. Human case reports, human serosurveys and PCR-based testing of vectors and host animals reviewed here highlight the widespread distribution of these pathogens in the region, with the majority of human serological and vector surveys reporting positive results. These findings suggest that rickettsioses may have a significantly higher burden of disease in Oceania than is currently appreciated due to diagnostic challenges. Furthermore, consideration of the ecology and risk factors for rickettsioses reported for Oceania suggests that their importance as a cause of undifferentiated acute febrile illness may grow in the future: environmental and social changes driven by predicted climate change and population growth have the potential to lead to the emergence of rickettsioses as a significant public health problem in Oceania.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5695,

title = {Epidemiology of nontuberculous mycobacteria in French Polynesia.},

author = {M Phelippeau and A O Djaltou and D Musso and M Drancourt},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {J Clin Microbiol},

volume = {23},

pages = {3798-3804},

abstract = {As few data are available in the Pacific countries and territories of the Oceania region regarding nontuberculous mycobacteria, we retrospectively identified 87 such isolates from French Polynesia from 2008 to 2013 by hybridization using DNA strip, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) and partial rpoB gene sequencing. Partial rpoB gene sequencing classified 42/87 (48.3%) isolates inthe Mycobacterium fortuitum complex, 28 (32.2%) in the Mycobacterium abscessus complex, 8 (9.2%) in the Mycobacterium mucogenicum complex and 5 (5.7%) in the Mycobacterium avium complex. Two isolates were identified as Mycobacterium acapulcensis and Mycobacterium cosmeticum by partial 16S rRNA gene sequencing. One isolate, unidentified by MALDI-TOF-MS and yielding less than 92% and 96% sequence similarity with rpoB and hsp65 reference sequences respectively, was regarded as a potentially new species. Three patients exhibiting ? two Mycobacterium porcinum isolates and one patient with emphysema and a lung abscess exhibiting two Mycobacterium senegalense isolates, fulfilled the American Thoracic Society microbiological criteria for nontuberculosis mycobacterial lung infection. Remote geographic areas such as French Polynesia are potential sources for the discovery of new mycobacteria species.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5692,

title = {Emergence du virus Zika.},

author = {T Nhan and D Musso},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {Virologie},

volume = {19},

pages = {225-35},

abstract = {Le virus Zika (ZIKV) est un arbovirus du genre Flavivirus, famille des Flaviviridae, transmis par les piqûres de moustiques infectés. Initialement isolé chez un macaque rhésus en 1947 en Afrique, le ZIKV a été impliqué dans des cas humains sporadiques pendant un demi siècle. La première épidémie a été décrite dans le Pacifique en 2007. Le ZIKV se propage dans la région Pacifique depuis 2013 et émerge au Brésil en 2015. De présentation clinique non spécifique, la fièvre Zika peut être confondue avec d'autres maladies infectieuses, en particulier les arboviroses comme la dengue et le chikungunya. La fièvre Zika était considérée comme une maladie bénigne jusqu'en 2013-2014 où des complications neurologioques graves ont été décrites durant l'épidémie qui a touché la Polynésie française. Le diagnostic biologique des infections à ZIKV repose principalement sur la détection de l'ARN viral du ZIKV par biologie moléculaire. Le diagnostic sérologique est peu fiable dans les régions endémiques pour flaviviroses. L'adaptation de ZIKV à un cycle urbain impliquant un réservoir humain et des moustiques ayant une très large distribution, tels que Aedes aegypti et Ae. albopictus, souligne le fort potentiel d'émergence de ZIKV dans les régions tropicales, inter tropicales mais aussi tempérées.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}