@article{5587,

title = {Zika Virus Infection during Pregnancy and Effects on Early Childhood Development, French Polynesia, 2013-2016.},

author = {L Subissi and T Dub and M Besnard and T Mariteragi-Helle and T Nhan and D Lutringer-Magnin and P Barboza and C Gurry and E Nilles and D Baud and A Merianos and D Musso and J Glynn and G Dupuis and V M Cao-Lormeau and M Giard and H P Mallet},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Emerg Infect Dis},

volume = {24},

pages = {1850-8},

abstract = {Congenital Zika virus syndrome consists of a large spectrum of neurologic abnormalities seen in infants infected with Zika virus in utero. However, little is known about the effects of Zika virus intrauterine infection on the neurocognitive development of children born without birth defects. Using a case-control study design, we investigated the temporal association of a cluster of congenital defects with Zika virus infection. In a nested study, we also assessed the early childhood development of children recruited in the initial study as controls who were born without known birth defects,. We found evidence for an association of congenital defects with both maternal Zika virus seropositivity (time of infection unknown) and symptomatic Zika virus infection during pregnancy. Although the early childhood development assessment found no excess burden of developmental delay associated with maternal Zika virus infection, larger, longer-term studies are needed.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5579,

title = {Zika Virus in French Polynesia, 2013-2014: anatomy of a completed outbreak (review paper).},

author = {D Musso and H C Bossin and H P Mallet and M Besnard and J Broult and L Baudouin and J E Levi and E C Sabino and F Ghawche and M C Lanteri and D Baud},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Lancet Infect Dis},

volume = {18},

pages = {2172-e182},

abstract = {The Zika virus crisis exemplified the risk associated with emerging pathogens and was a reminder that preparedness for the worst-case scenario, although challenging, is needed. Herein, we review all data reported during the unexpected emergence of Zika virus in French Polynesia in late 2013. We focus on the new findings reported during this outbreak, especially the first description of severe neurological complications in adults and the retrospective description of CNS malformations in neonates, the isolation of Zika virus in semen, the potential for blood-transfusion transmission, mother-to-child transmission, and the development of new diagnostic assays. We describe the effect of this outbreak on health systems, the implementation of vector-borne control strategies, and the line of communication used to alert the international community of the new risk associated with Zika virus. This outbreak highlighted the need for careful monitoring of all unexpected events that occur during an emergence, to implement surveillance and research programmes in parallel to management of cases, and to be prepared to the worst-case scenario.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5571,

title = {Zika virus, vaccines, and antiviral strategies.},

author = {S Masmejan and D Baud and D Musso and A Panchaud},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther},

volume = {16},

pages = {471-83},

abstract = {Zika virus (ZIKV) recently emerged as a global public health emergency of international concern. ZIKV is responsible for severe neurological complications in adults and infection during pregnancy and can lead to congenital Zika syndrome. There is no licensed vaccine or drug to prevent or treat ZIKV infection. Areas covered: The aim of this article is to provide an overview and update of the progress of research on anti-ZIKV vaccine and medications until the end of 2017, with a special emphasis on drugs that can be used during pregnancy. Expert commentary: Development of new vaccines and drugs is challenging and several points particular to ZIKV infections augment this difficulty: (1) Cross-reactions between ZIKV and other flaviviruses, the impact of ZIKV vaccination on subsequent flavivirus infections, and vice-versa, is unknown, (2) Drugs against ZIKV should be safe in pregnant women, and (3) Evaluation of the efficacy of vaccine and drugs against ZIKV in clinical trials phase II-IV will be complicated due to the decline of ZIKV circulation.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5561,

title = {Zika virus outbreak in the Pacific: Vector competence of regional vectors.},

author = {E Calvez and L Mousson and M Vazeille and O O'Connor and V M Cao-Lormeau and F Mathieu-Daudé and N Pocquet and A B Failloux and M Dupont-Rouzeyrol},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Plos Neg Trop Dis},

volume = {12},

pages = {e0006637},

abstract = {BackgroundIn 2013, Zika virus (ZIKV) emerged in French Polynesia and spread through the Pacific region between 2013 and 2017. Several potential Aedes mosquitoes may have contributed to the ZIKV transmission including Aedes aegypti, the main arbovirus vector in the region, and Aedes polynesiensis, vector of lymphatic filariasis and secondary vector of dengue virus. The aim of this study was to analyze the ability of these two Pacific vectors to transmit ZIKV at a regional scale, through the evaluation and comparison of the vector competence of wild Ae. aegypti and Ae. polynesiensis populations from different Pacific islands for a ZIKV strain which circulated in this region during the 2013-2017 outbreak.

Methodology/Principal findings

Field Ae. aegypti (three populations) and Ae. polynesiensis (two populations) from the Pacific region were collected for this study. Female mosquitoes were orally exposed to ZIKV (107 TCID50/mL) isolated in the region in 2014. At 6, 9, 14 and 21 days post-infection, mosquito bodies (thorax and abdomen), heads and saliva were analyzed to measure infection, dissemination, transmission rates and transmission efficiency, respectively. According to our results, ZIKV infection rates were heterogeneous between the Ae. aegypti populations, but the dissemination rates were moderate and more homogenous between these populations. For Ae. polynesiensis, infection rates were less heterogeneous between the two populations tested. The transmission rate and efficiency results revealed a low vector competence for ZIKV of the different Aedes vector populations under study.

Conclusion/Significance Our results indicated a low ZIKV transmission by Ae. aegypti and Ae. polynesiensis tested from the Pacific region. These results were unexpected and suggest the importance of other factors especially the vector density, the mosquito lifespan or the large immunologically naive fraction of the population that may have contributed to the rapid spread of the ZIKV in the Pacific region during the 2013-2017 outbreak.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5621,

title = {Acquittal of Culex quinquefasciatus in transmitting Zika virus during the French Polynesian outbreak.},

author = {V Richard and T Paoaafaite and V M Cao-Lormeau},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Acta Trop},

volume = {173},

pages = {200-1},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5612,

title = {Axl Mediates ZIKA Virus Entry in Human Glial Cells and Modulates Innate Immune Responses.},

author = {L Meertens and A Labeau and O Dejarnac and S Cipriani and L Sinigaglia and L Bonnet-Madin and T Le Charpentier and M Lamine Hafirassou and A Zamborlini and V M Cao-Lormeau and M Coulpier and D Missé and N Jouvenet and R Tabibiazar and P Gressens and O Schwartz and Amara},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Cell Reports},

volume = {18},

pages = {324-33},

abstract = {ZIKA virus (ZIKV) is an emerging pathogen responsible for neurological disorders and congenital microcephaly. However, the molecular basis for ZIKV neurotropism remains poorly understood. Here, we show that Axl is expressed in human microglia and astrocytes in the developing brain and thatitmediates ZIKV infection of glial cells. Axl-mediated ZIKV entry requires the Axl ligand Gas6, which bridges ZIKV particles to glial cells. Following binding, ZIKV is internalized through clathrin-mediated endocytosis and traffics to Rab5+ endosomes to establish productive infection. During entry, the ZIKV/Gas6 complex activates Axl kinase activity, which downmodulates interferon signaling and facilitates infection. ZIKV infection of human glial cells is inhibited by MYD1, an engineered Axl decoy receptor, and by the Axl kinase inhibitor R428. Our results highlight the dual role of Axl during ZIKV infection ofglial cells: promoting viral entry and modulating innate immune responses. Therefore, inhibiting Axl function may represent a potential target for future antiviral therapies.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5609,

title = {Amustaline (S-303) Treatment Inactivates High Levels of Zika Virus in Red Blood Cell Components.},

author = {A Laughhunn and F Santa Maria and J Broult and M C Lanteri and A Stassinopoulos and D Musso and M Aubry},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Transfusion},

volume = {57},

pages = {779-89},

abstract = {BackgroundThe potential for Zika virus (ZIKV) transfusion-transmission (TT) has been demonstrated in French Polynesia and Brazil. Pathogen inactivation (PI) of blood products is a proactive strategy to inactivate TT pathogens including arboviruses. Inactivation of West Nile, dengue, Zika, and chikungunya viruses was previously demonstrated by photochemical treatment with amotosalen and ultraviolet A (UVA) illumination. In this study, we evaluated ZIKV inactivation in red blood cell (RBC) components by a chemical approach that uses amustaline (S-303) and glutathione (GSH).

Study design and methods

RBC components were spiked with a high titer of ZIKV. Viral titers (infectivity) and ZIKV RNA loads (reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction) were measured in spiked RBCs before and after S-303 and GSH treatment and confirmed using repetitive passages in cell culture. A mock-treated arm validated the approach by demonstrating stability of the virus (infectivity and RNA load) during the process.

Results

The mean ZIKV infectivity titer and RNA load in RBCs were 5.99 ± 0.2 log 50% tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50 )/mL and 7.75 ± 0.16 log genomic equivalents/mL before inactivation. No infectivity was detected immediately after S-303 and GSH treatment and after five serial passages in cell culture.

Conclusion

Complete ZIKV inactivation of more than 5.99 log TCID50 /mL in RBCs was achieved using S-303 and GSH at levels higher than those found in asymptomatic ZIKV-infected blood donors. Therefore, the S-303 and GSH PI system is promising for mitigating the risk of ZIKV TT.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5595,

title = {An update on Zika virus infection.},

author = {D Baud and D J Gubler and B Schaub and M C Lanteri and D Musso},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Lancet},

volume = {390},

pages = {2099-2109},

abstract = {The epidemic history of Zika virus began in 2007, with its emergence in Yap Island in the western Pacific, followed in 2013-14 by a larger epidemic in French Polynesia, south Pacific, where the first severe complications and non-vector-borne transmission of the virus were reported. Zika virus emerged in Brazil in 2015 and was declared a national public health emergency after local researchers and physicians reported an increase in microcephaly cases. In 2016, WHO declared the recent cluster of microcephaly cases and other neurological disorders reported in Brazil a global public health emergency. Similar clusters of microcephaly cases were also observed retrospectively in French Polynesia in 2014. In 2015-16, Zika virus continued its spread to cause outbreaks in the Americas and the Pacific, and the first outbreaks were reported in continental USA, Africa, and southeast Asia. Non-vector-borne transmission was confirmed and Zika virus was established as a cause of severe neurological complications in fetuses, neonates, and adults. This Review focuses on important updates and gaps in the knowledge of Zika virus as of early 2017.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5602,

title = {Cytotoxic effects of environmental toxins on human glial cells.},

author = {F D'Mello and N Braidy and H Mareal and G Guillemin and F Rossi and M Chinain and D Laurent and C Teo and B A Neilan},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Neurotox Res},

volume = {31},

pages = {245-258},

abstract = {Toxins produced by cyanobacteria and dinoflagellates have increasingly become a public health concern due to their degenerative effects on mammalian tissue and cells. In particular, emerging evidence has called attention to the neurodegenerative effects of the cyanobacterial toxin ß-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA). Other toxins such as the neurotoxins saxitoxin and ciguatoxin, as well as the hepatotoxic microcystin, have been previously shown to have a range of effects upon the nervous system. However, the capacity of these toxins to cause neurodegeneration in human cells has not, to our knowledge, been previously investigated. This study aimed to examine the cytotoxic effects of BMAA, microcystin-LR (MC-LR), saxitoxin (STX) and ciguatoxin (CTX-1B) on primary adult human astrocytes. We also demonstrated that a-lipoate attenuated MC-LR toxicity in primary astrocytes and characterised changes in gene expression which could potentially be caused by these toxins in primary astrocytes. Herein, we are the first to show that all of these toxins are capable of causing physiological changes consistent with neurodegeneration in glial cells, via oxidative stress and excitotoxicity, leading to a reduction in cell proliferation culminating in cell death. In addition, MC-LR toxicity was reduced significantly in astrocytes-treated a-lipoic acid. While there were no significant changes in gene expression, many of the probes that were altered were associated with neurodegenerative disease pathogenesis. Overall, this is important in advancing our current understanding of the mechanism of toxicity of MC-LR on human brain function in vitro, particularly in the context of neurodegeneration.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5601,

title = {Ciguatéra: connaissances d’antan, connaissances moderns.},

author = {M Chinain},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Bulletin de la société des études océaniennes},

volume = {339},

pages = {52-70},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5617,

title = {Detection of ZIKV RNA in semen of asymptomatic blood donors.},

author = {D Musso and V Richard and A Teissier and M Stone and M C Lanteri and G Latoni and J Alsina and R Reik and Recipient Epidemiology M P * for the Busch and Donor Evaluation Study REDS-III ZIKV Study Group},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Clin Microbiol Infect},

volume = {23},

pages = {1001.e1-1001.e3},

abstract = {ObjectivesZika virus (ZIKV) transmission through semen donation has never been reported but the risk is supported by the detection of ZIKV in semen and the demonstration of ZIKV sexual transmission. The potential impact of ZIKV on assisted reproductive procedures should be evaluated.

Methods

We tested longitudinally collected semen samples provided by asymptomatic blood donors who tested positive for ZIKV RNA in plasma during ZIKV outbreaks in Puerto Rico and Florida in 2016.

Results

Five of the 14 (35.7%) asymptomatic blood donors provided semen samples that tested positive for ZIKV RNA, with ZIKV RNA loads ranging from 8.03x103 to 2.55x106 copies/mL. Plasma collected at the same time as the semen tested negative for ZIKV RNA for most ZIKV RNA-positive semen collections; all corresponding plasma samples tested positive or equivocal for anti ZIKV IgG antibodies and all except one tested positive for ZIKV IgM antibodies. The rate of detection of ZIKV RNA in semen in asymptomatic donors is not significantly different from the rate previously reported for symptomatic patients.

Conclusions

Our results that show a high percentage of detection of ZIKV RNA in the semen of asymptomatic men confirm that ZIKV is a new threat for reproductive medicine and should have important implications for assisted reproductive technology. We recommend that semen donations from men at risk for ZIKV infection should be tested for ZIKV RNA, regardless of symptoms of ZIKV infection.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5618,

title = {Diversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis lineages in French Polynesia.},

author = {D A Osman and M Phelippeau and M Drancourt and D Musso},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {J Microbiol Immunol Infect},

volume = {50},

pages = {199-206},

abstract = {Background/purposeFrench Polynesia is an overseas territory located in the South Pacific. The incidence of tuberculosis in French Polynesia has been stable since 2000 with an average of 20 cases/y/100,000 inhabitants. Molecular epidemiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in French Polynesia is unknown because M. tuberculosis isolates have not been routinely genotyped.

Methods

From 2009 to 2012, 34 isolates collected from 32 French Polynesian patients were identified as M. tuberculosis by probe hybridization. These isolates were genotyped using spoligotyping and 24-loci mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units (MIRUs)-variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR). Spoligotype patterns obtained using commercial kits were compared with the online international database SITVIT. MIRU-VNTR genotyping was performed using an in-house protocol based on capillary electrophoresis sizing for 24-loci MIRU-VNTR genotyping.

Results

The results of the spoligotyping method revealed that 25 isolates grouped into six previously described spoligotypes [H1, H3, U likely (S), T1, Manu, and Beijing] and nine isolates grouped into six new spoligotypes. Comparison with the international database MIRU-VNTRplus distributed 30 isolates into five lineages (Haarlem, Latin American Mediterranean, S, X, and Beijing) and four as unassigned isolates.

Conclusion

Genotyping identified four phylogenetic lineages belonging to the modern Euro-American subgroup, one Beijing genotype responsible for worldwide pandemics, including remote islands in the South Pacific, and one Manu genotype of the ancestral lineage of M. tuberculosis.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5600,

title = {Dengue-1 virus and vector competence of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) populations from New Caledonia.},

author = {E Calvez and L Guillaumot and D Girault and V Richard and O O'Connor and T Paoaafaite and M Teurlai and N Pocquet and V M Cao-Lormeau and M Dupont-Rouzeyrol},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Parasite Vectors},

volume = {10},

pages = {381},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5614,

title = {Emergence of Zika virus: where does it come from and where is it going to?},

author = {D Musso and M C Lanteri},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Lancet Infect Dis},

volume = {17},

pages = {255},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5610,

title = {Full-genome dengue virus sequencing in mosquito saliva shows lack of convergent positive selection during transmission by Aedes aegypti.},

author = {S Lequime and V Richard and V M Cao-Lormeau and L Lambrechts},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Virus Evol},

volume = {3},

pages = {vex031},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5607,

title = {History and emergence of Zika virus.},

author = {D J Gubler and N Vasilakis and D Musso},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {J Infect Dis},

volume = {216},

pages = {S860-7},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5597,

title = {Harmful algal blooms in benthic systems: Recent progress and future research.},

author = {E Berdalet and P A Tester and M Chinain and S Fraga and R Lemee and R W Litaker and A Penna and G Usup and M Vila and A Zingone},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Oceanography},

volume = {30},

pages = {36-45},

abstract = {Shallow, well-illuminated coastal waters from tropical to temperate latitudes are attractive environments for humans. Beaches and coral reefs have provided lodging and food to coastal communities for centuries. Unfortunately, tropical regions traditionally have been threatened by outbreaks of the toxic benthic dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus, which is associated with ciguatera fish poisoning. The ciguatoxins produced by Gambierdiscus bioaccumulate in reef fishes and are responsible for the most common algal toxin-related illnesses, globally affecting the greatest number of victims and often with significant long-term health effects. Recently, Gambierdiscus has been documented in subtropical and temperate latitudes. Blooms of another benthic and toxic dinoflagellate, Ostreopsis, have become more frequent and intense, especially in temperate waters. Ostreopsis produces palytoxins and analogues, and some outbreaks have been associated with massive benthic faunal damage and respiratory irritations in humans exposed to aerosols. The increased frequency of harmful events and the biogeographic extension of benthic microalgae incentivized the launch of the Global Ecology and Oceanography of Harmful Algal Blooms (GEOHAB) Core Research Project on “Benthic Harmful Algal Blooms” in 2010. This article summarizes the main scientific advances and gaps in related knowledge as well as advances the project has made toward managing and mitigating the impacts of benthic HABs on human illnesses and marine resource losses.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5594,

title = {High risk of dengue type 2 outbreak in French Polynesia, 2017.},

author = {M Aubry and Y Teissier and M Mapotoeke and A Teissier and M Giard and D Musso and V M Cao-Lormeau},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Eurosurveillance},

volume = {22},

pages = {pii: 30505},

abstract = {In French Polynesia, the four serotypes of dengue virus (DENV-1 to -4) have caused 14 epidemics since the mid-1940s. From the end of 2016, an increasing number of Pacific Island Countries and Territories have reported DENV-2 outbreaks and in February 2017, DENV-2 infection was detected in French Polynesia in three travellers from Vanuatu. As DENV-2 has not been circulating in French Polynesia since December 2000, there is high risk for an outbreak to occur.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5622,

title = {Inactivation of Zika virus in platelet components using amotosalen and ultraviolet A illumination.},

author = {F Santa Maria and M C Lanteri and M Aubry and D Musso and A Stassinopoulos},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Transfusion},

volume = {57},

pages = {2016-25},

abstract = {BackgroundConcerned over the risk of Zika virus (ZIKV) transfusion transmission, public health agencies recommended the implementation of mitigation strategies for its prevention. Those strategies included the use of pathogen inactivation for the treatment of plasma and platelets. The efficacy of amotosalen/ultraviolet A to inactivate ZIKV in plasma had been previously demonstrated, and the efficacy of inactivation in platelets with the same technology was assumed. These studies quantify ZIKV inactivation in platelet components using amotosalen/ultraviolet A.

Study Design And Methods

Platelet components were spiked with ZIKV, and ZIKV infectious titers and RNA loads were measured by cell culture-based assays and real-time polymerase chain reaction in spiked platelet components before and after photochemical treatment using amotosalen/ultraviolet A.

Results

The mean ZIKV infectivity titers and RNA loads in platelet components before inactivation were either 4.9 log10 plaque forming units per milliliter, or 4.4 log10 50% tissue culture infective dose per milliliter and 7.5 log10 genome equivalents per milliliter, respectively. No infectivity was detected immediately after amotosalen/ultraviolet A treatment. No replicative virus remained after treatment, as demonstrated by multiple passages on Vero cell cultures; and ZIKV RNA was not detected from the first passage after inactivation. Additional experiments in this study demonstrated efficient inactivation to the limit of detection in platelets manufactured in 65% platelet additive solution, 35% plasma, or 100% plasma.

Conclusion

As previously demonstrated for plasma, robust levels of ZIKV inactivation were achieved in platelet components. With inactivation of higher levels of ZIKV than those reported in asymptomatic, RNA-reactive blood donors, the pathogen-inactivation system using amotosalen/ultraviolet A offers the potential to mitigate the risk of ZIKV transmission by plasma and platelet transfusion.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5599,

title = {Inactivation and removal of Zika virus during manufacture of plasma derived medicinal products.},

author = {J Blumel and D Musso and S Teitz and T Miyabayashi and K Boller and B S Schnierle and S A Baylis},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Transfusion},

volume = {57},

pages = {790-6},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5611,

title = {LSU rDNA based RFLP assays for the routine identification of Gambierdiscus species.},

author = {Y Lyu and M L Richlen and T R Sehein and M Chinain and M Adachi and T Nishimura and Y Xu and M L Parsons and T B Smith and T Zheng and D M Anderson},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Harmful Algae},

volume = {66},

pages = {20-8},

abstract = {The Gambierdiscus genus is a group of benthic dinoflagellates commonly associated with ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP), which is generally found in tropical or sub-tropical regions around the world. Morphologically similar species within the genus can vary in toxicity; however, species identifications are difficult or sometimes impossible using light microscopy. DNA sequencing of ribosomal RNA genes (rDNA) is thus often used to identify and describe Gambierdiscus species and ribotypes, but the expense and time can be prohibitive for routine culture screening and/or large-scale monitoring programs. This study describes a restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) typing method based on analysis of the large subunit rDNA that can successfully identify at least nine of the described Gambierdiscus species and two Fukuyoa species. The software programs DNAMAN 6.0 and Restriction Enzyme Picker were used to identify a set of restriction enzymes (SpeI, HpyCH4IV, and TaqaI) capable of distinguishing most of the known Gambierdiscus species for which DNA sequences were available. This assay was tested using in silico analysis and cultured isolates, and species identifications of isolates assigned by RFLP typing were confirmed by DNA sequencing. To verify the assay and assess intra-specific heterogeneity in RFLP patterns, identifications of 63 Gambierdiscus isolates comprising ten Gambierdiscus species, one ribotype, and two Fukuyoa species were confirmed using RFLP typing, and this method was subsequently employed in the routine identification of isolates collected from the Caribbean Sea. The RFLP assay presented here reduces the time and cost associated with morphological identification via scanning electron microscopy and/or DNA sequencing, and provides a phylogenetically sensitive method for routine Gambierdiscus species assignment.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5606,

title = {Leptospira diversity in animals and humans in Tahiti, French Polynesia.},

author = {V Guernier and V Richard and T Nhan and E Rouault and A Teissier and D Musso},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Plos Neg Trop Dis},

volume = {11},

pages = {e0005676},

abstract = {BackgroundLeptospirosis is a highly endemic bacterial zoonosis in French Polynesia (FP). Nevertheless, data on the epidemiology of leptospirosis in FP are scarce. We conducted molecular studies on Leptospira isolated from humans and the potential main animal reservoirs in order to identify the most likely sources for human infection.

Methodology/Principal Findings

Wild rats (n = 113), farm pigs (n = 181) and domestic dogs (n = 4) were screened for Leptospira infection in Tahiti, the most populated island in FP. Positive samples were genotyped and compared to Leptospira isolated from human cases throughout FP (n = 51), using secY, 16S and LipL32 sequencing, and MLST analysis. Leptospira DNA was detected in 20.4% of rats and 26.5% of pigs. We identified two Leptospira species and three sequence types (STs) in animals and humans: Leptospira interrogans ST140 in pigs only and L. interrogans ST17 and Leptospira borgpetersenii ST149 in humans and rats. Overall, L. interrogans was the dominant species and grouped into four clades: one clade including a human case only, two clades including human cases and dogs, and one clade including human cases and rats. All except one pig sample showed a unique L. interrogans (secY) genotype distinct from those isolated from humans, rats and dogs. Moreover, LipL32 sequencing allowed the detection of an additional Leptospira genotype in pigs, clearly distinct from the previous ones.

Conclusions/Significance

Our data confirm rats as a major potential source for human leptospirosis in FP. By contrast to what was expected, farm pigs did not seem to be a major reservoir for the Leptospira genotypes identified in human patients. Thus, further investigations will be required to determine their significance in leptospirosis transmission in FP.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5605,

title = {Letter re: Acute Zika infection with concurrent onset of Guillain-BarrÉ syndrome.},

author = {P Gerardin and V M Cao-Lormeau and P Tournebize and T Cerny},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Neurology},

volume = {88},

pages = {1874},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5620,

title = {Mycobacterium massilipolynesiensis sp. nov., a rapidly-growing mycobacterium of medical interest related to Mycobacterium phlei.},

author = {M Phelippeau and S Asmar and D A Osman and M Sassi and C Robert and D Musso and M Drancourt},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Sci Rep},

volume = {7},

pages = {40443},

abstract = {In French Polynesia, respiratory tract clinical isolate M26, displayed unusual phenotype and contradictory phylogenetic affiliations, suggesting a hitherto unidentified rapidly-growing Mycobacterium species. The phenotype of strain M26 was further characterized and its genome sequenced. Strain M26 genome consists in a 5,732,017-bp circular chromosome with a G?+?C% of 67.54%, comprising 5,500 protein-coding genes and 52 RNA genes (including two copies of the 16?S rRNA gene). One region coding for a putative prophage was also predicted. An intriguing characteristic of strain M26's genome is the large number of genes encoding polyketide synthases and nonribosomal peptide synthases. Phylogenomic analysis showed that strain M26's genome is closest to the Mycobacterium phlei genome with a 76.6% average nucleotide identity. Comparative genomics of 33 Mycobacterium genomes yielded 361 genes unique to M26 strain which functional annotation revealed 84.21% of unknown function and 3.88% encoding lipid transport and metabolism; while 48.87% of genes absent in M26 strain have unknown function, 9.5% are implicated in transcription and 19% are implicated in transport and metabolism. Strain M26's unique phenotypic and genomic characteristics indicate it is representative of a new species named "Mycobacterium massilipolynesiensis". Looking for mycobacteria in remote areas allows for the discovery of new Mycobacterium species.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5796,

title = {Neurologic signs of ciguatera disease : evidence of their persistence.},

author = {M L Chateau-Degat and A Beuter and G Vauterin and N L Nguyen and M Chinain and H T Darius and A M Legrand and R Chansin and E Dewailly},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Am J Trop Med Hyg},

volume = {77},

pages = {1170-5},

abstract = {Ciguatoxins exert their effect on the voltage-sensitive sodium channel of the cellular membranes of all excitable tissues. This effect confers to ciguatera disease (CD) its neurologic hallmarks. A prospective study among French Polynesian adults over a two-month period was conducted to characterize and determine the persistence of neurologic symptoms of CD. We compared 47 patients with CD with 125 controls. In the acute phase of the disease, patients had mainly sensory disturbances as detected by an hypoesthesia on the palm of the hand and poorer sway performance compared with controls. Follow-up two months showed improvement of sway performance that eventually reaching control levels. However, for light-touch threshold, even if we observed a decrease threshold towards normal values, more than 50% of patients did not reach normal values 60 days after disease onset. Our results support the existence of neurologic impairments of CD and suggest their persistence for at least two months after onset.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5608,

title = {New evidence for endemic circulation of Ross River Virus in the Pacific Islands and potential for emergence.},

author = {C Lau and M Aubry and D Musso and A Teissier and S Paulous and P Despres and X De Lamballerie and B Pastorino and V M Cao-Lormeau and P Weinstein},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Int J Infect Dis},

volume = {57},

pages = {73-6},

abstract = {ObjectivesAn epidemic of Ross River virus (RRV) occurred in the South Pacific in 1979-1980, but RRV has not been thought to occur endemically outside Australia and Papua New Guinea. A seroprevalence study was conducted to determine whether RRV has circulated in American Samoa since 1980.

Methods

RRV ELISA IgG was performed on 200 serum samples collected in American Samoa in 2010; seroneutralization tests were performed on 60 representative samples.

Results

Of 196 available ELISA IgG results, 145 (74%, 95% confidence interval 67-80%) were seropositive. Of the 60 samples subjected to seroneutralization testing, none of the 15 ELISA IgG-negative and 16 of the 45 ELISA IgG-positive samples neutralized RRV. ELISA IgG seroprevalence was higher in persons born before/during the 1979-1980 RRV outbreak (78.3%), but was also high (63.0%) in people born after the outbreak who had lived their entire lives in American Samoa.

Conclusions

This study provides serological evidence that RRV circulation is likely to have occurred in American Samoa after 1980. Considering there are no marsupials in American Samoa, this finding implies that other species are capable of acting as reservoir hosts and indicates the potential for RRV to circulate in a much wider area than those currently recognized.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5619,

title = {Ocean-lagoon water and plankton exchanges in a semi-closed pearl farming atoll lagoon (Ahe, Tuamotu archipelago, French Polynesia).},

author = {M Pagano and M Rodier and C Guillaumot and Y Thomas and K Henry and S Andrefouet},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science},

volume = {191},

pages = {60-73},

abstract = {In atoll lagoons, plankton richness is highly dependent on water exchange with the ocean through the atoll rim. However, the dynamics of the physical and biological fluxes at the lagoon-ocean interface remain poorly characterized. Here, we studied the combined effects of lagoon-ocean water exchanges and local environmental conditions on the phyto- and zooplankton abundance and community structure across the atoll lagoon rim of Ahe (Tuamotu Archipelago, French Polynesia). Plankton and environmental variables were monitored in May 2013 (i) at several stations inside and outside the lagoon and (ii) during time-series corresponding to ebb-flood tidal cycles in the two types of channels connecting the lagoon to the ocean: at the passage (300 m long and about 11 m deep) and in hoa (i.e reef-flat less than 50 cm depth). Our results highlight tidally-driven selective plankton exchanges between the lagoon and external ocean. Phytoplankton (chlorophyll-a) and zooplankton biomass were respectively 4 times and 7 times higher in the lagoon than at stations outside the atoll lagoon. Copepoda was the dominant zooplanlcton group at the oceanic station (>75% abundance) whereas meroplankton (with bivalve larvae most common) was dominant at the lagoon stations (54%), in the passage (55-82%) and in hoa (>80%). These differences between sites suggest a loss of bivalve larvae through export to the ocean and retention and/or increased production of copepods in the lagoon. The daily export of bivalve larvae represents a low percentage of the lagoon stock, in agreement with previously published larval dispersal numerical models. The retention of copepods could constitute a significant input of nutrients and organic matter (through excretion, feces release, decomposition, and remineralization) into the lagoon.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5613,

title = {Prevention of transfusion-transmitted Zika virus in French Polynesia, nucleic acid testing versus pathogen inactivation.},

author = {D Musso and J Broult and D Bierlaire and M C Lanteri and M Aubry},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {ISBT Science Series},

volume = {12},

pages = {254-9},

abstract = {Background and Objectives

French Polynesia (FP) experienced a large Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreak in 20132014. Flavivirus transfusion-transmission infections (TTIs) had been previously reported. We evaluated several mitigating strategies to prevent ZIKV TTIs in FP.

Material and Methods

Mitigation strategies consisted of pre/postdonation symptom reporting, donor deferral, importation of plasma units from non-endemic areas, quarantine of blood components, blood screening using a laboratory-developed nucleic acid testing (NAT) assay and platelet pathogen inactivation (PI) using the INTERCEPT Blood Systems. The pros and cons of NAT versus PI to prevent ZIKV TTIs were determined.

Results

Donor interview, deferral and component quarantine strategies were not sensitive enough to prevent subsequent detection of ZIKV RNA NAT-positive donations. A 12-week delay between the onset of outbreak and NAT implementation allowed for 30 blood products collected from 30 asymptomatic blood donors who retrospectively tested positive for ZIKV RNA by NAT to be transfused while platelet PI which was in routine use since 2010 in FP potentially prevented several cases of ZIKV TTIs.

Conclusion

Nucleic acid testing and PI were used in FP to prevent ZIKV TTIs. NAT was an effective measure once implemented but is not a proactive solution. PI is a proactive solution but with only systems approved for platelets and plasma. Based on the FP experience, there is an urgent need for approved whole blood and/or red blood cell PI systems and to develop multiplex NAT to maintain the availability of the blood supply in remote areas during arbovirus epidemics.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5591,

title = {Pathogen inactivation of Dengue virus in red blood cells using amustaline and glutathione.},

author = {M Aubry and A Laughhunn and F Santa Maria and M C Lanteri and A Stassinopoulos and D Musso},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Transfusion},

volume = {57},

pages = {2888-96},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5624,

title = {Revising rates of asymptomatic Zika virus infections based on sentinel surveillance data from French Overseas Territories.},

author = {L Subissi and E Daudens-Vaysse and S Cassadou and M Ledrans and P Bompard and J Gustave and M Aubry and V M Cao-Lormeau and H P Mallet},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Int J Infect Dis},

volume = {65},

pages = {116-8},

abstract = {French Polynesia and the French Territories of the Americas (FTAs) have experienced outbreaks of Zika virus (ZIKV) infection. These territories used similar sentinel syndromic surveillance to follow the epidemics. However, the surveillance system only takes into account consulting patients diagnosed with ZIKV disease, while non-consulting cases, as well as asymptomatic cases, are not taken into account. In the French territories under study, the ratio of consulting to non-consulting patients was found to likely be as low as 1/3 to 1/4, and rough estimates of the ZIKV asymptomatic infections indicated a lower rate than previously reported (i.e., not more than half).},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5623,

title = {Relative analytical sensitivity of donor nucleic acid amplification technology screening and diagnostic real-time polymerase chain reaction assays for detection of Zika virus RNA.},

author = {M Stone and M C Lanteri and S Bakkour and X Deng and S Galel and J Linnen and J Munoz-Jordan and R Lanciotti and M Rios and P Gallian and D Musso and J Leci and M Bush},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Transfusion},

volume = {57},

pages = {737-47},

abstract = {BackgroundZika virus (ZIKV) has spread rapidly in the Pacific and throughout the Americas and is associated with severe congenital and adult neurologic outcomes. Nucleic acid amplification technology (NAT) assays were developed for diagnostic applications and for blood donor screening on high-throughput NAT systems. We distributed blinded panels to compare the analytical performance of blood screening relative to diagnostic NAT assays.

Study design and methods

A 25-member, coded panel (11 half-log dilutions of a 2013 French Polynesia ZIKV isolate and 2015 Brazilian donor plasma implicated in transfusion transmission, and 3 negative controls) was sent to 11 laboratories that performed 17 assays with 2 to 12 replicates per panel member. Results were analyzed for the percentage reactivity at each dilution and by probit analysis to estimate the 50% and 95% limits of detection (LOD50 and LOD95 , respectively).

Results

Donor-screening NAT assays that process approximately 500 µL of plasma into amplification reactions were comparable in sensitivity (LOD50 and LOD95, 2.5 and 15-18 copies/mL) and were approximately 10-fold to 100-fold more sensitive than research laboratory-developed and diagnostic reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction tests that process from 10 to 30 µL of plasma per amplification. Increasing sample input volume assayed with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assays increased the LODs by 10-fold to 30-fold.

Conclusions

Blood donor-screening ZIKV NAT assays demonstrate similar excellent sensitivities to assays currently used for screening for transfusion-transmitted viruses and are substantially more sensitive than most other laboratory-developed and diagnostic ZIKV reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assays. Enhancing sensitivities of laboratory-developed and diagnostic assays may be achievable by increasing sample input.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5592,

title = {Ross River virus seroprevalence, French Polynesia, 2014-2015.},

author = {M Aubry and A Teissier and M Huart and S Merceron and J Vanhomwegen and C Roche and A L Vial and S Teururai and S Sicard and S Paulous and P Despres and J C Manuguerra and H P Mallet and D Musso and X Deparis and V M Cao-Lormeau},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Emerg Infect Dis},

volume = {23},

pages = {1751-3},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5590,

title = {Real-time assessment of healthcare requirements during the Zika virus epidemic in Martinique.},

author = {A Andronico and F Dorléans and J L Fergé and H Salje and F Ghawche and A Signate and E Daudens-Vaysse and L Baudouin and T Dub and M Aubry and V M Cao-Lormeau and M Ledrans and H Noel and H P Mallet and A Fontanet and A Cabie and S Cauchemez},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Am J Epidemiol},

volume = {186},

pages = {1194-1203},

abstract = {The spread of Zika virus in the Americas has been associated with a surge in Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) cases. Given the severity of GBS, territories affected by Zika virus need to plan health-care resources to manage GBS patients. To inform such planning in Martinique, we analyzed Zika virus surveillance and GBS data from Martinique in real time with a modeling framework that captured dynamics of the Zika virus epidemic, the risk of GBS in Zika virus-infected persons, and the clinical management of GBS cases. We compared our estimates with those from the 2013-2014 Zika virus epidemic in French Polynesia. We were able to predict just a few weeks into the epidemic that, due to lower transmission potential and lower probability of developing GBS following infection in Martinique, the total number of GBS cases in Martinique would be substantially lower than suggested by simple extrapolations from French Polynesia. We correctly predicted that 8 intensive-care beds and 7 ventilators would be sufficient to treat GBS cases. This study showcased the contribution of modeling to inform local health-care planning during an outbreak. Timely studies that estimate the proportion of infected persons that seek care are needed to improve the predictive power of such approaches.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5625,

title = {Zika virus: are we going too far ?},

author = {M Vouga and D Musso and B Shaub and A Panchaud and D Baud},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Lancet},

volume = {389},

pages = {151},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5616,

title = {Zika virus: new emergencies, potential for severe complications, and prevention of transfusion-transmitted Zika fever in the context of arboviruses co-circulation.},

author = {D Musso and M Aubry and J Broult and A Stassinopoulos and J Green},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Blood Transfusion},

volume = {15},

pages = {272-3},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5615,

title = {Zika virus in Singapore: unanswered questions.},

author = {D Musso and M C Lanteri},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Lancet Infect Dis},

volume = {17},

pages = {782-3},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5603,

title = {Zika virus evolution in the edges of the Pacific Ocean.},

author = {M Dupont-Rouzeyrol and L Diancourt and E Calvez and M Vandenbogaert and O O'Connor and A Teissier and M Pol and M Aubry and O Faye and D Tou and V M Cao-Lormeau and V Caro},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Emerg Microbes Infect},

volume = {6},

pages = {e111},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5604,

title = {Zika rash and increased risk of congenital brain abnormalities.},

author = {P Gerardin and V M Cao-Lormeau and D Musso and P Despres and M Besnard},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Lancet},

volume = {389},

pages = {151-2},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5598,

title = {Zika virus and blood transfusion, the experience of French Polynesia.},

author = {D Bierlaire and S Mauguin and J Broult and D Musso},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Transfusion},

volume = {57},

pages = {729-33},

abstract = {BackgroundBetween October 2013 and March 2014, French Polynesia experienced the largest Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreak ever described before the emergence of ZIKV in the Americas in 2015. As arbovirus transfusion-transmitted (TT) infections have been previously reported, we hypothesized that transfusion of blood products could also transmit ZIKV.

Study design and methods

Mitigation strategies to prevent ZIKV-TT infections included nonspecific measures and the implementation of a laboratory developed ZIKV-specific nucleic acid testing (NAT) assay. Donor sera were tested in pools of 3 and constitutive sera of ZIKV-reactive pools were tested individually. Donor sera were tested prospectively and retrospectively. A posttransfusion follow-up of a patient transfused with ZIKV RNA-reactive blood products was implemented.

Results

NAT detected 42 blood donor sera as ZIKV RNA reactive of 1505 tested (2.8%). Thirty ZIKV RNA-reactive blood products collected before the implementation of NAT were transfused to 26 recipients. Posttransfusion investigations were conducted by the hemovigilance unit and data were available for 12 recipients. Symptomatic ZIKV-TT infections were not reported.

Conclusion

Predonation screening of blood donors, postdonation information, products discard, and quarantine of blood products were not effective enough to prevent transfusion of ZIKV RNA-reactive blood products. ZIKV NAT was an effective measure once implemented to prevent transfusion of ZIKV RNA-reactive blood products but it is difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of this measure to prevent ZIKV-TT infection, which is a rare event.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5596,

title = {Zika virus: a new threat to human reproduction.},

author = {D Baud and D Musso and M Vouga and M P Alves and N ulliemoz},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {American Journal of Reproductive Immunology},

volume = {77},

pages = {doi:0.1111/aji.12614.},

abstract = {Zika virus (ZIKV) was first isolated in 1947 in a rhesus monkey from the Zika forest of Uganda. Until 2007, only 14 human cases were reported. The first large human outbreak occurred in 2007 (Yap Island, Federated States of Micronesia, Pacific) followed by French Polynesia in 2013 and Brazil in 2015. The virus is mainly transmitted through Aedes mosquito bites, but sexual and post-transfusion transmissions have been reported. Symptoms include low-grade fever, maculopapular rash, conjunctivitis, myalgia, arthralgia, and asthenia. During the recent outbreaks in French Polynesia and Brazil, ZIKV infection has been associated with two major complications: microcephaly and Guillain-Barré syndrome. Since fetal infection includes other birth defects, congenital Zika syndrome has been used to define in utero infection. The majority of sexual transmission occurred from a symptomatic male to a female, but female-to-male and male-to-male transmission have been reported. Asymptomatic male-to-female transmission has also been described. Importantly, ZIKV RNA can persist at least 6 months in semen. The male urogenital tract may therefore act as a reservoir for the virus. ZIKV RNA was detected in a cervical swab of a patient 3 days after presenting the classic symptoms suggesting a potential tropism for the female genital tract. Long-lasting presence of ZIKV RNA might not indicate that the individual is infectious but makes recommendation for couples potentially exposed to the virus and willing to conceive difficult. It will also be important to determine whether genital ZIKV infection might have a deleterious effect on male and female fertility.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5593,

title = {Zika virus seroprevalence, French Polynesia, 2014-2015.},

author = {M Aubry and A Teissier and M Huart and S Merceron and J Vanhomwegen and C Roche and A L Vial and S Teururai and S Sicard and S Paulous and P Despres and J C Manuguerra and H P Mallet and D Musso and X Deparis and V M Cao-Lormeau},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Emerg Infect Dis},

volume = {23},

pages = {669-672},

abstract = {During 2013-2014, French Polynesia experienced an outbreak of Zika virus infection. Serosurveys conducted at the end of the outbreak and 18 months later showed lower than expected disease prevalence rates (49%) and asymptomatic:symptomatic case ratios (1:1) in the general population but significantly different prevalence rates (66%) and asymptomatic:symptomatic ratios (1:2) in schoolchildren.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5634,

title = {The impact of insecticide treated cloth targets on the survival of Aedes polynesiensis under laboratory and semi-field conditions in French Polynesia.},

author = {E W Chambers and H C Bossin and S A Scott and R C Russell and S L Dobson},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Med Vet Entomol},

volume = {30},

pages = {247-52},

abstract = {The impact of deltamethrin-impregnated cloth targets on Stegomyia polynesiensis (=?Aedes polynesiensis) (Marks) (Diptera: Culicidae) was assessed under laboratory and semi-field settings in French Polynesia. Stegomyia polynesiensis females were released into small laboratory cages and large field cages containing either a deltamethrin-treated or an untreated navy blue cloth, and mosquito knock-down and mortality were assessed. The 24-h mortality rate in mosquitoes exposed to the insecticide-treated target in small cages was 98.0%. These mosquitoes also demonstrated significantly higher levels of knock-down than those exposed to the untreated target. Mortality in field cages was assessed at 24 and 48?h. The 24-h mortality rate in mosquitoes exposed to the control target was 31.2%, whereas that in those exposed to the deltamethrin-treated target was 54.3%. The 48-h mortality rate was also elevated in mosquitoes exposed to the deltamethrin-treated target, but this result did not differ significantly from that observed in mosquitoes exposed to the control target. The significant suppression of female S.?polynesiensis by deltamethrin-treated resting targets in this study indicates that these targets could play a role in the control of an important disease vector in the South Pacific region.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5632,

title = {Tropical Islands as New Hubs for Emerging Arboviruses.},

author = {V M Cao-Lormeau},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Emerg Infect Dis},

volume = {22},

pages = {913-5},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5653,

title = {Uncommon presentation of Zika fever or co-infection?},

author = {D Musso and J J De Pina and T Nhan and X Deparis},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Lancet},

volume = {387},

pages = {1812-3},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5670,

title = {Virus Zika: de la recherche au vaccin.},

author = {M Vouga and M P Alves and I Eperon and G Eperon and L Rochat and R Sahli and D Musso and D Baud},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Revue Medicale Suisse},

volume = {12},

pages = {1-4},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5666,

title = {Vector Competence of Aedes aegypti and Aedes polynesiensis Populations from French Polynesia for Chikungunya Virus.},

author = {V Richard and T Paoaafaite and V M Cao-Lormeau},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Plos Neg Trop Dis},

volume = {10},

pages = {e0004694},

abstract = {BackgroundFrom October 2014 to March 2015, French Polynesia experienced for the first time a chikungunya outbreak. Two Aedes mosquitoes may have contributed to chikungunya virus (CHIKV) transmission in French Polynesia: the worldwide distributed Ae. aegypti and the Polynesian islands-endemic Ae. polynesiensis mosquito.

Methods

To investigate the vector competence of French Polynesian populations of Ae. aegypti and Ae. polynesiensis for CHIKV, mosquitoes were exposed per os at viral titers of 7 logs tissue culture infectious dose 50%. At 2, 6, 9, 14 and 21 days post-infection (dpi), saliva was collected from each mosquito and inoculated onto C6/36 mosquito cells to check for the presence of CHIKV infectious particles. Legs and body (thorax and abdomen) of each mosquito were also collected at the different dpi and submitted separately to viral RNA extraction and CHIKV real-time RT-PCR.

Results

CHIKV infection rate, dissemination and transmission efficiencies ranged from 7-90%, 18-78% and 5-53% respectively for Ae. aegypti and from 39-41%, 3-17% and 0-14% respectively for Ae. polynesiensis, depending on the dpi. Infectious saliva was found as early as 2 dpi for Ae. aegypti and from 6 dpi for Ae. polynesiensis. Our laboratory results confirm that the French Polynesian population of Ae. aegypti is highly competent for CHIKV and they provide clear evidence for Ae. polynesiensis to act as an efficient CHIKV vector.

Conclusion

As supported by our findings, the presence of two CHIKV competent vectors in French Polynesia certainly contributed to enabling this virus to quickly disseminate from the urban/peri-urban areas colonized by Ae. aegypti to the most remote atolls where Ae. polynesiensis is predominating. Ae. polynesiensis was probably involved in the recent chikungunya outbreaks in Samoa and the Cook Islands. Moreover, this vector may contribute to the risk for CHIKV to emerge in other Polynesian islands like Fiji, and more particularly Wallis where there is no Ae. aegypti.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5665,

title = {Vector Competence of French Polynesian Aedes aegypti and Aedes polynesiensis for Zika Virus.},

author = {V Richard and T Paoaafaite and V M Cao-Lormeau},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Plos Neg Trop Dis},

volume = {10},

pages = {e0005024},

abstract = {BackgroundIn 20132014, French Polynesia experienced for the first time a Zika outbreak. Two Aedes mosquitoes may have contributed to Zika virus (ZIKV) transmission in French Polynesia: the worldwide distributed Ae. aegypti and the Polynesian islands-endemic Ae. polynesiensis mosquito.

Methodology/Principal Findings

To evaluate their vector competence for ZIKV, mosquitoes were infected per os at viral titers of 7 logs tissue culture infectious dose 50%. At several days post-infection (dpi), saliva was collected from each mosquito and inoculated onto C6/36 mosquito cells to check for the presence of ZIKV infectious particles. Legs and body of each mosquito were also collected and submitted separately to RNA extraction and ZIKV RT-PCR. In Ae. aegypti the infection rate was high as early as 6 dpi and the dissemination efficiency get substantial from 9 dpi while the both rates remained quite low in Ae. polynesiensis. The transmission efficiency was poor in Ae. aegypti until 14 dpi and no infectious saliva was found in Ae. polynesiensis at the time points studied.

Conclusions/Significance

In our experimental conditions, the late ability of the French Polynesian Ae. aegypti to transmit ZIKV added by the poor competence of Ae. polynesiensis for this virus suggest the possible contribution of another vector for the propagation of ZIKV during the outbreak, in particular in remote islands where Ae. polynesiensis is predominating.

Author Summary

From 2007, Zika virus has caused several outbreaks in the Pacific including French Polynesia. Aedes aegypti mosquito which is present in almost all Pacific Island Countries is reasonably expected to have been involved in the Zika outbreaks. In addition endemic Aedes mosquito species may have sustained Zika virus transmission in the less urbanized and most remote islands. In the present study we provide for the first time data about the vector competence of the endemic Ae. polynesiensis species for Zika virus. We found under experimental conditions a weak competence of Ae. polynesiensis for the virus. Furthermore we demonstrated a late ability of the French Polynesian population of Ae. aegypti to transmit Zika virus. These findings raise questions about the potential involvement of other vector(s) in Zika virus transmission in place or together with the Aedes mosquitoes. In a context where innovative vector control strategies are mostly focused on targeting the mosquito species considered as the main arbovirus vectors, the potential for others vector species to take the lead in transmitting such arboviruses should not be neglected.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5669,

title = {Zika, Dengue and Chikungunya Co-Infection in a Pregnant Woman from Colombia.},

author = {W E Villamil-Gomez and A J Rodriguez-Morales and A M Uribe-Garcia and E Gonzalez-Arismendy and J E Castellanos and E P Calvo and M Alvarez-Mon and D Musso},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Int J Infect Dis},

volume = {51},

pages = {135-8},

abstract = {We describe the clinical findings of a pregnant woman from Colombia with triple co-infection caused by dengue, chikungunya and Zika viruses. Weekly obstetric ultrasounds from 14.6 until 29 weeks of gestation were normal. She remains under follow-up and management according standard guidelines for management of ZIKV infected pregnant women.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{5658,

title = {Zika virus, a new challenge in for blood transfusion.},

author = {D Musso and S L Stramer and M P Bush},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Lancet},

volume = {387},

pages = {1993-4},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}